Ubuzima
Guhuza imizigo yo guhanga ya Mikhail Lermontov hamwe n'imyaka yabayeho, biragaragara ko turi umuhanga. Muri 10, yahimbye ikinamico kuri theatre yo mu rugo, mu gitabo cy'umwimerere gisomwa Igifaransa, Ikidage n'Icyongereza, muri 15 yandika neza igisime ", yandika neza igisigo cya mbere cy '" Umudayimoni ", muri 20 - Ikinamico", Muri 24 - Abaroma "Intwari yigihe cacu" Na 26, Lermontov ntiyabikoze.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Mikhail Yuryvich Lermontov yavutse mu ijoro ryo ku ya 15 Ukwakira 1814 i Moscou. Nyirakuru wumusizi Elizabeth Alekseevna Arsesev numunyacyubahiro wo mumuryango mwiza wa Stolypin. Minisitiri Peter Stolypin avuga ko imizi ya kabiri.
Abakomeye kandi bakize Elizabeth Arsesev ntabwo yifuzaga ko umukobwa w'ikinege yabana na Yuri Lermontov, igisirikare cyiza kiva mu bukene. Inkomoko ye yagutse kuva Scots Georj Lerrcont ntiyigeze atera icyizere. Nyuma, sosiyete y'Ubwongereza Oxford abakurambere banga umurage w'umusizi hamwe na Lermuonta abifashijwemo na isesengura rya ADN, bemeza ko basesengura rya Arsenyeva.
Nkuko umugore yabivuze, ubuzima bwihariye bwumukobwa wa Masha, "kwifatanya" yashakanye na volokut Yuri Lermontov Mu myaka 16, ntiyishimye. Umugabo wanjye yatangiye guhindura uwo bashakanye bigoye nyuma yubukwe. Yatangiye igitabo gifite umuforomo w'Abadage w'Abanyamisiri, yicaye inyuma y'abakobwa b'urugo. Igihe umugore atuka uwo be wo mugambanira, abona mu maso. Maria Arsenieva-lermontova yashize kure y'abaguzi b'ikinyabiziga, asiga igihe cy'imyaka 2.
Elizabeth Alekseevna, mu gihe cy'umukobwa we yari afite imyaka 44, yambuye umwuzukuru ku mushinga w'amategeko, ahindura umushinga w'itegeko rya Lermontov ku bihumbi bihumbi ibihumbi 25. Yuri yavuye mu isambu rusange ya Stolypin, na nyirakuru bafashe amabuye ya Misha. Umugore yashimye umwuzukuru kandi aticuza amafaranga yo kwiga n'ubuzima. Mikhail Lermontov Rose umuhungu wa zahabu ubabaye, nyirakuru yahawe akazi umwuzukuru w'Abafaransa Dr. Anselma Levi.
Data nyirabukwe, nyirabukwe yemerewe guhura n'umuhungu we, bombi bababaye.
Nyuma yaho, Mikhail Lermoontov atiganye ati: "Nabaye umuhigo ngo nshishikarize."Imyaka yabana kandi ubusore bw'ejo hazaza, ibya kera byabereye mumisatsi ya Tarkhan mu Ntara ya Penza. Elizabeth Alekseevna yahawe akazi abarimu ashinzwe amashuri. Uwahoze ari umusirikare mukuru wa Napoleonic, Umufaransa Cape yigishije umuhungu Igifaransa. Nyuma y'urupfu rwa mwarimu, aho yari yarakiriye abimukira Shandro, muri Mikhail Lermontov yaje gusobanurwa mu musigo "SASHA", ahamagara Marquis de Tesse na "Paris Adonis". Umuyaga wicyongereza, washyize ahagaragara umusore ibitabo byicyongereza, byaje guhindura Shandro. Gukunda umurimo wa Byrona ukomoka muri Lermuontov wo mu mwarimu w'Ubwongereza.
Mikhail Lermontov yakuriye, yitegereza isabukuru y'ubuzima bw'umudugudu, yumva abahinzi n'imigani yerekeye Stepwan Razin na Emelyan pugachev.
Ikimenyetso cyimbitse mubuzima no guhanga ubuzima bwa Mikhail Lermontov yasize urugendo na nyirakuru muri Caucase. Muri Goryachadsk, umuhungu w'imyaka 10 yakunze nyuma yimyaka 2 yiyegurira isegosha ya mbere umuvugo ".
Ibisigo
Muri Nzeri 1828, Mikhail Lermontov yiyandikishije mu mwaka wa 4 wa Metropolitan icumbika. Ukuboza, umuhungu yimuriwe mu cyiciro cya gatanu, atanga ishusho nigitabo cyegeranye. Uyu mwaka ni ngombwa kuko Lermontov yaba yaramubajije intangiriro yo guhanga.
Mu nzu y'abashyitsi, umwangavu yafashwe kugira ngo afate ibinyamakuru yandindikwa. Muri umwe muri bo, witwa "Igitondo Zarya", umusizi ukiri muto yabaye umukozi mukuru ashyira igisigo cya mbere "Indiana". Ariko hashize imyaka ibiri nyuma yo guhindura umushyitsi kuri siporo, Misha yavuye mu masomo ye.
Impeshyi y'imyaka 16 Mikhail Lermontov yakoresheje mu nkengero, mu isambi ya Stolypini Serednikovo. Abavandimwe ba Vereshupin bazima hafi. Hamwe na Verreshchagina Lermontov yari inshuti. Umukobwa yashyizeho Mikhail hamwe n'inshuti ye, "Ubwiza bwirabura" Catherine Sushkova, aho umusore yakundanye. Ibyiyumvo by'umusizi ukiri muto byasizwe bidasubirwaho, yarababajwe ntabiba. Katya yasetse mu rukundo, ati: 'Umuhungu wambaye infrared. Nyuma Sushkova azumva ko yakoze ikosa ryica, basebya abasore bababaye.
Mu kugwa kwa 1830, Mikhail Lemontov yinjiye muri kaminuza ya Moscou ahitamo ishami ryimyitwarire na politiki. Imyaka ibiri yiganye hamwe na Vissarion Belinsky, Alexander Herzen na Nikolai Ogarev. Mu myaka y'abanyeshuri, Lermontov yanditse ikinamico "umuntu udasanzwe", aho serbera yacirwaho iteka. Mikhail yerekanye uburakari butinyutse kandi ntibyemewe, abarimu bakinnye ibizamini: Umusore "yafashe" ibizamini.
Kumara umwaka wa kabiri Lermontov yanze ava muri kaminuza, yimuka na nyirakuru kuri St. Petersburg. Kugerageza kwinjira mu masomo ya kabiri ntabwo yambitswe ikamba: Mikhail yatangwaga kuva iwambere. Ku nama z'inshuti na nyirakuru, uwo musore yinjiye mu ishuri ry'abashinzwe umutekano ahari n'abanyamafarasi, aho yiganye imyaka ibiri, abita "biteye ubwoba" kubera igihugu cya Marshtra.
Muri St. Petersburg, ibicucu na sullentov, Lemontov yahindutse: Umusore yabaye ubugingo bwa sosiyete, Kutil kandi atwara ubwiza. Ubwenge butyaye, kwitegura, gusebanya k'umusore bizihije inshuti n'abagore bakomeye.
Mu 1835, imirimo yumusizi yagaragaye mbere muri kanda. Comrade Lermontov atabimenyeshejwe ahabwa amanota ya kashe "HAJI ABREK."
Kuva igice cya kabiri cya 30, ibisigo bya Mikhail Lemontov kubishaka. Abakenguzamateka n'abasomyi bemeye cyane igisigo "Indirimbo ivuga Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich ...". Mu bisigo "dagger" ("inshuti yanjye icyuma"), "umusizi" na "duma" lermontov yatangaje ibitekerezo by'imivugo. Insanganyamatsiko yaburundo, imico y'Uburusiya yaciwe mu bisigo bya Borodino n'Umunyarwandakazi.
Urugero rugaragara rw'urukundo rwitwa "Ubwato" umurongo, wacapwe bwa mbere muri "Inoti zo mu Gihugu". Gusoma imirongo, ibihangano byo mumutwe byumusizi wimyaka 18 byumvikana.
Mu myaka y'ubuzima bwe muri St. Petersburg, Mikhail Lermontov yitegereza ibintu bya mbere - kureba ni ishingiro ry'ikinamico "masquerade", umusizi yandikaga kenshi, ariko ntiyigeze arenga ku rukuta rwo kugenzura.
Kuvunika kuva mbere yo guhanga, Lermontov yabaye mu 1837, nyuma yo gutangaza igisubizo kirakaye ku rupfu rwa Alexandre funkin. Umuvugo "Urupfu rw'umusizi", waciriyeho iteka umwicanyi n'uburimbuke bwo kumenya, bita amahame ya Lemonton ya Lermontov yo mu byago, soma Uburusiya bwose. Inshuti za Fuskin n'Abafana b'urombe rwe bahuye n'ikigo gihinga, n'abanzi, barimo abadamu b'isi, bari mu ruhande rw'abasazi b'abanyansa, uburakari.
Amaze kumenya ibijyanye n'imyitwarire mibi y'isi, Mikhail Lermontov yongeyeho ikariso. Igisigo cya mbere cyarangiye umugozi: "no ku munwa w'icapiro rye." Gukomeza kwari ikibazo cy '"urubyaro rwihisha": ku murongo babonye ubujurire kuri revolution.
Ihuza
Nyuma yo kugaragara kw'igisiwe, hakurikiraho imanza z'urukiko no guta muri yombi. Umwami nicholas yabanje kubabwa mbere yinzira. Nyirakuru Lermontov n'inshuti z'Abasush, barimo Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky, bagerageje koroshya ibya Mikhail Lemontov. Buntar yoherejwe kuri caucase, ategeka regont.
Ihuriro rya mbere ryamaze amezi atandatu, ariko ryahinduye lermontov. Imiterere ishimishije ya Caucase, ubuzima bwimisozi, abantu baho bahorerekanwa mugihe cya "caucase". Ariko ubusore bwumusizi bwashopa, bwasimbuwe n "umukaramu."
Nyuma yo gusubira mu mucyo wa St. Petersburg Hejuru, Mikhail Lermontov ari hagati yo kwitabwaho: bishimira bamwe kandi banga abandi. Caucase yahumekeye umusizi wandika ibisigo yatekerejwe kandi atangirira i Moscou: "Umudayimoni" na "MTSIR" na "Murasanikirana.
Nyuma yo guhuza, Mikhail Lermontov yazanye imirimo mishya kuri St. Petersburg, byacapishijwe muri buri kibazo cy "ikinyamakuru cyo mu gihugu". Mikhail Yuryvich yinjiye mu ruziga rw'inshuti magara sunkin kandi iri ku mpinga yo gukundwa. Aracyari tunge kandi arasebanya. Intonganya n'Umwana wa Ambasaderi w'Ubufaransa Erneste de Turumim muri Gashyantare 1840 yarangiye muri Duel. Lermontov na De Baran yemeye ku ruzi rw'umukara, aho kure y'ahantu dusunika na Daniyeli. Ernest de Baranth yabuze, na Mikhail Lemontov yasaga.
Ibyerekeye Duel yamenye abayobozi, umusizi yarafashwe ajyanwa mu rukiko rwa gisirikare. Umwami w'abami yategetse kohereza Leweli muri Caucase ku nshuro ya kabiri, ariko noneho ku ruganda rwa kabiri warwaniye umurongo w'imbere. Lermantov yitandukanije, yerekana ubutwari, ariko kubiryo bya Nicholas ntabwo yakiriye ibihembo byambere.
Imwe mu bisigo byanyuma by'umusizi ni "Nsohoka inzira imwe" - byagaragaye mu mpera za Gicurasi 1841. Abanegura babibonye muri yo "Lyrical Ibisubizo by'ishakisha", aho Mikhail Lermontov yajuririye mu nzira y'isi. Ibyumweru bike mbere y'ubwicanyi, umusizi yanditse umurongo "urutare", yacapwe nyuma yimyaka 2 nyuma y'urupfu rwe.
Ibitabo
Muri St. Petersburg, mu kiruhuko hagati ya muster, Mikhail Lemontov yahimbye Abaroma vadim, yasobanuye ibyabaye muri Pugachev.
Ariko apothesis ya realism ya Lermontov ni igitabo "Intwari yigihe cacu", cyanditswe mu 1840, mbere gato y'urupfu. Ishusho ya Pechorina yerekanwe ku miterere itandukanye yubuzima bwumuryango wu Burusiya. Kwivuguruza hagati yuburemere bwa kamere ya Pechorin hamwe nubugumba bwibikorwa ni autobiogragarafiya. Guhanga udushya mu mutego wo mu mutwe no gutangaza ubuzima bwo mu mutwe bw'intwari, nta muntu wo mu banditsi b'Uburusiya utabikoze.
Nikolai Gogol, intare tolstoy na anton chekhov yashimye Roman.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Mikhail Lermontov yaranditse ati:
"Nakunze inshuro eshatu - inshuro eshatu ninshuro eshatu."Umusizi, ukurikije ibisobanuro byuko abadamu b'iki gihe, ntibatandukanye n'ubwiza. Mulgery, Ubwami, kureba amaso yirabura ni umwijima, kumwenyura ntibicika, umusore wumuhanga, uhwanye numwana wangiritse kandi mubi.
Urukundo rwa gatatu rukomeye Lermontov rwashakanye: Ekaterina Sushkov, aho Mikhail yakundanye na 16, Natalia Ivanova, wariyeguriye umuzingi wa Ivanovsky, Umusizi waku ukuze ku iherezo ry'ubuzima bwe.
Sushkova Mikhail Lermontov Butally Buveng nyuma yimyaka 5. Amaze kumenya ko umukobwa agiye kurongora, yababaje ubukwe, acuranga ishyaka kandi akibaza Catherine muri we. Umugeni yashutswe mumaso yumucyo igihe kirekire. Amateka yubucuti bubi bwibutsa umurongo wurukundo "intwari yigihe cacu".
Amakuru yo gushyingirwa Varniki Lopukhina umusizi yemewe. Igihe Varvara yashyingiranywe, Lermontov ntabwo yigeze amuhamagara mu izina ry'umugabo we - Bakhmeva: umukundwa yagumye kuri we.
Urupfu
Igihe cy'itumba 1840-41 nicyo cyanyuma kuri Lermontov. Yaje mu biruhuko yerekeza muri St. Petersburg, kurota kubyerekeye imirimo no kutaboganwa. Nyirakuru, warose umwuga wa nyirakuru kandi ntatandukana n'ibitabo, yapfuye Mikhail kugira ngo atange itegeko. Muri Caucase Lermontov yagarutse afite umutima uhangayitse.
Muri PyatiDors hari amakimbirane ya Mikhail ya Mikhail Lermontov hamwe na Martynov, Martynow's Martynov, yateraniye i Moscou ndetse anasura ababyeyi be. Nyuma, Martynov yavuze ko Lermuontov atabuze ikibazo icyo ari cyo cyose muri Pyatigorsk kugira ngo arekure knight muri aderesi ye.
Duel yabaye ku ya 27 Nyakanga 1841. Abatavuga rumwe na leta bemeye kurasa "mbere y'ibisubizo." Mikhail Lermontov yarashe, Martynov - ashimangira, mu gituza cy'umwanzi, umwice. Ihindagurika ryamenetse kandi imvura yamenetse yabujije kwa muganga, kandi umusizi wapfuye yari ku isi.
Mu gihe cyo gushyingura Lermontov, bitandukanye n'ibibazo by'inshuti, nta buhango w'itorero. I St. Petersburg, amakuru yerekeye urupfu rw'umusizi yasanze agira ati: "Hariho inzira ye." Dukurikije ibihuru bya Pavel Vyazemsk, uyu mwami abami yataye ati: "Imbwa ni urupfu rw'imbwa," ariko nyuma yo guhakana abamugaye ukomeye baza kubari bahari batangazwa ko "abiciwe."
Lermontov yashyinguwe ku ya 29 Nyakanga 1841 ku irimbi rya kera rya Pyatigorsk. Ariko nyuma yiminsi 250, nyirakuru Mikhail Yurevich wemereye umwami kubyerekeye umwami wubwikorezi bwumubiri kuri Tarkh.
Muri Mata 1842, umurambo wo muri Coffin ayoboye watwitse muri Chapel yumuryango, iruhande rwa sekuru na nyina.
Kwibuka
Ibitabo bya Lermontov byagize icyogajuru cyo mu gaciro. Iheruka muri 2014: yakusanyirijwe mu majwi 4 yacapishijwe na "Inzu yo gusohora jashkin" mu rwego rwa kopi 300.
Izina rya Mikhail Yurevich ryambaye imihanda yambaye, kare, amasomero mu Burusiya na Repubulika ya Somaliya. Muri Odessa, izina ry'umusizi ryitwa Isomero ry'Umujyi №16 na Sanatoril.
Umubumbe muto ku mubare 2222, ufunguye muri Werurwe 1981, witwa Lermontov.
Urwibutso rwa Mikhail Yurevich Lermontov yubatswe muri Grozny kuri Avenue Mohammed Ali, iruhande rwa M. Yu. Ku murongo wumusabwa wumusizi:
"Nk'indirimbo nziza yacitse intege kuri njye, nkunda Caucase!".Bibliografiya
- "HAJI ABREK"
- "Daemon"
- "MSYRY"
- "Borodino"
- "Indirimbo ivuga Tsar ivan Vasilyevich"
- "Tekereza"
- Bale
- "Fataliste"
- Taman
- "Ubwato"
- "Izmail Bay"
- "URUPFU rw'umusizi"
- "Intwari y'igihe cyacu"