Ubuzima
Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin - Umuyobozi wubushakashatsi bwo gutembera "Pole y'Amajyaruguru", umuganga wubumenyi bwa geografiya, abahanga.
Ivan yavutse ku ya 14 Ugushyingo (mu buhanzi.) 1894 Mu mujyi wa Sevastopol mu cyambu Dmitry Dmitry Nikolayevich Papanin n'abagore bo mu rugo petrovna kovalenko. Abakurambere ba Ivan bari Molldavans na Ukraine. Umuryango wazanywe abana batandatu. Igihe Ivan yari akiri ingimbi, Mama yapfuye azize Sepsis, kandi ubuzima bw'ubuzima bwari ku bitugu by'abangavu. Kubwibyo, nubwo bakora neza kwishuri, Ivan yagombaga kujya kukazi kuruganda. Mu 1905, umusore yiboneye imyigaragambyo ku bwato "Ochakov". Tumaze rero mu mutima wa Ivan batangiye kugaragara ibitekerezo by'impinduramatwara.
Kuva mu 1908, umusore anyurwa nabakanishi yubwato, hanyuma amenye umwihariko wa fuckmith. Ku myaka 16, Ivan Papanin yashyizeho umukozi mwiza wo guteranya ibikoresho ngekizi. Mu 1912, umukozi ukiri muto yoherejwe mumahugurwa akomeye i Tallinn. Mu 1915, intambara yaguye mu rwego rw'amato yo mu Burusiya, ariko mu 1917 intego, mu ntangiriro y'imihango ihamye, ifata uruhande rwa BolSheviks akarahira ingabo zitukura.
Mu 1918, Ivan iyoboye umutwe w'abapadiri ku butaka bwa Crimée yigaruriwe n'Abadage. Intambara ya Sabotage itangira, iyobowe na Bolsheviks ya Mokrodiov, Frunge, Kun. Kuba mu barwanyi b'inararibonye mu gutanga, Papanin yakoze ibikorwa byinshi byatsinze. Umwe mu bahanganye bo muri iyo myaka yari ingabo za HTshwal. Papanina yahawe inshingano yo kutagira itamenyekanye binyuze mu karere kwera no gusubira inyuma no gushimangira.
Nyuma yo gutsinda Wegel ku butaka bwo kubohorwaga, Papanin abona umwanya wa komisiyo ishinzwe ubutabazi. Kuva 1921, Ivan Dmimievich yagombaga gukora no gukora iperereza. 20Abasirikare 20 bagumye mu mateka ya Crimée kubera ubwicanyi bwamaraso ku basirikare barokotse n'abasirikare b'ingabo z'abazungu. Abashinzwe umutekano batagira impumuro bararashwe, bararohamye bagashyingurwa abapolisi bazima. Ntabwo azwi nicyo byiyumvo ivan papanin, byoroshye kandi byinyangamugayo, byari guhura muriki gihe.
Ingendo
Umwaka umwe, Ivan Dmimievich yimuriwe i Moscou na Komiseri mu gutanga ubukungu bw'amato, mu 1923 bateganijwe n'Umuyobozi wa Mail na Telegraph. Muri uwo mwaka, muri Papanin yanditswe mu masomo yo hejuru y'itumanaho, azakiga imyaka ibiri. Igihe cyo mu 1925, hashyizweho umuhango wo kubaka radio muri Yakitia, babanje kwerekana icyifuzo cyo kujya mu majyaruguru.
Nkumuyobozi wungirije wungirije, mubihe bya Merzlot Iteka, Ivan Dmimievich yageze ku kubaka ikintu mugihe gito. Nyuma yimyaka irindwi, Papanina yoherejwe n'umutwe wa lilar wa Franza Joseph, nyuma yimyaka ibiri, Ivan Dmimievich ayoboye sitasiyo kuri Taimyr.
Iyo mu 1937, guverinoma ikemuwe ku itangizwa rya sitasiyo ya mbere yo gutembera ku isi, nta muntu wavutse ku kibazo cyo kumuyobora. Intego y'urubanza ntabwo yari yigaruriye Pole y'Amajyaruguru, kugira ngo Papanin yabeshye (Roald Amanden, Richard Berd, UmuBberto Nobile). Guverinoma y'Abasoviyeti yamaze igihe kinini yatoye umurimo wo kohereza ku mupaka wa Leta ya Leta. Ariko inzira ya Arctique ntiracyari kwiga. Kuba hari amazi atemba, amasaha adahagaze neza ya barafu hamwe na drift ye yagombye gusubizwa mu nzego za siyansi zateguye ku rubura.
Urugendo rw'Abasoviyeti, rwaravuzwe cyane mu binyamakuru ku isi, cyari kigizwe n'umutwe maze akanda ya Ivan Papanin, Abahanga mu binyabuzima Peter Petershov, Raddstantinos KonSorov na Radsta Ernst Theodovich Krennst Theodorovich KrennTich Krennst Theodorovich KrennTich Krennst Theodorovich Krennst Theodovich Krennst Theodorovich Krennst Theodoovich Krennst Theodorovich Krennst Theodorovich KrennTich Krennst Theodorovich Krenntstol. Otto Schmidt yarimo yitegura ku butaka bunini bw'abashakisha Polar. Amezi make mbere yo koherezwa, imirire idasanzwe yatejwe imbere, ikwiriye kubika igihe kirekire mu majyaruguru ya kure, hateguwe ibikoresho bishyushye, kandi byateguwe.
Urugendo rwagiye mu kirere 4 muri Werurwe 1937 rugera ku kintu cyangiza ku ya 21 Gicurasi. Indege yahagaritswe buhumyi, ariko umuderevu Mikhail Dwaropinov yateye indege neza ku rubura. Ibyumweru 2, sitasiyo ya siyansi yari ifite ibikoresho byuzuye, nyuma yuko indege isubiye inyuma, igalike itangira kuva mu majyaruguru yerekeza mu majyaruguru yerekeza mu majyepfo.
Shyira Ubusambanyi bwa Polar bwabazwe iminsi 274, mu gihe byateganijwe gukora umwaka nigice mumazi yinyanja ya Arctique. Muri icyo gihe, abahanga bakusanyije amakuru yerekeye Fauna yo mu karere ka Pola, hafi ya Plankton mu mazi y'inyanja. Papanininiya yakoze umubare munini wamafoto yaba muri Arctique. Abashakashatsi ba Polar batunze gufungura umusozi munini wa submarine, hamwe no gushinga meteochard ya Arctic.
Umwanya ukomeye mu itsinda rya Papanina ryaje mu ntangiriro za Gashyantare 1938. LTIN, yamaze kuva mu gihe cyizuba yegereje amazi ashyushye ya Atalantika, atangira gushonga no kugabana mu bice. Ku ya 19 Gashyantare, ibikorwa by'itabacyuho byakozwe na Ledsls ebyiri "Taimar" na "murmann", kuva muri imwe muri imwe mu murima indege yoherejwe kuri sitasiyo ishaje ku Pilote Vlasov. Bukeye, ibikoresho n'abantu bari kuri Taimyr.
Igihugu cyahuye na Papaninsev nk'intwari z'igihugu. Papanin yabaye umukunzi wa miriyoni, ubuzima bwa Ivan Dmithich bwize mumashuri. Ku ya 6 Werurwe, itsinda rya Polar Kits ryatangaje mu nama rusange y'Ishuri Rikuru rya UsssR. Nyuma ya raporo, Ivan Papanin na Ernst Krenkel babaye abaganga ba siyanse ya geografiya. Abitabiriye amahugurwa bahawe amabwiriza ya Lenin, bose bahawe izina ry'intwari za USSR. Ivan Dmimievich yashyizweho nu mutwe wumutwe.
Mu 1939, Papanine yagize uruhare mu bikorwa byo gutabara ya Georgy Sedov icebreaker, inakozwe mu mazi ya Arctique kuva 1937 kubera kumeneka. Erega agakiza k'ubwato n'abakozi, Ivan Papanin yongeye kwakira intwari ya USSR.
Mu ntangiriro z'intambara, Ivan Papanin yahawe amabwiriza yo kugenzura iyubakwa ry'indaya ry'icyambu muri Arkhangelsk, mu bwitonzi, ku nkombe y'iburasirazuba. Nyuma yo gutsinda Ubudage bwa Fashiste, yakoraga mu mwaka wahoze ari umwanya, Papanin yagiye muri siyanse. Ibitekerezo bya Papanin kubyemezo byamato ya siyansi aragaragara. Kuva mu 1951, Papanin icunga ingendo zo mu nyanja ziri mu ishuri ry'ubumenyi rya GASSR. Kuva mu 1956, Ivan Dmimievich yayoboye Instituro y'amazi ya siyansi mu mudugudu wa borok (akarere ya Yaroslavl). Kugeza ku iherezo ry'ubuzima, umuhanga yakoraga ku nyungu z'abarwayi.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin yashakanye kabiri. Uwo mwashakanye ya mbere polar Explorer yari kavukire ya Yalta Galina Kirillovna Kastorzhivskaya. Umugore yatandukanijwe na Ivan Dmitievich ubuzima bwose bwa Yaktia no kuri Taimyr.
Galina yari umufasha w'ingenzi ku mugabo we, akusanya amakuru y'iteganyagihe no kubika amakuru yabonetse. Kurwara muri kanseri 60 za Galina, Galina Kirillovna yapfuye mu 1973. Nta bana bahari mu muryango.
Ivan Dmimievich yahangayikishijwe n'igihombo, ariko mu 1982 yashakanye na Raisa Vasilyevna, wahinduye igitabo cy'amagambo ya polateri. Uwo bashakanye wa kabiri ni Papanin muto mu myaka 35.
Urupfu
Ivan Dmitrievich, kugeza igihe ubuzima bwe burangiye, yatandukanijwe n'ubuzima bukomeye.
Inyenyeri ya Polar yapfuye kumyaka 92 yubuzima ku ya 30 Mutarama 1986 haturuka ku mutima. Imva ya Papanina iherereye ku irimbi rya Novodevichy.