Ubuzima
Mariko Chagall, hamwe na Avant-gagana Dix, Heinrich Emzen na Hansel umuhanzi umuhanga ufite ubwoba bwinshi kandi arashya. Gukora ibishushanyo, yayobowe gusa uko ahinduka: sisitemu ihuriweho, ingana n'amatara yari umunyamahanga.
Umuntu, yambuwe ishusho yibitekerezo, biragoye cyane kumenya neza canvas yumuremyi, kuko idahuye nigitekerezo cyintangarugero kandi ziroroshye kubikorwa bya kera bya requin na serov, aho imirongo ari yubatswe mu rwego rw'ukuri.
Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Movysha Hatkelevich (nyuma Mose Hatkelevich na Mark Zakharovich) Shagali yavutse ku ya 6 Nyakanga 1887 mu mujyi wa Vitebsk wo mu wa 6 Nyakanga, mu buhanzi bw'ingoma y'Uburusiya, yatandukanijwe na Catherine II ku butuye Abayahudi. Umutwe wa Hatkel Modukhov Umuryango wa Modukhov wakoze nk'umutwaro mu iduka ryo mu mudugudu. Yari umuntu utuje, abihaye Imana n'umukozi. Nyina w'umuhanzi Feiga-Wari Umugore ufite imbaraga, asaba kandi koga. Yayoboye umurima, yayoboye umugabo we n'abana.
Kuva mu myaka itanu, kimwe n'umuhungu wese w'umuyahudi, yasuye umutwe (amashuri abanza), aho yiganye amasengesho n'amategeko y'Imana. Ku myaka 13, Chagall yinjiye mu mujyi wa Vitebsk Umujyi wa Bourgear. Nibyo, ntabwo yamushimishije cyane: icyo gihe, Mariko yari umuhungu utoroshye, kubera gushidikanya, ntashobora kubona ururimi rusanzwe rufite urungano.
Vitebsk yintara yabaye umuhanzi uzaza ninshuti yambere, nurukundo rwa mbere, numwarimu wambere. Umusore Mose afite impaka zishushanyijeho ubwoko butagira iherezo, yarebaga burimunsi mumadirishya yinzu ye. Birakwiye ko tumenya ko ababyeyi batagabuye imyumvire idasanzwe yubuhanga bwubuhanzi bwumuhungu. Mama yashyizemo inshuro nyinshi Mose aho kuba imfuruka z'ameza yo kurya, na papa ntiyashakaga kumva kubyerekeye amahugurwa y'urubyaro mugihe cya Viteby Pinsal Pan.
Igitekerezo cy'umuryango w'abakurambere cya Chamelov wari umucungamari - umucungamari cyangwa, ku kibi, umuhungu-umwanditsi mu nzu ya rwiyemezamirimo ukize. Umusore Mose mugihe cy'amezi abiri yayoboye amafaranga se ku gushushanya. Iyo igice cyumuryango kiremereye ibyifuzo byumwana, yateye amafaranga asabwa mumadirishya afunguye. Gahunda izaza yagombaga gukusanya gutanyagura kuri kaburimbo ivumbi mumaso yo guseka.
Kwiga byatanzwe ku majyambere ikomeye: yari umurangi ukunda n'umunyeshuri wa Nighddy. Nyuma yaho, izi mico yombi zivuguruzanya zimaze kuvuga abantu bose bagerageje guhindura uburere bwubuhanzi Chagal. Yamaze ku myaka cumi n'itanu, yifata nk'umunyamihanga utagereranywa bityo akaba adashobora kwihanganira ibitekerezo by'abarimu. Dukurikije Mariko, gusa Rembrandt ikomeye ishobora kuba umujyanama we. Kubwamahirwe, abahanzi ntibari bafite uru rwego mumujyi muto.
Nakijije amafaranga, ndahaguruka, nta kibwira ababyeyi, njya muri St. Petersburg. Umurwa mukuru w'ingoma wamushyikirije ku yasezeranijwe. Hariho ishuri ryonyine ry'ubuhanzi, aho Mose yari agiye gukora. Ukuri gukabije mubuzima rwatangije ibyahinduwe ku nzozi z'abagabo b'indabyo: yananiwe ikizamini cye cya mbere n'icya nyuma. Inzugi z'ikigo gikuru cy'uburezi ntizifungura mbere y'urwanizi. Umusore ntabwo yamenyereye kwiyegurira, yaje i Nikolai konsantinoée Roerich, urupapuro rwo gushushanya rwa societe kugirango rushyingure ubuhanzi. Ngaho yize amezi 2.
Mu ci ryo mu 1909, nifuzaga cyane kubona inzira ye mu buhanzi, Chagall yasubiye i Vitebsk. Umusore yaguye mu bwihebe. Amashusho yiki gihe yerekana imiterere yimbere yubuhanga butamenyekanye. Yakunze kugaragara ku kiraro abinyujije kuri Vitaba. Ntabwo bizwi icyo umwuka wa Falnial ushobora gutera, niba Chagall atahuye nurukundo rwubuzima bwe - Bert (Bella) Rosenfeld. Guhura na Bella byuzuyemo icyombo cye cyangiritse. Mariko yongeye gushaka kubaho no kurema.
Mu gatasi ko mu 1909, yagarutse i Peterburg. Kubera ubushake bwo kubona umujyanama angana na rimwe, igitekerezo gishya cyo gukosora cyongeyeho: Umusore wasamwe nikintu cyose cyo gutsinda umurwa mukuru wamajyaruguru. Inyuguti zirwandiko zafashije Shagola kugirango zinjire mwishuri ryamamaye ryo gushushanya numuhanzi uzwi. Inzira y'ubuhanzi yo mu kigo cy'uburezi yari iyobowe n'intare y'intare baka.
Dukurikije ibimenyetso by'abagenzi, Mose, Baksst yabifashe nta kirego. Byongeye kandi, ni ko hazwi kandi ko intare yishyuye imyitozo y'ibyiringiro by'urusebe. Bakst yavuze mu buryo butaziguye mu Burusiya impano ye idakwiriye. Muri Gicurasi 1911, bakikijwe na bourse yakiriwe na Maxim, intiti zagiye i Paris, aho yakomereje amasomo. Mu murwa mukuru w'Ubufaransa, yatangiye gushyira umukono ku bikorwa bye yitwa Malar.
Gushushanya
Shagall yatangiye ubuzima bwe bwubuhanzi buturuka ku gishushanyo "cyamuteye". Mu 1909, umurimo wo "gushushanya umugeni wanjye muri gants yirabura" n "" umuryango "byanditsweho hashingiwe ku buryo butagereranywa. Muri Kanama 1910, Mariko yagiye i Paris. Uburusiya bwo hagati bw'igihe cya Paris ni "njye n'umudugudu wanjye", "mu mudugudu wanjye", "mu mudugudu wanjye," kwishushanya nintoki zirindwi "na" Calvary ". Muri icyo gihe, byanditswe na "Snoyushka,", "basenga Umuyahudi", wazanye Shagal kubayobozi b'ubuhanzi kubyutsa umuco w'Abayahudi.
Muri Kamena 1914, imurikagurisha rye rya mbere ryakinguye i Berlin, ririmo amarangi yose n'ibishushanyo byaremwe i Paris. Mu ci ryo mu 1914, Mariko yasubiye i Vitebsk, aho yakuye intambara ya mbere y'isi yose. Mu 1914-1915, urukurikirane rw'ibishushanyo bivuye mu bikorwa mirongo irindwi byanditse dushingiye ku bitekerezo bihimbwa byashyizweho (amashusho, nyaburanga, ubwoko, ubwoko).
Mu bihe byabanjirije impinduramatwara, amashusho yibanze yakozwe ("ibinyamakuru byo mugurisha", "Green Umuyahudi", "Umuyahudi Utukura", "Umuyahudi Utububa"), Amashusho " Icyatsi kibisi "," abakunzi b'andabyo ") n'ubwoko, igishushanyo, imiterere y'ibishushanyo (" indorerwamo. "Hejuru y'umujyi").
Mu mpeshyi yo mu 1922, Chagall yagiye i Berlin kugira ngo yige ibijyanye n'imirimo mbere y'intambara. I Berlin, umuhanzi yatoje ibishya kuri we kugirango asohore ibikoresho - etching, astle yumye, xylography. Mu 1922, yihanaguyeho Etchings yagenewe kuba ingero zayo yo mu gitabo cye "Ubuzima bwanjye" (Ububiko hamwe na "Ubuzima bwanjye" bwasohotse mu 1923). Igitabo cyahinduwe mu gifaransa cyabonye urumuri rw'i Paris mu 1931. Gushiraho uruziga rw'ibishushanyo na Roman Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol "Ubugingo bwapfuye" mu 1923, Mark Zakharovich yimukiye i Paris.
Mu 1927, urukurikirane rwa Gouisas "Circus" kaguru "rwarashize ku guhanga yose Shagalovsky yose n'amashusho asasasa ya clown, harlequins. Mu cyemezo cya Minisitiri wa poropaganda wa Fashist Ubudage Paul Josef Goebbedi mu 1933, imirimo ya Shebuja yatwitse kumugaragaro. Gutotezwa kw'Abayahudi mu Budage cya Fascris, ibanziriza ibyago byo kwegera byasize imirimo ya Stegal mu mvugo ya apocalyptic. Mu myaka yateganijwe n'intambara, imwe mu ngingo zikomeye z'ubuhanzi bwe ni yo mbasirwa ("kubambwa yera", "umurinzi wabambwe", "umuhondo Kristo").
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Umugore wa mbere wumukozi udasanzwe wumuhanzi yari umukobwa wa Rowelelar Bella Rosenfeld. Nyuma yaje kwandika ati: "Mu myaka myinshi, urukundo rwe rwitwikiriye ibyo nakoze byose. Nyuma yimyaka itandatu nyuma yinama yambere, 25 Nyakanga 1915, barashyingiwe. Numugore wamuhaye umukobwa wa SU, Mark yabayeho igihe kirekire kandi cyishimye. Nibyo, iherezo ryateye imbere kuburyo umuhanzi yarokotse cyane muse: Bella yapfuye azize Sepsis mu bitaro byo muri Amerika ku ya 2 Nzeri 1944. Hanyuma, agaruka nyuma yo gushyingura mu nzu irimo ubusa, yashyize kuri Eadeli, igishushanyo cya Bella, cyanditswe na we gusubira mu Burusiya, maze asaba Imu guta imigati yose.
"Icyunamo cy'ubuhanzi" cyamaze amezi 9. Kubera ko yakiriye gusa umukobwa we no kwita ku mukobwa we, yagarutse mu buzima. Mu ci ryo mu 1945, Ida yahaye akazi umuforomo yo kwita kuri Se. Mu buzima bwa Shagal, Virginia Haggard yagaragaye. Hagati yabo, igitabo cyatangiye, werekanye ikirango cya mwene Dawidi. Mu 1951, umukobwa ukiri muto yavuye mu kirango kumufotozi wumubiligi charlet lelet Leirens. Yajyanye umuhungu we maze ategeka imirimo 18 y'abahanzi yamuhaye Mu bihe bitandukanye, asiga kabiri mu gishushanyo cye.
Mose yongeye gushaka kwiyahura, kandi kugira ngo arangaze se wa Duma, Ida yamuzanye nyiri Salon ya Valentina Brolonkaya. Kurongora hamwe na we uhindagurika nyuma y'amezi 4 nyuma yo gukundana. Umukobwa wa Rurema yicujije iyi ncamake inshuro zirenze imwe. Steph ntiyaretse ngo arekure, abuzukuru, "yahumekewe" gushushanya amafuti yo gushushanya, kuko "yagurishijwe neza," kandi atabitekerejeho amaragakereza. Hamwe nuyu mugore, umurangi yabayeho mbere yurupfu, arakomeza, ariko, guhora yandikira Bella.
Urupfu
Umuhanzi uzwi cyane w'ubuhanzi yapfuye ku ya 28 Werurwe 1985 (imyaka 98). Mark Zakharovich yashyinguwe mu irimbi ryaho rya komini ya Saint-Paul-de-de-va-d.
Muri iki gihe, imirimo yo kuri Mark Stegal irashobora kugaragara mu gasozi k'Ubufaransa, Amerika, Ubudage, Uburusiya, Bulaye, Biyelorusiya, Ubusuwisi na Isiraheli. Bubahiriza kwibuka umuhanzi ukomeye no mu gihugu cye: inzu i Vitebsk, aho igishushanyo cyabayeho igihe kirekire, cyahindutse inzu ndangamurage y'inzu ya Chagal. Abakunda gushushanya no kugeza uyu munsi barashobora guhura nahantu yaremye igihangano cye Avant-garde.
Akazi
- "Inzozi" (1976);
- "Ikiyiko cy'amata" (1912);
- "Green" Abakunzi "(1917);
- "Ubukwe bw'Uburusiya" (1909);
- "Purimu" (1917);
- "Umucuranzi" (1920);
- "Kuri Vavava" (1955);
- "Abahinzi ku iriba" (1981);
- "Green Umuyahudi" (1914);
- "Ugurisha amatungo" (1912);
- "Igiti cy'ubuzima" (1948);
- "Clown na Senelististe" (1976);
- "Ikiraro hejuru ya Seine" (1954);
- "Abashakanye cyangwa umuryango wera" (1909);
- "Abahanzi bo mu muhanda nijoro" (1957);
- "Mu burengerazuba bwashize" (1944);