Benjamin Franklin - Biografiya, ifoto, ubuzima bwite, ibitabo, amagambo

Ubuzima

Yinjiye mu mateka y'Abanyamerika nk'umuhanga, umuhanga, umunyapolitiki, umudilomate na filozofiya. Kandi kandi - umucuruzi ufite impano, umucuranzi, umwanditsi numubwiriza. Biragoye guhamagara umuzingi muri Benjamin Franklin atari yo. Yitwa "umunyamerika wa mbere" n'umuntu wa mbere. Mu maso ya Franklin agaragazwa ku mishinga 100 y'amadolari, n'uruhare rwa politiki mu mateka ni uko kwibeshya gufatanwa na Perezida w'Abanyamerika.

Mu bwana n'urubyiruko

Benyamini yavukiye i Boston mu muryango w'isabune nini. Kuva mu Bwongereza muri Amerika, umuryango wa Josai Franklin watwarwaga n'umugore ufite abana mu 1662: Puritanin atinya ibitotezo by'amadini. Umwana wa 15 - mwene Benyamini - yagaragaye mu ntangiriro ya 1706. Nyuma ye, abandi bana babiri bavutse. Mu myaka 8, Ben yoherejwe ku ishuri, ariko umuhungu amenye imyaka 2 gusa: Se nta mafaranga y'inyongera yo kwiga. Imyaka 10 y'amavuko yafashije se kuri isabune, ariko imirimo ihanitse ntiyatsinze guhiga kwiga. Nyuma ya saa sita, Benjamin yasetse ibishashara by'ibishasha n'isabune yatetse, nimugoroba asoma swash. Igitabo cya Data nticyashoboraga kugura ibitabo, nuko mbajyana igihe gito hamwe ninshuti n'abaziranye.

Kumenya ubumenyi bw'umuhungu w'umunyabwenge bishimiye ababyeyi, ariko Ben adashaka gukora mu mahugurwa y'amasasu yari mwiza. Kugira ngo ube umupadiri, nk'uko Data yarose, umuhungu wa 15 na we ntiyashakaga. Ku bw'ivyo, Josaiya yohereje umwangavu ku mfura wavumbuye nyirayo. Igihe Cranklin w'imyaka 12 yakoraga ku ruhande, itwarwa n'ubucuruzi bw'akati no kwandika ballad. Umuvandimwe umwe ballad yacapwe, ariko gusebanya kwa Benyamini ntibakunze Data, wabonaga ko abasizi baba arichelas.

Umuvandimwe mukuru yiyemeje gutangaza ikinyamakuru. Benjamin w'imyaka 16, Franklin yasobanukiwe ko yabaye umunyamakuru w'iki gitabo, noneho ibintu byose bizarangira, kimwe na ballas - kubuza. Kubwibyo, umusore wanditse inyandiko muburyo bwamabaruwa imyitwarire rusange yajanjaguwe. Ushimwe ashishikaye ku mwanditsi (inyuguti ziyandikishije kuri piseudonym) yishimiye intsinzi y'abasomyi. Ariko umuvandimwe yize uwari umwanditsi wabo, Ben yari yirukanwe.

Benjamin Franklin yakoporoye amafaranga maze ahungira i Philadelphia, aho yatuye mu nzu yo gucapa. Shebuja ukiri muto kandi ufite ubwenge yarabonetse maze yoherezwa i Londres, ashinzwe kugura imashini no gufungura inyandiko ya Filadelphiya, yafata amategeko ya leta. Abanyamakuru bo mu Bwongereza basanze cyane Franklin, nyuma yimyaka icumi, yamenyeye ibinyamakuru bye na Almanac. Ibitabo byacapishijwe mu nzu yabo ya Benyamini kandi binjiza amafaranga. Kuba yarakomeje kubaho mu muryango utabyara, Benjamin Franklin yibanze kuri siyanse na politiki.

Politiki

Benjamin Franklin's politiki ya Benjamin yatangiriye i Philadelphia. Hano yashinze ikiganiro, muri 1743 yahinduwe muri societe ya filozofiya y'Abanyamerika. Ndashimira Franklin mu 1731 muri Amerika, icyo gihe cyari icyo gihe ubukoloni bw'icyongereza, isomero rya mbere ryo kubona rubanda. 15 Benyamini w'imyaka 15 yakoraga mu mwanya w'umunyamabanga w'inteko rusange ya Pennsylvaniya, nyuma iyobowe. Yayoboye ibiro by'iposita bya Pennsylvania, hanyuma akoresheje ubutumwa bwibindi bintu bya Metropolis yubwongereza.

Kuva ku ya 1757, ufite imyaka 13, Benjamin Franklin yahagarariye inyungu z'ibihugu bine bya Amerika mu Bwongereza, kandi mu 1775 n'umuyobozi n'umuyobozi babaye intumwa ya Kongere ya kabiri y'abakoloni ku mugabane wa kabiri w'abakoloni ku mugabane wa kabiri w'abakoloni ku mugabane wa kabiri w'abakoloni ku mugabane wa kabiri w'abakoloni. Mu rwego rw'itsinda ryerekeza kuri Thomas Jefferson, Franklin yateje imbere igishushanyo cy'ikoti y'intwaro (icapiro rinini) rya Amerika. Nyuma yo gushyira umukono ku itangazo ryo mu 17 Nyakanga, umunyamerika wa mbere yari ahagaze ku mutwe w'itsinda ryajyaga i Paris kugira ngo ribone inkunga mu ntambara yo kurwanya Ubwongereza. Kugeza igihe cy'itumba, 1778, ndakesha Benyamini, Franklin mu masezerano yari ahagaze n'umukono w'Ubufaransa, kandi umudipolomate w'umuhanga yasigara i Paris nk'intumwa. Mu Bufaransa, yinjiye muri Masop Loop "bashiki bacu icyenda", abaye umunyamerika wa mbere-Mason.

Mu myaka 1780, umunyapolitiki yerekeje ku ntumwa za Amerika kugira ngo baganire i Londres, aho yasinyanye amasezerano ya Versaillen, washyizeho amasezerano yanyuma mu ntambara yo muri Amerika y'ubwigenge. Benjamin Franklin yiswe Demokarasi "Amasezerano agenga amategeko hagati y'abakira bitwaje imbunda." Kera cyane mbere yuko Adamu Smith yateguwe kandi ashimangira inyigisho y'agaciro, ayita hamwe na Merryol atari amafaranga, kandi akazi. Kuva mu ntangiriro za 1770 kugeza 1790th, Benjamin Franklin yanditse autobiografiya utarangije. Umunyapolitiki yari yitezwe kubitegura mugihe kizaza nkimyitozo yerekeye ibihe byinshi byubuzima. Igitabo "Autobiography" cyasohotse nyuma y'urupfu rwa Franklin.

Mu bindi bikorwa bizwi by'umwe muri ba se ba sekuruza - ibitabo bye "bivuga ku bwisanzure no gukenera, inama zikenewe ku zishaka kuba umukire" na "inzira yo ku bwinshi". Abanyamerika b'Abakristo ntibishyuye ibitekerezo bya Umuyobozi. Yohana ya Franklin yagaragaye muri Filime "John Paul Jones", "Yohana Adams", kandi "abahungu b'ubwisanzure." Ishusho yanyuma yasohotse kuri ecran muri 2015. Uyu ni Umuyobozi wa Mini-seliteri Kari Cedema, ubwira ibihe abaturage bo muri Amerika ari koloni y'Abongereza. Franklin yakinnye Dean Norris.

Intambara yo kwigenga

Mu gihe cy'intambara yatunze ubwigenge, Benjamin Franklin yateguye umugambi w'ubumwe bw'ubukoloni, yashyizeho umurimo w'iposita (yabaye umupolisi rusange), yari mu banditsi b'amaposita), yari mu banditsi b'amaposita), yari mu banditsi b'amatangazo y'itangazo ry'umuyobozi n'umuyobozi wa komanda-in- Umuyobozi wa George Washington ingabo.

Igihe Repubulika yavutse yatangiye gushakisha inshuti, Franklin yagiye mu Bufaransa kandi ihanganye n'inshingano. Mu 1778, Ubufaransa bwaba bwa mbere mu Burayi bwemewe ubwigenge bwa Amerika.

Ibikorwa na siyanse

Tract of siyanse Franklin yerekanye ndetse no mubana bato. Umunsi umwe, Ben Buto yagaragaye ku nkombe yo mu nyanja hamwe no gusiganwa ku maguru, yometse ku maguru n'intoki. Hamwe nibi bikoresho (nyuma byitwa flippers), yarenze kuri bagenzi be. Bidatinze, Benyamini yongeye kubazwa n'incuti, azana inzoka ku nkombe. Kwifashisha umuyaga unyura, subira ku mazi kandi ugarure umugozi, wihutira ku rubanza rw'amazi, kimwe no mu bwato.

Siyanse n'ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi, Benjamin Franklin ntiyereka umwanya munini mu kazi ka politiki na diplomasi: imyaka 5-6. Ariko mugihe gito, umuhanga yageze kubisubizo bitangaje. Benjamin Franklin yabaye umushakashatsi w'amashanyarazi, agerageza ibyuma ku bushyuhe, yize uburyo ijwi mu mazi rikurikizwa.

Umuhanga yashoboye gushakisha no gukumira "umuriro wo mu ijuru", igihe inkuba yabaye icyateye umuriro uteye usenya imigi n'imidugudu. Ivumburwa ryumurongo wumurabyo wagabanutse umuriro byibuze, kandi Imanweli witwa Benjamin Franklin "Promethe mushya". Umuhanga yatanze igitekerezo cyo kumenyekanisha "wongeyeho" na "gukuramo" mu mashanyarazi, yashyizeho amategeko yerekeye kubungabunga amashanyarazi, amatara yahimbye ku matara yo mu muhanda ndetse n'umuntu uherereye.

Ubuzima Bwihariye

Ihuza rya politiki hamwe nabagore ni umukuru wihariye wa biografiya. Ubuzima bwihariye bwa Benyamine Franklin bwari bwuzuye: yumvise umuntu ukunda, ubudahemuka ntabwo ari ikintu cyihariye. Muri Philadelphia, Franklin yahuye n'umukobwa witwa Deborah Urubingo, wabaye umugeni. Ariko mu gihe kirekire i Londres, umusore yakundanye n'umukobwa wa nyir'inzu, aho yari atuye. Umukundwa yamuhaye imfura, mwene William. I Philadelphia, Benjamin Franklin yagarutse ku mwana utemewe, uwo Deborah yakiriye. Muri icyo gihe, yagumye umupfakazi watsi w'icyatsi, asiga umugabo wacitse imyenda.

Abandi bana babiri bavukiye mu ishyingiranwa rya Leta na Debora: Mukobwa Sara n'umuhungu Francis, wapfuye afite imyaka 4, yanduye ibicurane 4. Ubuzima hamwe nuwo bashakanye bateganisani ntabwo bishyuye: Abashakanye babana imyaka ibiri. Ibitangaje Benjamin na charismatic Franklin yari abere bake. Hagati ya 1750 i Boston, yahuye n'ubwiza bwa Catherine Ray. Kunda igiciro cou couple cyamaze kugeza kumunsi wanyuma wumunyapolitiki. Mu myaka itari mike habaye ihuriro na nyir'urugo, aho Franklin yabanaga n'umuryango we. Birahangayikishijwe nuko inzira y'urukundo yateye imbere mu byerekezo bibiri: hamwe na nyirurugo n'umushwi we ukiri muto.

Mu mpera za 1770, Benjamin Franklin, yahuye na Parisziya w'imyaka 30 Bryoan de Zryoon, umupfakazi wa geli, witwa ishyaka rya nyuma rya politiki. Ibaruwa izwi cyane ya Franklin - hamwe ninama zisambanye - Amatariki asubira mu mwaka wa 1745. Benjamin w'imyaka 39 w'imyaka 39 yandikiye inshuti itavuzwe. Ubutumwa bwabitswe mu bubiko bwa Minisiteri y'ububanyi n'amahanga y'Abanyamerika. Yasohoye ibaruwa mu 1926. Umunyapolitiki ukiri muto yagiriye inama inshuti yo guhitamo nyirabuja ashaje kandi asangira amakuru yimbitse, impamvu abagore bafite abakobwa beza.

Urupfu

Umunyapolitiki w'imyaka 84 na Umuhanga yapfuye ku ya 17 Mata 1790. Abantu ibihumbi n'ibihumbi bagera ku muhango wo gushyingura "Umunyamerika wambere" muri Philadelphia (abaturage bo mu mujyi bari ibihumbi 33).

Urupfu rwa Bemera mu gihugu Benjamin Franklin rwabashije amamiriyoni y'Abanyamerika. Kurenza umuntu wese wo muri Amerika yashyinguwe n'icyubahiro nk'iki. Muri Amerika, icyunamo cy'amezi abiri byatangajwe kubapfuye.

Ibyagezweho

• Abakozi batatu mu nyandiko zingenzi z'amateka zishingiye ku gushinga Amerika: Kumenyekanisha ubwigenge bwa Amerika, Itegeko Nshinga ry'Amerika na Versailles Amasezerano ya Malny Amasezerano ya 1783.
• Kimwe mu iterambere ry'iterambere rya USA.
• Uwa mbere mu Banyamerika yabaye umunyamahanga mu ishuri rya St. Petersburg Ishuri ry'ubumenyi.
• Guhabwa isomero rya mbere.
• Yamenyesheje izina ry'ibihugu bishyuwe mu mashanyarazi "+" na "-".
• Yerekanye imiterere y'amashanyarazi ya zipper.
• Yahimbye inkuba.
• Ibirahuri byahifconal.
• Yakiriye ipatanti yo gushushanya imiyoborere.
• Yahimbye itanura rito ry'ubukungu ku nzu, izina "itanura rya Franklin" cyangwa "Umuriro wa Pennsylvani".
• Uwa mbere yakoresheje amashanyarazi arabarika kugirango acike intege.
• Yakusanyije amakuru yagutse kumuyaga wumuyaga (Nord-Oda) hanyuma agatanga igitekerezo cyasobanuye inkomoko.
• Hamwe no kwitabira Benjamin Franklin, ikarita ya mbere ya Golf yashizweho.

Amagambo

• Amategeko yoroshye cyane ni uburemere, bukabije - gake kurutonde.
• Urwego rwa mbere rwubusazi ni ukwibuka ufite ubwenge; Iya kabiri ni ukubiganiraho; Icya gatatu - kureka inama.
• Kuyobora amafaranga ku mwanzi kandi uzabona inshuti; Kunyeganyega amafaranga kumugenzi kandi uzabubura.
• Natanze umudendezo kubera umutekano ntibikwiye cyangwa umudendezo cyangwa umutekano.

• Umuntu ugura ubushake budakenewe bwo kugurisha ibikenewe.
• Abanegura ni inshuti zacu: bagaragaza amakosa yacu.
• Ikamba ntirikiza kubabara umutwe.
• Spogue yagabanutseho ubutunzi, aryamye n'ubukene, akurya ubukene akajya kuryama ateye isoni.
• Ubaho ibyiringiro, ibyago byo gupfa urupfu.

• Ubutaka, buhagaze ku maguru, ni hejuru cyane kuruta umwundwaho uhagaze ku mavi.
• Mu myaka makumyabiri, umugabo abereka icyifuzo, ubwenge mirongo itatu, muburyo mirongo ine.
• Uvuga ko amafaranga ashobora byose, ashobora gukora byose kumafaranga.
• Igihe ni amafaranga.
• Ntugasubike ejo ibishobora gukorwa uyu munsi.

• Intambwe imwe ihwanye numuriro utugera.
• Niba ushaka kumenya amakosa yumukobwa, shima imbere yinshuti zawe.
• Shebuja gushakisha gutsindishirizwa nta gake ari umutware mubindi.
• Kurakara hakiri kare.