Ubuzima
Charlotte bronte ni umwanditsi uzwi cyane w'icyongereza, mugenzi wawe wo kugenda kw'abagore mu bitabo. Umwanditsi w'abanyamadini, abasomyi b'isi yose y'Igitabo "Jane Eyre", ku kibanza cyakuweho na film ihindagurika cyane. Nanone, umwanditsi yashyizeho ibitabo "Umujyi", "Sherli", "Mwarimu" na "emma".Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Ikinyamakuru kizaza cyavutse ku ya 21 Mata 1816 muri West Yorkshire, intara z'amateka yo mu majyaruguru y'Ubwongereza, irasa n'imisozi miremire, imirima itagira iherezo kandi itandukanijwe n'uburumbuke bw'intangiriro. Charlotte yari umwana wa gatatu mumuryango. Se w'umwanditsi Patrick Bronte, Inkomoko y'inkomoko ya Irlande, yakoreraga mu itorero, kandi Mama Maria Brenwell yayoboye urugo.
Muri epoch yo kumurikirwa, ubuvuzi ntabwo bwatejwe imbere. Isi yariyongereye kubera umutuku, diphteria na kolera, nanone impfu z'abana batera imbere. Ariko abana ba Patrick na Mari mu buryo bw'igitangaza bakomeje kubaho mu buryo bw'igitangaza. Charlotte yazanywe mu muryango mugari aho, hiyongereyeho, abakobwa batanu bakuze n'umuhungu umwe.
Umuhererezi - Ann Bronte - yabaye umwanditsi, wabaye umwanditsi, agnes imvi "kandi" ava mu cyumba cy'indege ", yahimbye imivugo imwe n'icyamamare kimwe na bashiki bacu bakuru. Umukobwa wa gatanu - Emily Bronte - na we yahisemo inzira yo guhanga maze aba umwanditsi w'ikintu cyonyine, ahubwo ni igitabo gifite akamaro "inkuba.
Umuhungu w'ikinege wo mu muryango wa Patrick Brenewell kandi yari yarabaswe no kwandika, ariko nyuma ahitamo koza inkline na peru na peteroli na canvas. Ndashimira uyu muhanzi, abasomyi ba kijyambere bafite igitekerezo cyukuntu abandi bagambanyi barebye, kuko Patrick yashushanyijeho amashusho menshi ya bene wabo bazwi.
Mu 1820, Bronte yimukiye mu mudugudu wa Hoert, uherereye mu ntara West Yorkshire. Patrick yashyizeho Vicaria mu rusengero rwa Mutagatifu Mikayeli n'abamarayika bose. Ku ya 15 Nzeri 1821, mu nzu hari umusozi udashidikanywaho: Mariya yapfuye azize kanseri ya nyababyeyi, bityo gufunga no guhanga amaso abana baguye ku bitugu by'abantu.
Mu 1824, Patrick yohereje abakobwa gukumva impamyabumenyi ku ishuri rya Kovan ikiraro. Umwanditsi w'ejo hazaza ntabwo yari mbere, ariko abarimu baruhutse ko umukobwa wimyaka umunani afite ubwenge burenze imyaka yabo. Icyakora, ubumenyi bwe bwari umwanditsi: Charlotte ntabwo yari azi kubara kandi ntacyo yari azi ku kibonezamvugo n'imyitwarire.
Nyuma, Charlotte yibukije ko mu nzu hari ibihe bibi byatesheje agaciro bashiki be badafite intege nke za bashiki bacu bakuru. Mu gihe cy'itumba cyo mu 1825, Mariya yanduye igituntu, nyuma y'amezi atatu Elizabeti yiruka mu buriri kuva Chakhotka. Muri kiriya gihe, kugeza mu kinyejana cya XX, igituntu cyafatwaga nk'indwara yica kandi kidakira. Abakobwa bananiwe gukira vuba barapfa. Patrick, uhangayikishijwe nuko icyorezo kizagira ingaruka kubandi bakobwa, bafata Emily na Charlotte muri Hoert.
Ahagana muri kimwe, igihe yari mu rugo muri Hoelotte Paparate, Charlotte, Emily, Ann na Brenell batangiye kwandika kugirango bayobore kugirango bayobore ibyumweru byijimye hamwe namabara meza. Mu gihe cyabo cy'ubusa, bashiki babo bicaye ku meza kandi bahimba inkuru zidasanzwe za Bayron zabaye mu msi yubumaji hamwe nubwami. Charlotte hamwe na murumuna we yanditse umurimo kubyerekeye koloni y'icyongereza ibihimbano muri Afurika kandi yahimbye umurwa mukuru watosian - umujyi w'ikirahure. Kandi Emily na Ann byabaye abanditsi b'urukurikirane rw'inkuru bita "Amateka Gendal", ariko uru ruzinduko ntirwitswe. Hariho igitekerezo cyerekana ko ibirwanisho byangiza inyandiko zandikishijwe intoki mbere y'urupfu.
Muri 1831-1832, umunyeshuri uzaza yakomeje kwiga kandi yinjiye mu mashuri yagiranye, aho yiyeretse kuva kuruhande rwiza. Umwanditsi w'aka shuri yigaruriwe na Miss Margaret Wooler, akaba intwaro kugeza ubuzima bwarangiye, nubwo amakimbirane yabaye hagati y'abagore. Charlotte na we yabaye inshuti ninshuti ebyiri Ellen Nasi na Mariya Taylor, hamwe na bande tunyamakuru ni benshi.
Amaze kubona impamyabumenyi, Charlotte yatangiye kubona imigati yabo imirimo ikomeye y'abarimu. Ariko umukobwa ntiyikunda inzira ya mwarimu, wagereranyaga isi yibitekerezo, yaremwe na murumuna we. Umwanditsi ntiyatekereje ku mwuga wangiritse wa mwarimu afite ikintu kibi kidasanzwe, gishobora kubyara guhunga kw'agahinda no guhanga. Bronte yagerageje gufata ikaramu, ariko igihe cyo gukora ubuvanganzo ntirwabura cyane. Kubwibyo, hanyuma igice gito cyibisigo no mu gice cyatanzwe, cyakozwe mugihe gito cyiminsi mikuru yishuri.
Birakwiye kuvuga ko Charlotte yitaye kuri bashiki bacu. Amaze ku rujijo na se, yazanye Emily ku ishuri maze ahemba amahugurwa mu mufuka. Ariko umukobwa yananiwe kubana munzu avuye murugo andi mategeko na Nravami. Ubwanyuma, Emily yahisemo gusubira muri Hoert. Hanyuma umwanya we wafashwe na Ann. Nyuma, Rou-yari afite ishuri ryimukiye mu mujyi wa dewsbury wa dewsbury More, aho umwuka wijimye kandi utameze neza. Urwitwazo rwo kuba ubutaka bushya bugira ingaruka ku buzima bwabo no mu mutwe, Charlotte na Ann bava mu kigo cy'uburezi.
Ubuvanganzo
Ernest Hemingwant yigeze kuvuga ati:
"Imyitwarire nyayo y'umwanditsi ni imwe mu miterere ibiri y'ingirakamaro. Iya kabiri, ikibabaje, ni impano. "Charlotte yari afite iyo mico yuzuye kuva mu bwato: Bronte yanditse umurongo wa mbere, kuba umukobwa w'imyaka 13 (umwanzuro wa mbere wanditswe muri 10). Kumva Impano Kamere, umusemuzi uzaza watangiye gukora. Umukobwa yohereje imivugo myinshi ya mbere yakozwe numusizi wicyongereza, Prostaika nuwahagarariye "Ishuri ryikiyaga" Robert y'Amajyepfo. Uyu mutware w'ikaramu azwiho kugereranya umukobwa Zlatovlask, yasuye ibibyimba bitatu (akesha ubusobanuro bw'intare, Umusomyi w'Uburusiya azi ko uyu murimo ari "Masha na Byeri eshatu").
Kubwamahirwe, intoki ya Charlotte yoherejwe nibikoresho, yagiye kuguruka. Kubwibyo, ibinyabuzima ntibizi kubisamo umukobwa yahawe urukiko ku mwanditsi. Ariko mbikesheje igisubizo Robert, wageze kuri uyumunsi, hashobora gufatwa ko imirongo ya Charlotte yuzuyemo ishyirwa hejuru kandi ikazamuka cyane. Saunty yagiriye inama abapolisi batangira kugirango bakonje umukungugu. Kuri we, Charlotte yarenze ishyaka, kandi iyi myumvire yangiza ubuzima bwo mu mutwe. Nanone Robert yizeraga ko kumukobwa ukiri muto, inshingano zumugore zigomba kuba hejuru yo guhanga.
Igisubizo cya Matra cyagize ingaruka nziza neza Bronte: Umukobwa yahagaritse kwandika ibisigo ahindukirira imyigaragambyo, kimwe na reantism yahisemo urukundo. Mu 1833, Charlotte yandikaga mbere y'Abaroma "icyatsi kibisi". Ku nama ya Robert, umukobwa yahishe izina ry'ukuri mu maso ya rubanda kandi akoresha izina ritari impfabusa - nyagasani Charles Albert Florian Florsli. Muri uyu murimo, wubatswe muburyo bwa gothique, ingaruka zuwashinze igitabo cyamateka - Walter Scott ikora. Inyandiko ya Charlotte ni ubwoko bwa allysus kumurimo wa matra, yitwa "dwarf yumukara".
Nubwo akiri muto (icyo gihe Charlotte yari afite imyaka 17), Bronte akoresha ibyakiriwe bigoye kandi andika inkuru mu nkuru. Umugambi wa "Icyatsi kibisi" wubatswe hafi ya Nyagasani Charles, yibizwa mumateka ashimishije yinshuti ye - Bwana John Bibi, icyarimwe akaba umukozi. Ibyabaye bibaho bikura mwisi yumujyi wikirahure, bihimbwa na bashiki bacu bronte. Bamwe mu banegura bemeje ko igitabo cyatorotse cya Charlotte "cy'ururimi rwa Englowte", nubwo "icyatsi" cyashyizwe mu cyegeranyo.
Mu 1840, umwanditsi yifuza inkuru yo mu gitabo "Esworth" (yakomeje kutagenda). Igikorwa cyari gishingiye ku bizima kwa Alexander Eshworth, kigaragaza amagambo "mu mazi akomeye ya shitani." Alegizandere afite isuku kandi afite ubwenge, ariko umujinya. Umusore ntabwo abanye na se rero, nkaho umuhungu w'ikirara, ava mu rugo kugira ngo akurikirane ikibanza cya London.
Byasa nkaho inkuru ya Charlotte ishobora gukura mu gitabo cyamamaye, ariko umwanditsi Hartley Karridge, igitabo cyanditse ibaruwa, ginengwa umuzi w'imirimo mu kibaya no mu mukungugu. Charlotte yemeye hamwe nigitekerezo cyumwanditsi kandi arangiza akazi kari kuri iki gitabo. Igikorwa c '"umwarimu" nicyo cyatoroshye cy'Abaroma Bronte, cyasohotse nyuma y'urupfu mu 1857. Umwanditsi yagerageje kugurisha uyu muyobozi bakorera, ariko kuba yaragerageje kwe ku bijyanye no kugerageza, kuko ababwiriza bavuze ko akazi gafite ibinezeza.
Charlotte yari imyumvire myinshi yanditse, bahatirwa ubuvanganzo iragwa. Ariko uyu mwanditsi yinjiye muri iyo nkuru abishimira igitabo kizwi ku isi "Jane Eyre", byasohotse mu 1847. Iki gitabo kivuga kubyerekeye umukobwa muto w'imfubyi Jane, yajugunywe mu ruhande rw'ubuzima. Umuvandimwe wenyine wa heroine - Madamu Urubingo - adakunda mwishywa kandi agerageza kubona uru rubanza rwo guhana umukobwa "w'icyaha".
Bidatinze, eyre yagiye ku ishuri, umubano we n'abanyeshuri bongeraho neza, ariko icyorezo cyorezo kiratera imbere mu kigo cy'uburezi. Rero, inshuti nziza Jane arapfa. Umugambi wiki gitabo ni ubusa kandi uvuga ubuzima bwumuntu muto. Ariko Bronte ntabwo akoreshwa mugukoresha Clichés Clichés, yacumuye abagambanyi ba Epoki zo kumurikirwa. Kurugero, Jane ntabwo yigeze yiyunga na nyirasenge.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Nkuko mubizi, umurongo wera wubuzima mugihe cyijisho usimburwa numukara. Byasaga naho Charlotte yari yaratsinze kandi amenyekana n'umwanditsi, ariko intimba idahwitse yabaye - yabuze murumuna we na bashiki be babiri. Emily na Ann bapfuye bazize igituntu. Brenwell yari yasinze mumyaka yanyuma yubuzima. Iyi ngeso yongereye ubuzima bwe gusa. Umusore yapfuye azize bronchitis. Kubera iyo mpamvu, Charlotte na Patrick bagumye wenyine.
Mubuzima bw'umwanditsi hari abatwara amagagare benshi bashakaga gutanga ikiganza n'umutima. Ibyifuzo nkibi mubuzima bwa Charlotte birahagije, ariko ntabwo yihutira kurongora. Umunsi umwe, Bronte yahuye n'umufasha w'umupadiri Artur bella nikol, wabaye abatoranijwe na Charlotte. Ku ikubitiro, umugabo uzaza yumwanditsi yatumye kure cyane. Bronte yanditse muri poary ko Arthur yagize ibitekerezo bigufi hamwe na horizon nkeya. Ubukwe bwabaye mu mpeshyi ya 1854. Nta bana bakomokaga n'abashakanye.
Urupfu
Mu gihe cy'itumba cyo mu 1855, umuhigo yinjiye mu buriri, imiterere yacyo yangiritse cyane. Muganga yijeje ko malaise ifitanye isano nibimenyetso byo gutwita. Charlotte yagize isesemi buri munsi kandi ntashobora kurya ibiryo, kubera ibimenyetso bye byerekana ibimenyetso bya Anorexia.
Mu mpeshyi y'uwo mu mwaka umwe, Charlotte yarapfuye. Impamvu nyayo y'urupfu rw'umwanditsi ukomeye ntabwo yashizweho. Nicyo gitekerezo ko Charlotte yapfuye azize igituntu, toxisosis cyangwa umuja we umaze imyaka akuze yari arwaye.
Bibliografiya
- 1833 - "Icyatsi kibisi"
- 1840 - "Esworth"
- 1846 - "Umusigo wa Carrera, Ellis na Ekton Bellov"
- 1846 - "Mwarimu"
- 1847 - "Jane Eyre"
- 1849 - "Sherli"
- 1852 - "Umujyi"
- 1860 - Emma