Ubuzima
Nta gitangaza Cir Walter Scott yitwa se wibitabo byicyongereza, kuko uyu mwanditsi mwiza cyane yabaye umwe mubambere wazanye ubwoko bwamateka yamateka. Inyandiko y'intoki ya shebuja wihaye impano y'ibaba yagize uruhare mu banditsi benshi bo mu 19 na 20. Bireba ko imirimo ya Walter Scott yahinduwe mu karere k'Ubwami bw'Uburusiya ku muvuduko w'urumuri mu 1829, mu myaka ya 1830, mu myaka ya 1830 yamaze gusoma mu maseti y'isi ya balticle na Nyagasani.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Umwanditsi uzwi yavutse umwana wa cyenda ku ya 15 Kanama, 1771 mu murwa mukuru wa Scotland - Edinburgh, umujyi, wahawe akurura, insengero n'amabuye. Akazura ejo hazaza yakuze mu muryango munini w'abadepipiriya (hari abana 13, ariko batandatu gusa), bwabaga mu igorofa rya gatatu mu nyubako ifunganye, iganisha kuri Kaugate kugera ku irembo rya kaminuza ya kera.
Walter Scott yazanwe mu muryango wa Porotseyiki yabigize umwuga wa Walter John. Igice cyumuryango cyakemuwe kubufasha bwemewe nabakiriya beza, ariko walter-mukuru kubera kwiyoroshya no kwiyoroshya byananiwe kugaburira leta. Nyina w'umwanditsi, Anna Rutherford, yari umukobwa wa mwarimu w'icyubahiro w'imiti yakoraga mu kigo cya Edinburgh. Anna yari umugore woroheje, asoma neza kandi asenga ibintu bya kera n'amateka yamateka. Iyo mico yarazwe Umwana.
Ntibishoboka kuvuga ko ubwana bwabashya ejo hazaza byari byishimo: uburwayi butunguranye bwatsinzwe kubaho k'umuhungu muto. Ikigaragara ni uko igihe Walter yujujwe mumwaka nigice, yamenetse ku bumuga bw'abana, bityo umwana arwanira ubuzima imyaka yose iri imbere. Mu 1775-1777, Walter yavuwe muri resitora, kandi yanagize umurima wa sekuru (ngaho, umusore Scott yamenyereye ko abantu bari epic na folklore). Ariko iyi ndwara itunguranye yasaga na Walter mubuzima bwe bwose, kuko umwanditsi ukomeye yagumye Chrome iteka ryose (yatakaje kugenda hejuru yukuguru kw'iburyo).
Mu 1778, uwo musore yasubiye i Edinburgh ye Edinburgh, atangira kujya mu kigo cya mbere cy'uburezi. Walter ntabwo yishimiye amasomo, cyane cyane umwanditsi w'ejo hazaza ntabwo yakunze abantu benshi ba algebraic. Ariko birakwiye ko tumenya ko Scott yazamutse umwana udasanzwe: asanzwe afite imyaka itanu, yasomye ibikorwa bya Homer bya kera kandi ashobora kongerwa byoroshye kugirango ambire imitima.
Walter mubuzima bwe bwarimo kwiyigisha, kandi inteko y'ishuri ntiyigeze asiga ibimenyetso by'umwanditsi. N'ubundi kandi, ndetse n'umupolisi w'ubuvanganzo bw'Abanyakonyo Doyle yavuze ko ubwonko bw'umuntu ari ikintu cyateganijwe ubusa aho ushobora kuzuza ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose. Umupfayongo arabikora: gukurura icyifuzo kandi kidakenewe. Hanyuma, umwanya uza mugihe ikintu gikenewe rwose kitazaseka aho.
Kubwibyo, kugirango ugere "atifu", walter uyishyira aho ni ingirakamaro gusa, nkuko babivuga, byibanze. Kubwibyo, mugihe kizaza, imizigo ikomeye yubumenyi ikenewe yafashaga Scott yanditse hafi ingingo iyo ari yo yose.
Walter-Umunyeshuri yari umuntu mubi, inshuro zaburiye kandi uhindagurika kandi usenga kugirango ukore impinduka. Byongeye kandi, walter ibiruhuko hagati yamasomo yashyizwe mubikorwa ubushobozi bwabavuga: Imbaga y'abantu yateraniye ahazaza h'abahinduzi ndetse no mu gihe utwaye amatwi mu mahame atangaje yanditswe n'abanditsi bakomeye.
Kandi mu myaka yato, Scott yamenyekanye cyane kuri climber: Umuhungu wateye imbere kumubiri yatsinzwe byoroshye impinga yumusozi, agaburira inshuti urugero rwubutwari, ubutwari nimyitozo nziza ya siporo. Igihe umwanditsi w'ejo hazaza yari afite imyaka 12, yinjiye muri kaminuza. Ariko indwara y'umunyagihanga yongeye guhinduka: Nyuma y'umwaka, umusore Scott yarokotse kuva amaraso mu mara, kubera ibyo atashoboye gukomeza kwiga.
Muri epoki zo kumurikirwa, imiti ntabwo yatejwe imbere, imihango myinshi yubuvuzi yizo myaka yagiye ikubita abasomyi ba bigezweho kugeza na nubu. Kuzana imiterere yumubiri kubisanzwe, Walter Scott yagombaga kunyura mu ruziga rwose rw'ikuzimu. Umuhungu amasaha menshi yahagaze muri Lulula claus, yagiye mu maraso, kandi nanone yari yicaye ku mirire y'amasaha abiri y'amasaha abiri kandi agabanuka mubyo akunda. Nyuma yo kwivuza kirekire, yamaze imyaka ibiri, uwo musore asubira mu mujyi yavukiyemo yavukiyemo, ajya mu kirenge cya se, aba umunyeshuri mu biro bye.
Walter ntabwo yakunze umurimo umwe mubabyeyi, impapuro volokol yazanye icyifuzo cyumusore. Ariko uhereye ku kazi ka Rutone Scott uracyashaka kungukirwa na we: kugira ngo umusore ararambiranye, umusore wagerageje ku mfashanyo y'intambara n'ikaramu byerekanwe ku mpapuro isi itangaje. Nanone, andika ibyangombwa bitandukanye byemewe n'amategeko, wakiriye umushahara muto, wakoresheje mubitabo ukunda.
Mugihe cyo gutsimbataza umubyeyi, Walter yahisemo imyitozo yemewe. Mu 1792, umusore yashizeho ibizamini muri kaminuza maze abona izina ryiza ryabavoka. Duhereye kuri iyi ngingo, Scott yashyizwe kuri societe hamwe numuntu wubahwa ufite umwuga wubuhinzi ukomeye.
Imyaka yambere yubuzima bwakazi Scott yakoresheje inyungu: yagenze mumijyi n'ibihugu bitandukanye, amenyera ubuzima n'imigenzo yabandi bantu, ndetse n'imigenzo ya gakondo na ballas ya Scotland. Ariko, ingendo nkizo zagiye gusa kumyandikirano ya Nouvice kandi zigaragarira mu mahame menshi.
Muri icyo gihe, Walter yatangiye kwibira mu isi nini y'ibisigo by'Ubudage: Umusore ufite umushyitsi wahinduwe buri murongo wa Matrov. Ubuhinduzi bwasohotse muri Incognito, butavuzwe n'umwanditsi, harimo n'umurimo uzwi wa burger witwa "Lenor" (Abasomyi bavuga Ikirusiya I. V. Goethe "Getlikhingan".
Ubuvanganzo
Sir Walter Scott, nka Franz Kafka, ntabwo yizeraga ko umurima w'ubuvanganzo ushobora gufatwa nk'imyidagaduro ikomeye mu buzima, kandi nanone ntiyashakaga kubona icyubahiro no kumenyekana - kubishyira mu bikorwa, Scott yamamaye kubyandika nta Ijambo. Kwandika kwa Scott ntakindi kirenze akazi nimyidagaduro ukunda, bireba wenyine kubaho no gukora amarangamutima mashya no gusiga irangi kuri lounge.
Umugororwa yahisemo kubaho atuje kandi cyane, gukoresha umwanya munini kumurimo we ukunda - gutera ibiti. Ubuzima bwo guhanga bwa Walter Scott bwatangiriye gusa ubusobanuro gusa, kandi no mu mivugo. Igikorwa cye cya mbere - Ballad "nimugoroba wa Yohana" (1800) - yigishijwe ninyandiko zurukundo. Umwanditsi yakomeje kwegeranya abantu ba rubanda, yari ashingiye ku nyandiko zandikishijwe intoki.
Mu 1808, Walter Scott ahinduka udushya mubitabo byubuvanganzo, yahimbye igitabo cyica munsi yizina "Marmion". Igitangaje ni uko nubwo bimeze kuri mast matrous ari ibitonyanga byo guhanga hamwe no gufatanya: Menya-uko Scott yatandukanijwe nabanenga muri fluff numukungugu. Ikigaragara ni uko ababona ko umugambi wa Matra utasobanutse: ingeso nziza n'ubusambabimwe byavanze mumyanda ye, kandi iyo mico ntiyari ikwiye intwari ya Lyrical.
Francis Jeffrey yavuze ko fabul mammion yari igorofa kandi irambiranye. Ariko kubona neza abanditsi ntabwo byagize ingaruka kubindi byamenyekanye. Abanditsi b'Abarusiya bemeye igitabo cyimirongo hamwe na bang. Urugero, Zhukovsky yasobanuye mu bwisanzure mu buryo bwo kurega "urukiko kugeza kuri gereza", nkaho walter atangaje, yanditse ibisigo "izmail-bay", ibikorwa bye byagendaga muri Caucase. Kandi na Byron ubwe yabonye umugambi wa "mammion" mwiza kandi akoresha intego zimwe mubyo yaremye.
Scott yahimbye imirimo y "ibiyaga bibiri" (1810) na "rockby" (1813), kubera ibyo yabaye umwenegihugu w'ukuri - umuvugo w'amateka. Byongeye kandi, umwanditsi, nka Shakespeare, avanga mubuhanga mu icupa rimwe n'ibihimbano, kandi byiza. Rero, inkuru mubikorwa bya Shebuja w'ikaramu ntiyahagaze mu mwanya, ahubwo yimukiye imbere: iherezo ry'abantu ryagize ingaruka ku mpinduka z'iki gihe.
Umwanditsi yasezeranye na Gothique na kera, ariko ntiyanyuze mu bababanjirije. Walter ntabwo yifuzaga gukoresha amazu arenga, yishyuye porogaramu Edgar yamenyekanye, kandi nanone ntiyashakaga kuba umwanditsi w'imirimo "ya kera ya kera. Kubyerekeranye, gukuramo intozi nyinshi gusa bihinduka umusomyi udasobanutse ya epoch yo kumurikirwa.
Nubwo Walter Scott kuva akivuka yababajwe n'ubuzima budakomeye, ndetse no kutareba neza, yakoraga neza kandi ashoboye gukora byibuze ibitabo bibiri byumwaka. Muri rusange, umutware w'ikaramu mu buzima bwe yashoboye guhimba ibitabo 28, ndetse na ballads nyinshi kandi ayobora, ingingo zingenzi nizindi mirimo yo guhanga.
Ibikorwa byumwanditsi, nka Puritan (1816), "Avengo", "Taentut" (1823), "Ubuzima bwa Napoleon Bonaparte" (1827) na benshi Abandi babaye Bibiliya ya desktop kubanditsi b'amazu yakurikiyeho. Kurugero, Charlotte Bronte, Arthur Conan Doyle, Byron, Jane Austin hamwe nabandi bantu bakomeye ubuvanganzo bashingiye kuri bandikishijwe intoki.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Ubuzima bwite bwa Scott bwari bwumvikana. Mu myaka 20, Walter mu isanduku yabanje gukura umwambi w'ikifuniko cy'umubyimba runaka, umusore wigeze agira ubwenge, umukobwa w'umunyamategeko, umukobwa w'umunyamategeko, wari muto kurenza igihembo mu myaka itanu. Umwanditsi w'imyaka itanu yageze ku nyungu z'umukobwa ukiri muto wumuyaga, wajyanye abatwara amagagare, ariko ntiyihutira gukonja umukungugu we afite igisubizo kidahagije.
Kubera iyo mpamvu, umudugudu wahisemo gukiranirwa k'undi musore - William Forbes, umuhungu wa Bandiker uzwi. Urukundo rudasanzwe rwabaye igikundiro ku mwanditsi w'ibitabo, ariko muri icyo gihe cyaramutseho imirimo mishya, abanyamabere batewe n'intwari bafite imitima yamenetse.
Mu 1796, umwanditsi yashakanye n'umubaji wa Charlotte, wahaye umukundwa w'abana bane - abakobwa babiri n'abahungu. Mubuzima, Walter Scott ntabwo yakunze kuvugurura cyane no guhangayika bidasanzwe, uwahimbye igitabo cyigitabo cyakoreshejwe mu kumarana igihe, akikijwe numuryango nabawe. Kandi cyane cyane Walter ntabwo yasuzuguye umubano wigihe gito kuruhande kandi yagombaga kurangira uwo mwashakanye.
Umwigisha uzwi cyane wamababa yakunzwe amatungo, kandi yishimiye urugo. Scott yivuzaga, nta mfashanyo, yerekanye isagara ye Ebbotsford mu kumanura amabara n'ibiti byinshi.
Urupfu
Mu myaka yashize, ubuzima bw'umwanditsi bwari bukabije, Walter Scott yarokotse imyigaragambyo itatu ya Ableaple. Kandi mu gatasi ko mu 1832, shebuja w'imyaka 61 yapfuye azize umutima.
Kwibuka umwanditsi, inzibutso zashizweho, kimwe na firime na ubuhanzi.
Bibliografiya
- 1808 - "Marmion"
- 1810 - "Subal"
- 1811 - "Icyerekezo cya Don Roderika"
- 1813 - Rokby
- 1815 - "Umurima wa Waterloo"
- 1815 - "Ibirwa bya Reluer"
- 1814 - "Waverley, cyangwa imyaka mirongo itandatu ishize"
- 1816 - "Putanian"
- 1820 - "Abbat"
- 1823 - "Quentin Dorvard"
- 1825 - "Talisman"
- 1827 - "Abababaye babiri"
- 1828 - "Icyumba gifite tapestries"
- 1829 - "Karl utinyutse, cyangwa Anna Geersteinkaya, Virgo Mraka"
- 1831 - "Kubara Robert Paris"