Ubuzima
Umuganwa wa Moscou Ivan I Danilovich Kalita yamenyekanye mu mateka nk'umutegetsi wa dipolomasi, yagura akarere k'Ubuyobozi. Yashyizeho umubano na Ori Zhan. Mu 2001, Ivan Kalitu yubatswe mu maso h'inyabutagatifu Moscou.
Ubwana Ivan Kalita, wavukiye i Moscou, ntabwo atangaje kubanyamateka. Byari umuntu usanzwe, yakuze mu muryango wa Prince Danille Alexandrovich n'uwo mwashakanye. Nkiri umwana, yahoraga yumva inkuru zerekeye Tatars, hanyuma ibitero byifashe mu Burusiya. Abakuru benshi bagize ubwoba. Ibyiyumvo bidashimishije byashyikirijwe Ivan nto, niko no mubana bato umuhungu yiboneye igare rya Moscou.
Kuva abana b'abana, se yabwiye umutware uzaza ku byerekeye ibibera muri Leta. Mu myaka 3, umwana yashyizwe ku ifarashi atangira gutoza kugendera ku mafarashi. Nyuma y'iki gikorwa, umuhungu yimuriwe ku barezi. Abarimu bitaye cyane ku shingiro ry'Inama y'Ubutegetsi, nk'umutware Daniel Moscou yashakaga kubona ku mutwe wa Ivan, ntabwo yakundaga ku mfura ya Yuri.
Ivan Kalita yakoze urugendo rwitonda kandi rwubucamanza butandukanye na murumuna we, watandukanijwe numutima utunguranye, utyaye. Muri 1303 Daniyeli arapfa. Yuri w'imyaka 21 y'amavuko azasabwa intebe, kandi ivan w'imyaka 15 yabaye umufasha ku gikomangoma. Mu gihe mukuru mukuru yari agiye kugenda, Ivan yagombaga kurengera Pereslavl. Ibyingenzi, imyiteguro myiza ifasha kubaho, nubwo ingabo nkeya.
Ibiganiro bya diplomasi na Khana biganisha ku ngaruka mbi. Mu rugendo kuri Horde ya zahabu, umutegetsi mushya aricwa. Intebe irarengana, nkuko byateganijwe na Daniel Moscou, umuhungu muto - Ivan Kalita.
Inteko Nyobozi
Ivan Kalita numutegetsi udasanzwe. Kuva mu minsi ya mbere, igikomangoma nticyatsinze uturere dushya, ahubwo yatangiye guteza imbere orotodogisi. Mu izina ry'umutegetsi wavuzwe na Vladimir, abatuye Metropolitan bisubikwa i Vladimir. Rero, umujyi wahindutse umurwa mukuru wumwuka wuburusiya. Ubuyobozi bwa Moscou bwariyongereye.
Ibibazo n'ibibazo byo kugabana ubutaka byatangiye mu 1327, igihe abantu bigometse muri Tver, nyuma bakica ambasaderi wa Orga Orga. Ivan Kalita yagiye i Khan, watanze ikirango umutware muri rukwi. Hamwe na Suzdaliyani, igikomangoma cyateye tit, mugihe Alexander Mikhaight Tver Tver yarokotse ibihano bishoboka muri Novgorod (nyuma yabonetse muri PSKov).
Nyuma y'umwaka, Khan Uzbek yahisemo kugabana abashinga amategeko hagati ya Ivan na Alexander Vasilyevich Suzdal. Novgorod na Kostroma byimukiye i Kalita, kandi igikomangoma cya kabiri ni Nizhny Novgorod na Gorodets. Mu 1331, Alexandre Vasilyevich arapfa, ingoma ifata kontantin. Muri iki gihe, uturere dushyigikiye umwamikazi Suzdal yasubiye muri Duchy Mukuru.
Mu gihe cya 1328 kugeza 1330, Ivan Kalita asoza ishyingiranwa rito - abakobwa bashyingiranwa na Vasily Yaroslavsky na Kontantin Rostovsky. Ihuriro ni ingirakamaro ku mutegetsi, kubera ko apfuye yahise ajugunywa mu gikomangoma. Impagarara hagati ya Moscou na Novgorod bageze ku mpinga 1331.
Amakimbirane yatangiye no kwanga Metropolitan Feorinost kugira ngo ashyire musenyeri mukuru wa Novgorod Arsenia. Inyandiko yatanze kalike zijimye. Muri iki gihe, Kalita yerekana ibisabwa kugirango yishyure Dani. Kwanga biganisha ku burakari bw'umutegetsi - igikomangoma cyashyizwe imbere n'ingabo mu gihugu cya Novogod. Ntabwo yaje ku mirwano, nkuko Ivan yateganyaga gukemura ikibazo cyisi.
Imyitwarire ya KALIIT, ni ukuvuga ubukwe bw'umuhungu wa Symeon hamwe n'umukobwa wa Gedimin, yari ahangayikishijwe no gutinya Novgorod. Abategetsi bahisemo gukora: Ubutumire bwakurikiwe n'ubutumire bwa Ntagatifu, wahawe igihome cy'imbuto, Ladoga, Korologa, Korologis, kimwe cya kabiri cya Corgana. Mu kugaruka, Alexander Narimuntovich yaje guhindura, mu gihe se yagumaga i Lituwaniya. Inkunga yatanzwe nubumwe Novgorod ntabwo yategereje. Umujura ntabwo yaje kurwanya abodetede no kwikuramo umuhungu mu bihugu.
Gusa mu 1336, nyuma yuko Umujyi wa Metropolitan watabaye, isi iza hagati ya Novgorod na Kalita. Umuganwa Ivan yakira iyo misoro yifuzwa nizina ryumutegetsi wa Novgorod. Gedimine yagerageje kwihorera ku butaka bwa Novgorod ku isi imbonaga i Moscou, ariko intambara ntiyigeze itangira.
Mu 1337, Alexandre Tver, hamwe n'umuhungu we biciwe. Khan yemeye icyemezo nk'iki nyuma ya Ivan Kalita. Bidatinze, igikomangoma gisubira muri Moscou. Ukurikije umutegetsi, inzogera ikurwa mu itorero rya Mutagatifu kandi itwara umurwa mukuru. Kalita ayobora umuvandimwe Alexander Mikhaich.
Muri biografiya ya KALIIT Hariho ubukangurambaga bwinshi bwo kwishura ibikomangoma. Mu 1339, ingabo za Moscou zoherejwe kunywa itabi kubera kudashaka guha icyubahiro Horde. Amakimbirane hagati ya Novgorod na Moscou nongeye kuvuka. Ntabwo bishoboka gukemura amakimbirane ya Ivan kugeza ubuzima burangiye.
Politiki Ivan Kalita yiswe adasobanutse. Umuganwa ku butaka bw'igihugu cya Moscou yubaka insengero nyinshi: Cathedrale y'Umukiza kuri Bor, Cathedrale ya Cathedrale, Cathedrale ya Arkhangelsky, Arkhangelsky, itorero rya Yohana isura. Ku ngoma (kuva 1328 kugeza ku ya 1340), Moscow nshya ya Moscou kuva Oak ikurura Kalita. Umutegetsi agaragaza intego yo kwizera. Mbere gato y'urupfu rwa Ivan yandika ubutumwa bwa Siya. Noneho Ibyanditswe biherereye mu isomero ryishuri ryikirusiya.
Pontemporaries KALIITIS yaranze Umutegetsi nkumuganwa byoroshye kandi uhoraho. Han horde yubashywe kandi yizeraga muscovite. Byafashaga gukiza Moscou kubatero ryatanzwe. Imibereho myiza yibyiyongereye, kutanyurwa byarazimiye. Ivan Danilovich yakuyeho umwamikazi kuva gusahura n'intambara imyaka 40. Kalita yagororoka ku bugome n'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi, imidugararo y'abaturage yahagaritswe kubera Dani.
Ivan Nageze ku ngaruka zitigeze zibaho ku butaka bumwe, harimo na Novgorod, Tver na PSKOV. Mu myaka y'ingoma, igikomangoma yakusanyije ubutunzi, bwarazwe abana n'abuzukuru, barimo Dmitry Donskoy. Yo kumenya umuragwa, byari ngombwa ko Kalita yabonye ubutaka mu bindi bikomangoma.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Ivan Kalita yahujwe nubukwe kabiri. Muri 1319, Elena yabaye umutegetsi. Amakuru yamateka ku nkomoko yumukobwa ntabwo yabitswe. Babyaranye abahungu bane - Simeyoni, Daniel, Ivan na Andrei. Indwara itazwi yonsa ubuzima bw'uwo bashakanye.
Mu 1332, Elena yarapfuye, nyuma y'umwaka Ivan yashakanye. Amahitamo yari Ulyana. Abakobwa bane bagaragaye mu bashakanye - Maria, Eudokiya, Penyodosia, Feotinia. Kalita hamwe ninyungu zatanzwe nabakobwa bashakanye. Umuganwa yazamuye ibintu byonyine - umutegetsi azacunga Iverinoma ubwe.
Urupfu
Amezi make mbere yuko urupfu rwa Ivan Kalita rufata umwanya. Kubuza gukwirakwizwa hagati y'abahungu, umutegetsi wagabanije umutungo mu buzima. Simeyoni yishimye yabaye nyir'umurage babiri wa gatatu. Papa yaramusize nk'umurinzi w'abana bato. Kalita ku buntu bwakozwe na Leta. Igabana nk'iryo ryatumye bishoboka kwirinda guhonyora igikoma cya Moscou. Urupfu rw'umutware rwaje muri 1340. Umuhango wo gushyingura wabereye muri Cathedrali ya ArkHengelsk, yubatswe ku mategeko ya Ivan I.
Inkuru ntabwo izi undi mutegetsi nkuyu, nkuko kuvunika kuri Moscou. Umujyi wahinduwe ku ngoma ya Ivan Kalita. Ubwicanyi bukabije bw'abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi ntabwo yakoze igikomangoma mu myaka ya guverinoma, bitandukanye na murumuna we. Kuva ivan nagiye mu ruguro yo gutanga umutegetsi. Kalita bisobanura igikapu cyangwa igikapu cyuruhu cyo kubika ibiceri.
Umugani
Hariho umugani, ukurikije icyo igikomangoma cyumvise umuntu utanga.
"Mu ci 6837 (I.e. Muri 1329 - hafi.) Igikomangoma gikomeye Ivan Danilovich yagiye ku isi muri Torzhok. Bamwegera hamwe no gutabara mutagatifu kwitwaza igikombe, abagabo 12 ku munsi mukuru. Batangaye abagabo 12, bitwaza ko ari umunyamahato w'umutagatifu: "Imana itanga icyi ubwinshi ku gikomangoma gikomeye ivan Danilovich Uburusiya bwose. Vasta, kugaburira ibyabo. " Umutware w'abantu bakuru b'abantu n'abakuru ba Novoring afite iki: "Aba bantu baza aho ndi?"
Bamubwira abasore ba Novotorzhetsi: "Uyu ni Bwana, witwaza umukiza wera, kandi igikombe cyabahaye 40 hava i Yeruzalemu." Umuganwa wa Makuru arebye igikombe cyabo, arabishyira ku murongo we, agira ati: "Ni iki bavandimwe, bafata umusanzu wanjye muri iki gikombe?" Pretetena yarashubije ati "twicujije iki, noneho fata." Kandi igikomangoma cy'abakomeye kibaha Hryvnia umusanzu mushya: "Kandi genda kuri njye muri buri cyumweru unjyana ibikombe bibiri bya byeri, icya gatatu - ubuki. Genda kandi ku bayoboye kuri njye kandi no kwishimira ubukwe, wifata ibikombe bitatu by'inzoga. "
Kwibuka
Muri iyo minsi, abategetsi bagaragajwe n'amashusho, urashobora rero gutekereza ko Ivan Kalita yarebye ku ifoto. Imvugo yo kugaragara kw'ibice by'igikomangoma ntabwo yabikoze, ahubwo yasobanuye imico n'imyitwarire. Kurugero, Kalita numuntu kubara, utandukanye n'ubwenge. Umutegetsi yiswe imbabazi. Kalita yakunze kugera ku bakene mu gihe cy'urugendo mu Burusiya. Ibyifuzo byabantu bagerageje gukora. Umugabo umwe Ivan Natanze inshuro nyinshi.
Mwisi ya none yerekeye umutegetsi wa Moscou ntiyibagiwe. Kurugero, inzobere zateje imbere imodoka idasanzwe ku gihingwa cya Moskvich. Imodoka yitwa "Moskvich" Ivan Kalita ". Mu 2006, mu karere ka Moscou ku nshuro ya mbere, gahunda ya Ivan Kalita yaratanzwe, umudari w'abitumiza wa Ivan Kalita.