Ubuzima
Igihe cy'ingoma cy '"inkumi-isugi" cyangwa umwamikazi mwiza w'ibyago, nka muscovy, abo mu gihe cyitwa "ibihe bya zahabu mu Bwongereza". Uwanyuma mu ngoma ya Tudor yashoboye kuzamura Ubwongereza ku cyiciro gishya cy'iterambere no gushimangira umwanya w'igihugu ku isi. Ku ngoma y'umukobwa muto Henry VIII, William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlo na Francis bacon. Bitwa "Elizabetiniya" bitewe nubushake bwururimi rwumwamikazi numuco.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Umuganwakazi yavutse muri Nzeri 1533 mu burasirazuba bwa Londres, mu rugo rw'umwami muri Greenwich. Kuri nyina, Anna Boleyn, Heinrich VIII yashakanye n'urukundo maze yizera ko uwo bashakanye azamuha samuragwa. N'ubundi kandi, umugore wabanjirije, Catherine Aragon, ntabwo yibarutse umuhungu, wagize umwanya w'ingoma.
Anna yibarutse umugore wambitswe ikamba, na nyuma yimyaka 17, Elizabeti agaragara. Umwami ntiyabonye umunezero wo kugaragara k'umukobwa wa kabiri, ariko umubatizo we wari uherekejwe no kwizihiza vuba. Umuganwakazi wizina ryatanzwe mu rwego rwo guha icyubahiro nyina wa Monarch Elizabeth York. Uyu mwana yatuwe mu ngoro ya Hatfell, aho atuye hafi ya London, yasuwe n'ababyeyi be.
Elizabeti ntabwo yasohoye kandi afite imyaka itatu, kuko Mama atabaye: Anna, kandi ntiyigeze akingura umugore we umuragwa, aricwa, ashinja ibiti byinshi kumugabo we no mubugambanyi. Abahanga mu by'amateka bahuye ntekereza ko gukuraho Bolein Heinrich yahisemo kurongora no kubyara Umwana vuba bishoboka, kandi gihamya y'impinduka ni impfabusa. Ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya nyina ryazanye Talding kuri Elizabeti w'imyaka itatu: Umuganwakazi yiswe abatemewe. Iherezo rimwe ryagize mukuru we Maria.
Umunsi umwe nyuma yo gusohoza Bolein, umwami yagendaga rwihishwa na Jane Seymour akunda Jane. Umwaka umwe nyuma, Umwamikazi yibarutse umugabo we wumuhungu wari utegerejwe cyane Edward. Jane yagerageje kwiyunga umwami n'abakobwa n'abakobwa, ariko Henry nta kibazo kidahagaze: umukobwa wa "bet" yagumye mu nzu ya Hatfield, nubwo umwamikazi muto akazanwa mu rugo rw'umwami.
Iminsi 12 nyuma yo kuvuka kwa Seymour arapfa. Heinrich yagiye munsi yikamba inshuro eshatu. Umwe mu bagore be, yahukanye, uwa kabiri, Catherine Howard, nka Ana boleyn, yiciwe. Ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya mama, ryatangaje Elizabeti w'imyaka 9, asiga ibimenyetso byabereye mu bihe by'ejo hazaza: ntabwo yarongoye, bityo izina rye "umwamikazi-Virgo". Imyumvire ishyushye kuva ku muganwakazi yazamutse ku mugore wa gatandatu wa Data - Parr ya Catherine.
Umwamikazi w'ejo hazaza w'Ubwongereza na Irilande afite imyaka 10 akorera mu gifaransa, Ikigereki, Umunyamakuru, n'amasezerano y'abahanga mu by'amateka - Abanyaroma basomye igitabo cy'Abaroma hanyuma wandike inzu ya Parr ya Catherine. Nubwo umukobwa yafatwaga bitemewe, ariko gushiraho yahawe icyubahiro: Amasomo hamwe nabarimu ba Cambridge, abayoboke b'ivugurura, ntibabaye impfabusa.
Ndashimira parr no kugaragara kwa samurari mu muryango wa cyami, isi yaragaruwe. Papa yazanye "abakobwa b'abanyarwandakazi, nubwo imiterere yo gutesha agaciro itahagaritse. Mu ntangiriro ya 1547, Heinrich yarapfuye. Ubushake, umwami yise ingoma-umutwe wa Edward. Ku rupfu rwe kandi adahari abaragwa, intebe y'ubwami yemerewe gufata Mariya na Elizabeti. Noneho ibyiringiro byo guhagarara ku mukuru w'igihugu ku bakobwa ba Heinrich basaga naho ari umuzimu, ariko Isezerano ryavuze ryo kumenya abakobwa kandi ryemererwa kurongora abatware b'umwami w'u Burayi.
Nyuma y'urupfu rwa se n'ubusabano bwe, nyir'inta nyir'intambwe Elizabeth aho atuye, mu isambu muri Hartformeshire. Umukobwa yakomeje kwiga ayobowe na mwarimu afite ubumenyi bwa encyclopedic ya Roger Eshamom.
Mu gatasi ko mu 1548, nyir'ubwimbe yapfuye azize ibitaro by'ababyara, kandi uwo bye, Thomas Seymour yari yaragerageje kugerageza guhirika ubutegetsi bwa leta. Mu ntangiriro z'umwaka utaha, yiciwe, kandi ingoma yirukanaga imbere ya Viduard VI. Umuvandimwe yatumiwe kubana na mushiki we muto w'urukiko, abo yari afite umubano ususurutse. Urupfu rwa Eduard mu mpeshyi yo mu 1553 rwatangiye gukubita Elizabeti.
Kugerageza Uwiteka - Umurinzi wa John Dudley yashyize ikamba kuri Sogombe Heinrich, Jane w'imyaka 16, Jane w'imyaka 16, yarangiye bahint. Imyivumbavu ryanyuze mu makimbirane ya gisirikare hagati y'abashyigikiye imvi n'umwamikazi Mariya, umukobwa w'imfura Henry. Intebe yafashe Maria. Kuri Elizabeti, impande zombi z'amakimbirane zabaye abanyarubili: Iyo habaye intsinzi, abashyigikiye Jane, yambuwe uburenganzira ku ntebe y'ubwami, ahubwo yambuwe gukurikiza kwizera kw'abaporotesitanti. Intsinzi ya Catholotchka Mariya yateje Elizabeti, ariko asiga iburyo bwo kuzungura ikamba.
Maria w'imyaka 37, Maria nambitswe ikamba mu 1553, yatinze igihe cyizuba. Kuva mu minsi ya mbere y'inama y'umwamikazi yateye gusubiza igihugu kujya Gatolika. Benshi mu bongereza bemeye kwizera gato gato, ariko abaporotesitanti bari abarozi ukomeye. Mu ntangiriro z'umwaka utaha, Wormas Thomant Whitet yazamuye imyigaragambyo, agambiriye kubuza ishyingiranwa rya Mariya n'Umuyobozi wa Esipanye. Hariho verisiyo y'inyeshyamba yashakaga kwambara intebe ya Elizabeti.
Kwigomeka byatanzwe, kandi Whitet yiciwe. Mbere y'urupfu rwe, yarahiye ko Elizabeti atazi ku ndazira kandi atitabira imyiteguro. Umwamikazi yinjiye mushiki wanjye muto mu munara, ariko ava mu buzima bwe. Mu mpeshyi yo mu 1554, Mariya yashakanye n'uhagarariye ubwoko bwa habsburgs maze asohora Elizabeti kugeza ku bushake, ariko yohererezanye ku murongo w'amato.
Nyuma yimyaka 4, Elizan yasubijwe i Londres. Ubukwe bwa Filipo na Maria bwaje kuba umwana utabyaye, umwamikazi w'ikibindi. Igihe yumvaga ambulance irangira, iyobowe n'abajyanama bitwa mushikiwabo ikamba sah. Mariya "maraso" maraso, nk'uko Umwamikazi yise umwamikazi, ntiyashakaga guha Mukuru w'Umwamikazi, kuko yatinyaga kugaruka kw'abaporotesitanti. Ariko batinya akaduruvayo n'imvururu nyuma y'urupfu, byabaye ngombwa ko ava ku ikamba Elizabeti.
Gutangira Ubuyobozi
Nyuma y'iminsi itatu apfuye, ku nama ya mbere y'umwamikazi Elizabeti yashimiye abamufashaga mu gihe cya Aval. Thomas Perry yakiriye umwanya w'umubitsi, Robert Dudley yabaye ananiwe, William Cecil yicaye ku ntebe y'umunyamabanga. Mu Gushyingo 1558, Umwamikazi w'imyaka 25 w'imyaka 25 yahuye n'imbaga y'abaturage ba Londres.
Igihe cya Moniflonin muri kiriya gihe nticyafatwaga nk'abakiri bato - Abanyabongereza babayeho bagera kuri mirongo itanu. Ariko Elizabeti yasaga naho arenze imyaka ye. Ntiyigeze ashyingirwa kandi ubuzima bwe ntibucishije bugufi kubyara no gukuramo inda, nk'abagore benshi bo mu gihe cye. Umwamikazi mushya w'Ubwongereza yabaye itegeko ry'imyambarire: ku birori byo kwakirwa mu buryo bwemewe muri Oxford, byagaragaye igihe kirekire, ku nkokora, gants. Byakurikiwe nabadepite bose bakijwe.
Mu mpera za Mutarama muri uwo mwaka, umwamikazi yumvise uburemere bw'ikamba: Ubwongereza bwagabanyijemo ibice bibiri - abaporotestanti n'abagatolika. Mu kirere cya mu kirere Vitala Vitala. Kugira ngo wirinde guhungabana, natangaje ko ari "igikorwa cyo guhuriza hamwe", komerera abagatolika gukora misa.
Bidatinze, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yasabye Elizabeti ngo nhitemo uwo mwashakanye no gutanga intebe hamwe na samuragwa. Ku rutonde rw'umukwe rwahindutse umugabo wa mushiki wa nyakwigendera Filipo, umutware wa nyakwigendera mu bwoko bwa habsburgs ndetse na Kronprint ya Suwede. Bidatinze, Umwami w'Uburusiya Ivan Grozny yaguye kurutonde rwabashobora kuba abasaba. Ariko Elizabeti, ubwoba bwo kwanga mu buryo butaziguye, bwasanze impamvu zituma batemera kurongora na bo. Mu myaka myinshi, kuruhande rwa Elizabeti nakundaga Robert Dudley Dudley.
Politiki yo mu rugo
Kwanga kujya munsi yikamba, Elizabeti yasanze ijambo ry'Abongereza, Umwamikazi yasubiyemo ati "yungutse n'igihugu". Abantu bamujyanye n'isugi Mariya, n'ubwisumba - babiyobye, imana yubuto nubwiza. Ikimenyetso cya Elizabeti cyahindutse pelican, gikuraho ibiceri byacyo bwo kugaburira inkoko.
Uteganye n'umwamikazi mwiza, ubuyobozi bushimangira, ishami ry'imari ryaratojwe, kandi Itorero ry'Abaporotesitanti mu rugero ry'Abaporotelikani ryashyizweho nk'idini rya Leta. "Umwamikazi-Virgo" yashishikarije gukurura abimukira bafite impano mu Bwongereza. Amasosiyete abacuruzi yatuwe mu gihugu, yashyigikiwe na Elizabeti. Ahari urwego rwonyine rudashoboye ni inganda zipfuka. Amategeko akomeye ya Elizabeti yafashe inzego.
Amakimbirane yamenetse Espanye ahatira Guverinoma kuzamura imisoro yo kuzuza ingengo y'imari ya gisirikare. Ukutahura abacuruzi n'icyerekezo cyihariye kuva mu mitwaro y'imisoro yiyongereye. Iherezo ry'umwamikazi-isugi guverinoma, umutwaro w'imisoro, utemerera ubukungu bw'Ubwongereza. Ropot yo kurwanya AHCHUTAM yiyongereye, opposition y'abadepite yongerewe.
Elizabeti nabaye azwi nk'uburyo bw'abahanzi. Ahantu hihariye k'umwamikazi yerekeje kuri theatre, yitabira ibitekerezo bya amateur. Mu 1582, itsinda rya cyami ryagaragaye n'umucyo w'umuntu wambitswe ikamba, aho Shakespeak yinjiye. Igihe Elizabeth natakaye ibiceri bishya: pound ya zahabu na Halfthant. Pound yapimaga garama 11,146, muri zo 10,213- izahabu nziza.
Politiki y'Ububanyi n'amahanga
Mu mpera za 1550 muri Scotland, umuti w'abaporotesitanti na Frantzenitani Mary de GIZ, yakiriye na Mama Mariya Stewart yatangaye. Umunyamabanga William Cecil yasabye ko Umwamikazi ashyigikira abaporotesitanti, ariko ntiyitinyuka gukurikizwa, guha amafaranga rwihishwa. Elizabeti yatinyaga intambara n'Ubufaransa.
Ariko Inama y'ibanga yahatiye umwamikazi gutabara: Mu 1560, ingabo z'icyongereza zafashaga Ecottish gutsinda abashyigikiye de Gizov. Mu ci y'uwo mwaka, Ubwongereza bwashyizweho umukono muri Edinburgh, amasezerano yarwaniye intsinzi maze azana ingabo.
Sogokuru Elizabeth nashizeho amato, Data yashyizeho ubucuruzi bwo mu nyanja, mushikiwabo yohereje urugendo rwo gushakisha mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba bw'akanyura mu Buhinde n'Ubushinwa. Ariko ku butegetsi bwa Elizabeti, Ubwongereza bwabaye imbaraga zito. Guhaha no gutanga ibitero bya Hawkins bavandimwe no kwiyamamaza bya Drake bya Francis byatangiye.
Ubujura n'ubwongereza bw'Abongereza bo mu mato ya Espagne, ibitero byabo ku bukoloni bw'Abanyesipanyoli ni byo byateye intambara yo mu nyanja itamenyekanye na London na Madrid. Ariko bidatinze, Ubwongereza bwashoboye gutsinda uko imbaraga nyamukuru zo mu nyanja ziri mu nyanja. Abatavuga rumwe na leta batuye umwamikazi kugira ngo bafashirizwe n'abajura, ariko ihame ry "uburenganzira, ni bakomeye" noneho niganje. Intambara mu mpera za 1580 hagati yitonda yububasha bubiri bwari hejuru yo gutsindwa kwa Armada nini yabanyabwenge.
Elizabeti nagiranye inzandiko na Moscou Umwami Ivan Grozny. Hagati y'ibihugu byombi, umubano w'ubucuruzi wateguwe, hashyirwaho intangiriro ku mwami Edward, ariko gucuruza biratera imbere byabaye ku ngoma y'ubwami bw'umwamikazi-Isugi. Elizabeth yaje kuba umugore wenyine ivin iv yanditse. Grozny yanditse umwamikazi bwa mbere mu 1562, atanga kwinjira mubukwe. Ventrenosa wo mu Bwongereza yanze kuruta kuzana uburakari bw'Umwami w'Uburusiya. Igisubizo kidafite ikinyabupfura Iva biteye ubwoba byahagaritse inzandiko kumyaka 20, ariko arakomeza kandi atera imbere yumwami.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Dukurikije bumwe mu buryo bw'imihererekane, kwanga Elizabeti njya munsi y'ikamba ryasobanuwe nikamba rya physiologiya nubumuga bwo mumutwe. Hariho indi verisiyo. Umwamikazi w'Ubwongereza yari afite igitabo hamwe na Robert Dudley, inshuti y'ubwana, nyuma yo gukundwa. Ariko Dudley ntabwo yazimye ku rutonde rw'umukwe wo mu Nteko.
Bireba ko Umuroma w'umwamikazi na Nyagasani yamaze gupfa kwa Robert Dudley mu 1588. Yabaye abazi kwitwa umugabo wa gisivili muri iki gihe. Bireba ko abashakanye ndetse babyarana abana. Bikekwaho, ubutane bwa Espagne bwirukanwe mu Bwongereza bwabonye amabaruwa yabwiye umusore wabwiye umusore w'amayobera witwa Arthur Dadiley, wari umuhungu utemewe wa Elizabeti wavuye kuri Nyagasani.
Kwemeza bitaziguye bya verisiyo yo kubaho k'umuhungu wa Elizabeti yari inzamu rw'abambasaderi b'amahanga mu gikari cy'umwamikazi, aho indwara ya Elizabeti isobanurwa - mu nda. " Isosiyete ikora televiriyo y'Ubwongereza "BBC" yakuyeho documentaire "ubuzima bw'ibanga bwa Elizabeti I", buvuga ibimenyetso by'ububyeyi bw'umwamikazi.
Urupfu no kwibuka
Urupfu rw'abakunzi rwateje agaciro ubuzima bwa Elizabeth I. Mu mpera za 1603, umwamikazi yaguye mu bwihebe. Umukozi w'abiha wapfiriye mu mpeshyi y'uwo mwaka umwe i Richmond. Nashyinguye umwambaro mwiza wa best muri Westminster Abbey. Urupfu rwa Elizabeti nashizeho ingoma ya Tudor.
Ubuzima bw'Umwamikazi, iherezo ry'umugore Ukomeye ryabaye isoko yo kwandika ibitabo byinshi no gukora firime. Mu ishusho ya Elizabeti kuri ecran, Sara Bernard yagaragaye, Bett Davis na Jean Simmons. Mu 2007, ikinamico "igihe cya zahabu" cyasohotse kuri ecran, wavuze amateka y'umwamikazi w'Ubwongereza. Mu ishusho ya Elizabeth, Kate Blanchett yagaragaye.