Ubuzima
Richard I Intare - Umwami w'Icyongereza wo mu mapora, yategekwa n'Ubwongereza mu 1189-1199. Izina rya Richard Ndagumye mu mateka, ntabwo mbikesha intsinzi y'ubuyobozi bwaba se na murumuna. Umutima w'intare wamamaye kubwurukundo rwo kwidagadura, gukundana no gushishoza, bidasobanutse neza hamwe namayema, ubwiyandarike nubugome. Ishusho y'Umwami w'intwari yashonga mumirongo ye Shakespeare:"Ni nde ufite imbaraga zituje na Leo, kuva mu ibere ry'intare nta bwoba bakurura umutima w'umwami ...".Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Richard, umuhungu wa gatatu wa Henry II Icyongereza na Alienora Aquitan, yavutse ku ya 8 Nzeri 1157, birashoboka ko, mu gihome cya Biamont muri Oxford. Richard yakoresheje igice kinini cyubuzima mubukoloni bwicyongereza. Imyizego nini, yanditse ibisigo bibiri bya Richard nabi.
Umwami w'ejo hazaza yari afite imbaraga zituzuye kandi isura nziza (gukura - hafi ya cm 193, umusatsi wa blonde n'amaso yubururu). Yari azi indimi nyinshi z'amahanga, ariko icyongereza kavukire nticyari gifite. Yakundaga kwizihiza itorero n'imihango, kuririmba.
Mu 1169, Umwami Heinrich II yagabanije leta: Umuhungu w'imfura Henry yagombaga kuba umwami w'Ubwongereza, maze Jeffrey yakira Brittany. Inyigisho na Poita County yagiye i Richard. Mu 1170, murumuna wa Richard Heinrich yambitswe ikamba na Heinrich IIII. Imbaraga nyazo za Heinrich III ntabwo zakiriye kandi zizamura imyigaragambyo i Heinrich II.
Mu 1173, Umwami uzaza, Richard, ashishikarizwa na nyina, yinjiye mu mezining kuri Data hamwe n'umuvandimwe Jeffrey. Heinrich wa II yahaye abahungu be dedali. Mu mpeshyi ya 1174, nyuma yo gufata nyina, Richard Akvitan, Richard ni we wa mbere mu bavandimwe beguriye se basaba imbabazi. Heinrich II yababariye umuhungu wigometse maze ava iburyo bwo gukora intara. Muri 1179, Richard yakiriye izina rya Duke Aquitania.
Gutangira Ubuyobozi
Mu mpeshyi ya 1183, Heinrich wa III yarapfuye, asiga umwanya mu ntebe y'ubwanditsi bw'Icyongereza Richard. Heinrich wa II yasabye Richard gutanga ikibaho mu ntara ya murumuna we John. Richard yashubije afite ikibazo cyo kwanga, cyakoraga amakimbirane hagati ye na Jeffrey hamwe na John. Mu 1186, Jeffrey yapfiriye mu marushanwa ya knight. Mu 1180, ikamba ry'Ubufaransa ryakiriye Filipo II Kanama. Kwiyitirira impungenge zo mu mugabane wa Heinrich II, Fileli Plel Marine, ashinga Richard kuri Data.
Muri biografiya ya Richard, irindi zina ryabitswe - Richard Yego - kandi Oya, wahamije itangazo ry'ejo hazaza h'umwami. Mu 1188, Richard na Filipo batangiye intambara yo kurwanya umwami w'Ubwongereza. Heinrich yarwanye cyane, ariko atsindwa n'Abafaransa. Nk'uko amasezerano yagiranye na Filipo rw'Ubufaransa n'Ubwongereza bungurana ibitekerezo.
Abonye izina ry'umuhungu wa Yohana, urwaye Heinrich II Snick, riyobowe n'urutonde rw'abahemu. Nyuma y'iminsi itatu, umwami wo ku ya 6 Nyakanga 1189 arapfa. Amaze gushyingura se mu mva ya Abbey Foreniew, Richard yagiye kuri Rouen, ahari ku ya 20 Nyakanga 1189, yahawe umutwe wa Duke wa Norman.
Politiki yo mu rugo
Inama y'Ubwongereza Richard natangiye kwibohora nyina, yohereza n'amabwiriza ya Winchester William Marshal. Abafatanyabikorwa ba se ya bose barababariye, usibye etienne de marsai. Baron, wanyuze iruhande rwe mu makimbirane na Heinrich II, Richard, mu buryo bunyuranye, yambuwe igihembo. Yasize ikamba ryo kugurisha abatware, bityo yamaganye ubuhemu bwa Data.
Alienor, akoresheje itegeko ry'umuhungu iburyo kugira ngo yerekane ko ari umwere, azenguruka igihugu kandi abohereza imfungwa asozwa ku ngoma y'umugabo we. Richard yagaruye mu burenganzira bwa Barons butagira imitungo ya Henry, yasubije abasenyeri mu Bwongereza, bayahungiye mu gihugu baturutse mu bitotezo.
Ku ya 3 Nzeri 1189, Richard nabantu benshi muri Westminster Abbey. Ibirori byo kwizihiza igihe c'imikangi yagirirwaga na Pogroms y'Abayahudi i Londres. Ubutegetsi bwatangiranye n'ubugenzuzi bw'ububiko na raporo y'abayobozi mu bihugu by'umwami. Bwa mbere mu mateka, ububiko bwatunganijwe binyuze mu kugurisha inyandiko rusange. Abayobozi n'abahagarariye itorero, banze kwishyura uwo mwanya, bagiye muri gereza.
Ku ngoma y'Ubwongereza, Richard yari mu gihugu atarenze umwaka. Inama y'Ubutegetsi yagabanijwe mu cyegeranyo mu isanduku no kubungabunga ingabo n'amato. Kugenda mu gihugu, bava ku ngoma ya murumuna wa Yohani na musenyeri wa ILI. Igihe adahari, abategetsi bashoboye kumvira. Ubwa kabiri bwageze mu Bwongereza Richard muri Werurwe 1194. Ukuza k'Umwaminiruka kaherekejwe n'ikindi cyegeranyo cyamafaranga kuva ku vambo. Iki gihe, hakenewe uburyo bwo kurwana intambara ya Richard hamwe na Filipo. Intambara yarangiye mu gihe cy'itumba rya 1199 yanditsindiye abongereza. Abafaransa basubije ibintu byatoranijwe mu ikamba ry'icyongereza.
Politiki y'Ububanyi n'amahanga
Richard, i, kuzenguruka intebe y'ubwami, mfite ubwoba kuzenguruka isi yera. Gutegura amafaranga binyuze mu kugurisha Scotland byatsinzwe na Heinrich II, Richard yagiye mu muhanda. Umwami Filipo wa II yashyigikiye igitekerezo cyo kujya gutembera ku isi yera.
Gushyira mu bikorwa abarinda b'Abafaransa n'abanditsi b'Abongereza byabereye i Burgundy. Ingabo za Filipo na Richard zifite igisirikare 100. Abajugunye muri Bordeaux yo gushyingura ubudahemuka kuri mugenzi wabo, abami b'Ubufaransa n'Ubwongereza bahisemo kujya ku mucyo ku nyanja. Ariko ikirere kibi cyabujije abatwara. Nabwirijwe kuguma mu gihe cy'itumba. Kugenda mu bihe bibi, ingabo zakomeje urugendo.
Abafaransa bageze muri Palesitine mbere yuko Abongereza batangira ku ya 20 Mata 1191 no kugota hestres. Richard yarwaniye muri iki gihe hamwe na Sipiriyani, umushukanyi, Umwami Isaka comnin. Ukwezi kwubaka kwambitswe ikambazwa nintsinzi yubwongereza. Richard yafashe umuhigo mwinshi ategeka leta y'Ubwami bwa Sipiriya. Amaze gutegereza abafatanyabikorwa, ku ya 8 Kamena 1191, Abafaransa batangije igitero cyuzuye. Arire yatsinzwe nabarindaga ku ya 11 Nyakanga 1191.
Phipiki wa mbere yarakozwe neza na Richard. Ariko, nyuma yigihe gito, gitunguranye kivuga kuri iyo ndwara, umwami w'Ubufaransa yagiye mu rugo, afata abagore benshi b'Abafaransa. Richard yagumye gusa Knight 10 ayobowe na Duke ya Burgundy.
Ingabo z'abanyerera, yobowe na Richard, zatsinze intsinzi imwe kuri Saratiqins. Bidatinze, ingabo zageze ku ntego i Yeruzalemu - ibihome bya AsAlon. Abakuru bahuye n'ingabo 300 z'abanzi. Intsinzi yatsindiye ingabo za Richard. Salorans yarahunga, asiga ibihumbi 40 byicwa ku rugamba. Richard yarwanye nk'intare, ateye ubwoba ku barwanyi. Worling mu nzira yo mu mujyi, umwami w'icyongereza yegereye Yeruzalemu.
Richard abuza ingabo zabatonda hafi ya Yeruzalemu, Richard yakoresheje ingabo. Ingabo zari mu bihe bibi: ushonje, unaniwe kwiyamamaza kirekire. Nta bikoresho byari bihari byo gukora imbunda zo kugota. Nabonye ko kugota Yeruzalemu bidashobora, Richard yategetse kuva mu mujyi agasubira muri hegitari mbere.
Kubera ingorane, kurwana na Saracinov munsi ya Juffca, yashoje ku mategeko imyaka itatu akoresheje saladin ya Sultan. Mu masezerano na Sultan, icyasi cya Palesitine na Siriya cyagumye mu mbaraga z'abakristo. Abasura b'Abakristo boherejwe i Yerusalemu byemeza umutekano. Umutima wa Crusade ya Richard waguye imyanya ya gikristo mu gihugu cyera imyaka ijana.
Ibyabereye mu Bwongereza byasabye kugaruka kwa Richard. Umwami arataha ku ya 9 Ukwakira 1192. Mu rugendo, yinjiye mu muyaga maze ajugunywa ku nkombe. Yahinduwe n'Urugendo, yagerageje kunyura mu nyirubwite rw'ikamba ry'icyongereza - Leopold Otirishiya Otirishiya. Richard yabonetse kandi ahanganye mu ngoyi. Umudage umwami wa Heinrich wa yategetse Richard ashyira umwami wicyongereza kugeza acecetse muri kimwe mu bigo bye. Amasomo yaguzwe n'Umwami Richard ku birenge bihumbi 150. Kugaruka kw'Umwami kugeza mu Bwongereza vassala byahuye n'inkengano.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Ukuboko kwa Richard yavuze ko abageni benshi. Muri Werurwe 1159, Henry II yasoje amasezerano na Barcelona abara ishyingiranwa rya Richard na umwe mu bakobwa be. Gahunda z'Umwamini ntabwo zari ziteganijwe gusohora. Mu 1177, Papa Alexander wa III yahatiye Henry II yemereye umwanzuro w'Ubukwe hagati y'umukobwa wa Louis VII adele na Richard.
Muri Dorkry kuri Adele, Umuyoboro w'Abafaransa w'i Berry watanzwe. Kandi ubu bukwe ntibwabaye. Nyuma, Richard yagerageje kurushinga rya mbere kuri Mago, umukobwa wa Vulgna Taylefer, afite inyoni mu buryo bw'intara ya La Maryas, hanyuma hamwe n'umukobwa wa Friedrich Barbaroch Barbaroch Barbaroch Barbaroch Barbaroch Barmbaroch Barmbaroch Barbaroch Barmbaroch Barbaroch Barbaroch Barmbaroch Barbaroch Barbarosa.
Umugore wa Richard - Alienora yahisemo umugore we. Umubyeyi w'umwamikazi w'umwamikazi yabonaga ko ibihugu na Navarre, biherereye ku mupaka uherereye mu majyepfo, bizarinda ibyo batunze.
Kubera iyo mpamvu, Richard ku ya 12 Gicurasi 1191 muri Kupuro yashakanye na Bereziya Navarre, umukobwa w'umwami Navarre Saghcho wa umunyabwenge. Nta bana bahari mu bashakanye, Richard yamaze igihe gito n'umugore we. Umuhungu w'ikinege w'umwami - Philip de Cognac - yavutse ku bijyanye n'iterambere ridasanzwe na Amelia de Cognac.
Urupfu
Nk'uko umugani, Richard yafashe umurima mu Bufaransa, yabonye ubutunzi bwa zahabu kandi bwohereza igice cy'Umwami w'Ikirenga. Richard yasabye guha zahabu yose. Umwami amaze kwakira, umwami ajya mu gihome chalettari kure y'i Limoge, aho, birashoboka, ubutunzi bwabitswe.
Ku munsi wa kane wo kugota Richard mugihe cyo gusenyuka, knight knight Pierre Pierre batewe inasi yatewe nintwaro zumusaraba. Ku ya 6 Mata 1199, umwami yapfiriye mu mwaka wa 42 w'ubuzima bwo mu bwandura amaraso. Kuruhande rwapfuye hari nyina wimyaka 77 wa Alienor.
Kwibuka
- Ibeberi (Roman Walter Scott)
- "Talisman" (Roman Walter Scott)
- "Gushakisha Umwami" "(Umusozi w'Abaroma Vidal)
- Richard Intare Umutima (Igitabo Maurice Yolet)
- Richard I, King Icyongereza "(Opera ya Harsong)
- Richard Intare Umutima (Opera Andre Gretri)
- "Intare mu gihe cy'itumba" (Gukina by James Goldman)
- "Robin Hood - Umuganwa Abajura" (Filime ya Reynolds)
- "Ballada wo kurwanira knight ya avengo" (filime iyobowe na Sergey Tarasova)
- "Ubwami bw'ijuru" (film Ridley Scott)
- "Adventures Robin Hood" (Movie Michael Cartitssa)