Ubuzima
Abantu benshi basoma ibihangano, gake batekereza kubihebwa byumwanditsi. Kandi kubusa, kuko rimwe na rimwe biografiya y'umwanditsi, umusizi cyangwa prose arashoboye gusohora hamwe na epic na kidasanzwe (cyangwa comicness) by'akazi ke. Urugero rukomeye rwo kwemerwa - Taras Grigorievich Shevchenko.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Umusizi uzaza yavukiye kandi umuhanzi ku ya 25 Gashyantare 1814. Byabaye iki gikorwa mu mudugudu wa Morinets, giherereye mu Ntara ya Kiev.
Ababyeyi ba Taras ni abahinzi boroheje bahogoye kuri mwishywa wa Prince Potetekin, Senateri Veril Engelhardta. Grigory Ivanovich Shevchenko, se w'umuhungu, akenshi ntabwo yari afite inzu bitewe n'uko Chumakov - yafashe kugurisha urubura ingano mu mujyi nka Kiev na Odessa. Nyina wa Taras, Katerina Yakimovna Boyko, iminsi ikora ku murima wa Pan. Niyo mpamvu sekuru na mukuru wa sekuruza Catherine basezeranye mu burezi umusizi uzaza.
Mu 1816, umuryango wa Shevchenko wimukiye muri Kirillovka - umudugudu, urimo imyaka izahamagarwa mucyubahiro umusizi. Muri Kirillovka, Taras amara ubwana bwe kandi yujuje urukundo rwa mbere Oksana Kovalenko.
Mu 1823, kubera imitwaro izamuwe, Katerina Yakimovna arapfa. Muri uwo mwaka, se wa Taras arongora ubwa kabiri mu mupfakazi Oksana Teredchenko yinjira mu nzu ya Shevchenko hamwe n'abana batatu. Ubumaji bwahise bwemera ko Taras, umuhungu we rero ashaka kurindwa na mukuru we, naho se mu 1825 ahitamo kuva mu rugo rwose.
Kuva mu 1826 kugeza 1829, Taras iraha agaciro kandi ihangayikishijwe no gusa. Umwanya wa mbere w'imirimo ikomeye ihinduka ishuri rya paruwasi ya Deca Paul Ruban. Muri Shevchenko amenyana nurufatiro rwo gusoma no kwandika. Ahantu hakurikiraho umurimo uhinduka umuryango wa Dakov-icy - bafite Taras bamenya urufatiro rwo gushushanya. Usibye akazi nkako, Shevchenko ibaho rimwe na rimwe akanwa k'intama, akusanya ibisarurwa no gufasha abasaza inkwi kubera itanura.
Mu 1829 hateguwe nk'umukozi wa nyir'ubutaka bushya - Pavel Vasilyevich Engelgardt. Ubwa mbere akora nkumutetsi, hanyuma uhinduka umufasha wihariye Sofia Grigorievna Engelhardt, wigisha Taras Igifaransa. Mu gihe cye cy'ubusa, umuhungu akomeje gushushanya.
Sofiya Engelhardt yabonye ibishushanyo ahita agaragaza umugabo we. Yashimye iyo mpano y'umuhungu, yagaragazaga ko ashobora kugira amarangi meza kuri we no kohereza Taras muri kaminuza ya Vilen. Umujyanama wumuhungu arahinduka ishusho ya Yang Rustem.
Nyuma yumwaka nigice, Endolgardt yohereje Shevchenko kugera St. Petersburg - kwagura inzinzi n'amahugurwa na ba shebuja. Mu 1831, hayobowe nubuyobozi bwa Taraevaval shiryaeva Vasily bitabira igicapo cya Bolshoi Theatre ya Bolshoi.
Nyuma yimyaka itanu, mu busitani bwizuba hari ikimenyetso kuri Shevchenko. Icyabaye - Kumenyana na Ivan Soshenko, Umuhanzi Carl Carl Bullov numwe mubayobozi ba Ishuri rya Imperial yubuhanzi Grisworovich. Bagirira impuhwe umusore kandi bakamenya impano ye yubuhanzi, kugirango buri wese agerageza gufasha gukemura ikibazo hamwe no gucungurwa kwa Taras muri Engelhardt.
Ariko nyir'ubutaka ntashaka kureka shevchenko gusa, kuko yamaze gushora muri Gineya muri ibi. Imishyikirano iratinda kuva kera kandi itangira gusa nkaho incungu idashoboka, ariko mumutwe wa Sushenko izanye igitekerezo cyiza. Intangiriro yikitekerezo nugutegura tombola aho igishushanyo cya Zhukovsky kizacurangwa, cyanditswe na BryUllov. Uwatsinze abona ishusho, kandi amafaranga yose yinjiza azajya gucungurwa kwa ShevChenko.
Ubufiti bwabereye mu ngoro ya Anichkov. Gutegura iki gikorwa cyafashije kubara Mikhail Velgur. Kwifuza gutsinda igishushanyo cyabonye byinshi, ibintu byose byahinduwe na 2500. Aya mafaranga yose yimuriwe muri Engelhardt ku ya 22 Mata 1838. Shevchenko ntiyari akiri Serf. Icyemezo cya mbere kibakwegera mu ishuri ry'ubuhanzi.
"Ntuyeyo, ntabwo niga umuntu uwo ari we wese kandi ntatinya umuntu, usibye Imana - umunezero mwinshi kuba umuntu wigenga:" Ibyishimo byinshi kuba umuntu wigenga: "Nta muntu uzaguhagarika." Ibyo bihe byo mu gitabo cye.Ubuvanganzo
Igihe cyo kwinjira mu ishuri ry'ubwami bwabaye kandi mbere yo gufata mu 1847 nibyinshi kuri Shevchenko muri gahunda y'ubuvanganzo. Mu 1840, gukora imico y'ibikorwa bye by'imivugo "kobuzar", mu buzima bw'umusizi, ntabwo yigeze guca bugufi. Mu 1842, Taras asohora umuvugo wacyo kandi wintwari "Gadamaki."
Umwaka utaha Shevchenko yahisemo kujya mu rugendo hirya no hino kugira ngo abone abakera kandi babone inspipetion kubihangano bishya. Imitsi ye y'ibihe yabaye Anna zakrevskaya na Varvara Repnin-Volkonskaya - uwambere yari umugore wa nyir'ubutaka ufite taras, naho uwa kabiri yari igikomangoma. Nyuma y'uru rugendo, Shevchenko yanditse igisigo "poplar" hamwe n'ibisigo "Katerina" na "Yeretik".
Mu gihugu, imirimo yumusizi yahuye cyane, ariko reaction yabanenga metropolitat yari ihwanye rwose - bamagana imivugo shevchenko kugirango baboroherane byintara (imirimo yose yanditswe muri Ukraine).
Mu 1845, Taras yongeye kugenda muri Ukraine gukora muri Pereyaslav (ubu Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky) kwa muganga ushaje Andrei Kozachevsky. Mu makuru ataremezwa, umusizi yakoze kugirango akosore ubuzima bwe. Gushyigikira iyi nyigisho, "Isezerano" ya Shevchenko yanditse muri uwo mwaka. Muri uwo mwaka, ibisigo bye "Motnitz" na "Caucase" sohoka.
Nyuma ya Kozachekovsky, Taras itunganijwe n'Umuhanzi wa komisiyo ishinzwe ubukorikori, ibyuma muri Pereyaslavl. Igikorwa cye nyamukuru muri kiriya gihe - gukora ibishushanyo mbonera n'intangarugero mu mateka y'umujyi (Cathedrale ya Pokrovsky, umusaraba wa Stree wa St. Boris n'abandi).
Mu 1846, umusizi yimukiye i Kiev, aho yatumiye undi amaze igihe kinini amenyereye - umuhanga mu by'amateka ndetse na AdamuLisiteri NIKOLAI kostomarov. Kosomarov azashaka Shevchenko kugera mubuvandimwe bwa Kirillo-Methodiyo. Umusizi ntabwo ahita yumva ko bigaragara ko yakwegera mumutwe wa politiki rwihishwa. Kumenya biza igihe abatabirwa bo muri yombi batangiye.
Gugaragaza umugereka utaziguye wa Tara kugeza ubu Ubuvandimwe, ariko umusazi w'ishami rya gatatu ry'icyubahiro cye cyabaye ku Biro Umuganwa w'igikomangoma Alexei Orlov ni umurongo wa ShevChenko ", aho abona imirongo y'ubutegetsi bwa leta no guhamagara kwigomeka. Nkigihano ku ya 30 Gicurasi 1847, umusizi yoherejwe mu nyubako itandukanye ya Orenburg kugirango isohoze serivisi yo gushaka abakozi. Shevchenko na we arabujijwe kwandika no gushushanya, bikaba bibahwa cyane Shevchenko.
Umusizi Zhukovsky, humura Alexey Tolstoy na Princess Varvara Repnina-Volkonskaya bagerageza gufasha Taras. Gusa ikintu bashoboye kugera ni uruhushya rwa Taras kugirango wandike amabaruwa. Mu ibaruwa, бacchkovsky Shevchenko wohereje umurongo "Lyakh" ("inkingi"), byanditswe ku bantu bakorerana na Polonye.
Garuka mubikorwa byubuhanzi, nubwo mugihe gito, birashoboka mugihe cyo kujya mu nyanja ya AL (1848-1849). Jenerali Vladimir Afanasyevich Obruchev yemerera rwihishwa kugirango akore ibishushanyo bya shevchenko byinyanja ya poast (kuri raporo ku rugendo). Ariko umuntu yiga kuri ibi kandi atanga raporo. Kubera iyo mpamvu, Jenerali yakiriye igihano gikomeye, maze Shevchenko yoherezwa ahantu hashya, aho habaho ibihugu bishya bya gisirikare biba (ubu ubu umujyi wa Fort Shevchenko muri Kazakisitani).
Hariho kandi gushushanya, bityo taras igerageza gusuzuguritse mu ibumba no gufata amashusho yifoto (baglerotypes). Hamwe n'ibumba ntibyagenze neza, kandi gufotora muri kiriya gihe byari bihenze cyane. Shevchenko yongeye gutangira kwandika, ariko iki gihe cya Prosaic akora mu kirusiya - "umuhanzi", "gemini" n'abandi. Ukuboza ni umurongo "Khokhli" (1851).
Mu 1857, nyuma yo gusaba ubutaha bwa FYIODOR Petrovich, umusizi wa Tolstoy yarekuwe - Umwami w'abami Alexander II yahagaritse igihano cyashyizweho na se NIKOLAI I.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Kusohoka mubwisanzure, Shevchenko atekereza kurema umuryango. Kugerageza kwambere kurongora ni icyifuzo, no kwandika umusizi cyatanze Catherine Piunova. Mbere yibyo, umusizi yateje imbere uyu mukinnyi ukiri muto wa Theatre kandi yizera ko azemera, ariko naribeshye. Ibyerekeye kugerageza kwa kabiri ntakintu kizwi, usibye ko umukobwa yitwaga Harita kandi yari akomejwe.
Umugeni wa gatatu Shevchenko na we yarakomejwe. Izina ryari Lucker Polidakov. Umusizi yashoye amafaranga menshi mu burezi bwe, yakwagukanye umukobwa inzu, yaguze ibiryo, imyenda n'ibitabo. Taras yashakaga kumurwa na nyirinzu, ariko yanga iki gitekerezo nyuma amusanga mu cyumba cyo kuraramo hamwe numwe mubarezi. Ako kanya Shevchenko ntabwo yatekereje ku ishyingiranwa, aho, yongeye gukubita akazi, ibisubizo byabyo byabaye "ibaruwa ibanza" - icya mbere mu bitabo byaramuteganyirije.
Kugaruka ku buzima bw'umusizi, birakwiye kandi kuvuga ibitabo bye bya mbere. Urukundo rwa mbere rwumusizi ni umukobwa ukomoka mu mudugudu wa Kirillovka Oksana Kovalenko. Mu myambaro, abumva y'umusizi yari bagrevskaya (yamwiyeguriye "iyo tuzongera guhura") na Varvara Repnina-Volknskaya-Volkonsaya-Volkonsaya.
Mu myaka ya serivisi muri Novopetrovsk Akomeza, Shevchenko yahuye rwihishwa na Agata Utwiloni rwihishwa, wari umugore wumuyobozi waho. Hariho amakuru yerekeye izindi nyubako zasi, ariko nta cyemezo cyizewe.
Urupfu
Umusizi yapfiriye i St. Petersburg, aho yari ashyinguwe mbere. Byabaye mu 1861, umunsi ukurikira isabukuru ya Taras Grigorievich. Impamvu y'urupfu - Ascite (Amazi yo munda). Bikekwa ko amakosa y'iyi ndunduro ari ugukoresha ibinyobwa bisindisha cyane, umusizi yari yarabaswe mu myaka akiri muto. Nukuvuga ko ari we wateguye iyi club "Uroye", abayoboke ba bararohamye batangira ibiganiro byo mu mutwe ku bijyanye n'ubuzima, kandi amaherezo ya Rulky yahisemo "ishyaka rye".
Umwanya wa mbere wo gushyingura umusizi ni irimbi rya orotodogisi orotodogisi, ariko nyuma yohereza ku gahinda ry'ubururu, nk'uko Isezerano Rishya ribivuga. Kwibuka umusizi, imidugudu myinshi yahinduwe, umuhanda nizina rye ni urwibutso kumusizi hafi ya buri mwanya muri Ukraine. Izina rye ni n'ikariso nto kuri mercure.
Bibliografiya
- 1838 - "Katerina"
- 1839 - "ku shingiro"
- 1840 - "Kobayar"
- 1842 - "Gaidamaki"
- 1845 - "Duma"
- 1845 - "Isezerano"
- 1845 - "Motnitz"
- 1847 - "Lyakh"
- 1851 - "Khokhli"
- 1855 - "Gemini"
- 1856 - "Umuhanzi"
- 1860 - "Ikirusiya cy'Iburasirazuba"