Ubuzima
Ubupayiniya wa filozofiya y'inshuro nshya, Icyongereza Cpecis Beckone Abo giheze cyane cyane nk'umwanditsi wa siyansi wo kwiga Kamere - Indumu, Umwanditsi w'igitabo "," Ubushakashatsi, cyangwa muri Astic kandi Igitabo cya politiki ".Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Uwashinze kukwumva yavutse ku ya 22 Mutarama 1561, mu nzu ya Yorkhouse, mu muhanda wo hagati wa London. Se w'umuhanga, Nicholas, yari umunyapolitiki, na nyina wa Anna (mu mukobwa w'umukobwa) yari umukobwa wa Anthony, we wateje umwami w'Umwami w'Ubwongereza na Irilande Edward VI.
Mama kuva akiri muto yateye umwana wurukundo ubumenyi, na we, abakobwa bazi ururimi rwa kera rwikigereki nikilatini, rwabonetse byoroshye. Byongeye kandi, umuhungu ubwe yashishikajwe no kumenya mumyaka yoroheje. Mu myaka ibiri, Francis yize muri kaminuza y'Ubutatu ya Kagari ya Cambridge, yahise amara imyaka itatu mu Bufaransa, ambasaderi w'icyongereza Emiriaas Paulta.
Nyuma y'urupfu rw'umuryango w'umuryango wo mu 1579 ya bacon, bacon yasigaye nta mibereho yinjira mu burenganzira bwo kwiga uburenganzira bwo kwiga amashuri. Mu 1582, Francis yabaye umunyamategeko, kandi mu bagize Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, kandi kugeza mu myaka ya 1614 yakinnye uruhare runini mu mpaka z'Urugereko rw'umuganda. Rimwe na rimwe, bacon yari ubutumwa bw'umwamikazi Elizabeti, aho yashakaga kwegera ku buryo butaboga cyane ibibazo bya politiki byihutirwa.
Noneho, ababinyabuzima bemeza ko niba umwamikazi akurikiza inama ze, amakimbirane abiri hagati y'ikamba n'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yashoboraga kwirindwa. Mu 1591, yabaye umujyanama mubyo umwamikazi akunda - igishushanyo Essex. Bacon yahise atanga kugirango yumve igikarito yitangiye igihugu, kandi igihe muri 1601 Essex yagerageje gutegura ubutegetsi, bangon, kuba umunyamategeko, yagize uruhare mu guhamwa nk'abahemu.
Kubera ko abantu bahagaze hejuru ya Francis bamubonye muri we uwo bahanganye, kandi kubera ko yakunze kwerekana ko yita ku moko yerekeye politiki ye ya Elizabeth i, bacon yatakaje aho uzamurwa. Hamwe na Elizabeti I, umunyamategeko ntabwo yigeze agera ku myanya nyinshi, ariko nyuma yo ku 1603, Yakov I Stewart yasabye intebe y'ubwami, umwuga wa Francis yagiye ku musozi.
Mu 1603, Bekoni yahawe umutwe wa Knight, yubatswe mu mutwe wa Baron Veerlaulasky mu 1618 na Mutagatifu Olbansky Viscount - muri 1621. Muri 1621, wa filozofiya yashinjwaga kubona ruswa. Yiyemereye ko abantu bakoze imirimo yabo mu rukiko, bamuhaye inshuro nyinshi impano. Nibyo, ibyo byagize ingaruka ku cyemezo cye, umunyamategeko yahakanye. Kubera iyo mpamvu, Francis yambuwe imyanya yose maze abujijwe kwitaba mu gikari.
Filozofiya n'inyigisho
Icyiciro kinini cya Beckona ni umurimo wa "ugerageza" ("Inyandiko"), aho yakoraga ubudahwema imyaka 28. Inyandiko icumi zasohowe mu 1597, kandi ku ya 1625 zo mu gitabo "Ubushakashatsi" hari inyandiko 58, zimwe muri zo zisohoka mu kaga ya gatatu, zakozwe, cyangwa igishushanyo mbonera cya politiki ".
Muri ibyo bikorwa, Bacon yatekereje ku kwifuza, ku nshuti, ku bijyanye n'urukundo, ku kazi ka siyansi, ku mibiri y'ibintu no mu bindi bice by'ubuzima bwa muntu. Imirimo yagwiriye n'abahanga mu ngero n'imvugo nziza. Abantu bashaka ubutumbuzi bwakazi bazabona inama zubatswe gusa kubara ubukonje mu nyandiko. Hariho ayo magambo mu kazi:
"Abantu bose bazamura inyura hejuru banyuze muri zigzags y'inka ya stalon" na "Umugore n'abana ni ingwate z'ibyabaye, kuko umuryango ni ukumenya imikoranire y'imanza zikomeye, ubwoko n'ibibi."Nubwo yakoresheje amasomo ya Beckoni na Politiki n'Ubucamanza, impamvu nyamukuru y'ubuzima bwe yari filozofiya na siyansi. Kugabanywa kwa Aristote, mugihe ufashe umwanya wiganje, yanze nkuburyo bwa filozofiya budashimishije kandi bigasaba igikoresho gishya cyo gutekereza.
Igishushanyo cya "Gahunda ikomeye yo kugarura siyanse" yakozwe na bacon mu myaka ya 1620, mu rwego rw'ibanze yo gukora "Orvant ornomall, cyangwa ibimenyetso nyabyo byo gusobanura". Birazwi ko ibice bitandatu byatanzwe muri uru rupapuro (gusubiramo imiterere yubumenyi buriho, ibisobanuro byuburyo bushya bwo kubona ubumenyi nyabwo, urutonde rwamakuru meza, Ibyemezo byibanze na filozofiya ubwayo).
Bacon yashoboye gukora gusa urutonde rwibice bibiri byambere. Uwa mbere yiswe "Ku nyungu n'intsinzi y'ubumenyi", verisiyo y'Ikilatini yacyo "ku bijyanye n'icyubahiro no kwizirika kwa siyansi" byasohotse hamwe no gukosorwa.
Kuva igice cy'ingenzi cya filozofiya ya filozofiya ninyigisho y'iyi bita "ibigirwamana bya kabiri by'umushinga, yanze ubumenyi bw'ubwo buryo bwa Inductive, aho yatanze guhirika ibigirwamana byose. Ku bwa Bekoni, hari ubwoko bune bwibigirwamana, bibikwa nubwenge bwabantu bose:
- Reba bwa mbere - Ibigirwamana byo mu bwoko (amakosa umuntu atanga kubera imiterere yacyo).
- Ubwoko bwa kabiri bwibigirwamana byavugishije (Amakosa Yatewe nurwikekwe).
- Reba gatatu - Ibigirwamana bya kare (Amakosa Yakozwe ninyuka mugukoresha ururimi).
- Kugaragara kwa kane - ibigirwamana bya theatre (Amakosa yakozwe kubera kwiyemeza abayobozi, sisitemu ninyigisho).
Umuhanga mu bya siyanse yatanze urugero ruhungabanya iterambere rya siyansi, ubumenyi bw'ubumenyi butangwa hakurikijwe imirimo yo mu mutwe. Yavuze ku nkuru, ibisigo - gutekereza na filozofiya (birimo siyanse) kuzirikana. Ishingiro ry'ubumenyi bwa siyansi, nk'uko Bekoni yahuye, ari ukugira uruhare n'ubugeragezo. Kumurongo birashobora kuba byuzuye kandi bituzuye.
Induction yuzuye isobanura gusubiramo buri gihe umutungo wishuri urimo gusuzumwa. Inararibonye rusange ziva mubitekerezo ko byari bimeze muburyo bwose nkuko bigaragara. Induclete ituzuye ikubiyemo uburangare bwakozwe hashingiwe ku bushakashatsi bw'imanza zose, ariko imwe (umwanzuro gusa (ku bijyanye n'imanza zose ntagereranywa, ariko mu buryo butazwi, ariko mu buryo butagereranywa. Uyu mwanzuro uhora bishoboka.
Kugerageza kurema "Indumu nyayo", Bacon ntabwo yashakaga gusa yemeza umwanzuro runaka, ahubwo ni ukuri kuwuhambira. Yakomeje, bityo, bitwaje siyanse yubushakashatsi bwibikoresho bibiri byubushakashatsi - urutonde nibidasanzwe. Byongeye kandi, akamaro nyamukuru niko bidasanzwe. Hamwe nubu buryo, kurugero, bwagaragaje ko "imiterere" yubushyuhe ari urujya n'uruza rw'ibice bito.
Mu nyigisho ye y'ubumenyi, bacon yubahiriza igitekerezo cy'uko ubumenyi nyabwo bukurikira mu burambe (umwanya wa filozofiya witwa expical). Yatanze kandi incamake y'imipaka n'imiterere yubumenyi bwabantu muri buri cyiciro kandi yerekanaga ibintu byingenzi byubushakashatsi, ntamuntu numwe wabitayeho. Inkoni ya Mekonov Uburyo bwa Byekonov ni uguhuza buhoro buhoro ibintu byagaragaye muburambe.
Ariko, filozofiya ntabwo yari kure yunvikana muri rusange kandi ashimangira ko ari ngombwa gushyigikira ibitekerezo mubyesesengura. Mu 1620, bacon yanditse utopia "Atlantis nshya" (yatangajwe nyuma y'urupfu rw'umwanditsi, mu 1627), abiteganya iyo gahunda atagomba guha inzira umurimo "utopia" wa Thomas Mora, inshuti kandi Mentor Henry VIII, nyuma arenga kandi acibwa umutwe, kubera amayeri yumugore wa kabiri, Anna Boilen.
Kuri iki "tara mushya mu mwijima wa filozofiya ya kera "Umwami Yakov yafashije Francis pansiyo ya pound 1200. Mu bikorwa bitarangiye "muri Atlantine nshya", wayobowe n'inzu y'amayobera, iyobowe n'inzu y'amayobera, cyangwa "umuryango wo kumenya imiterere nyayo y'ibintu byose", bihutira gushyira mu gaciro nyamukuru z'igihugu.
Duhereye ku mukomunisiti n'imirimo y'abasosiyalisiti, hashyirwaho Francis yatandukanijwe n'inyuguti ya technocar. Gufungura uburyo bushya bwo kumenya ubumenyi no kwizera ni uko ubushakashatsi bugomba gutangira kwitegereza, kandi atari hamwe nibitekerezo, abishyire kumurongo umwe hamwe nabahagarariye ubumenyi bwa siyansi.
Birakwiye ko tumenya ko inyigisho yinyuma yerekeye Amategeko na rusange, siyanse yubushakashatsi nubushakashatsi bwubushakashatsi nubushakashatsi bwubushakashatsi bwatanze umusanzu utagereranywa mububiko bwibitekerezo byabantu. Ariko, mu buzima, umuhanga ntabwo yakiriye ibisubizo bikomeye muburyo bwo kwiga, cyangwa murwego rwibitekerezo, nuburyo bwabwo bwo kumenya ubumenyi bwimyandiko binyuze mubitemewe, siyanse yubushakashatsi yanze.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Bacon yarubatse rimwe. Birazwi ko uwashakanye yatorotse inshuro eshatu. Amahitamo y'umuhanga ukomeye yabaye Alice Bani, umukobwa w'umupfakazi wa Benedigito w'i Londere Benedigito.
Ubukwe bw'umwaka wa Francis w'imyaka 45 na Alice w'imyaka 14 yabaye ku ya 10 Gicurasi 1606. Nta bana bakomoka kuri bombi.
Urupfu
Bacon yapfuye ku ya 9 Mata 1626, mu myaka 66, mu mpanuka isekeje. Umuhanga yari afite igitekerezo cyo gukora ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko yakundaga kwiga ibintu bitandukanye, kandi umunsi umwe mu gihe cy'itumba, agenda afite imiti ya cyami, kugendera ku bukonje bwatinze inzira yo kubora.
Umufilozofe yaguze umurambo w'inkoko ku isoko amwirukana ibye mu rubura, yari akonje, ararwara apfa ku munsi wa gatanu wa siyansi. Imva y'umwunganizi iherereye ku butaka bw'itorero rya Mutagatifu Michael muri St. Olbans (Ubwongereza). Birazwi ko ahashyingurwa, nyuma y'urupfu rw'umwanditsi w'igitabo "Atlantis Nshya", yashyizeho urwibutso.
Ubuvumbuzi
Bacocis bacon yateguye uburyo bushya bwa siyansi - gushimuta no kugerageza:- Induction ni ijambo ryakoreshejwe muburyo bukomeye muri siyansi, ryerekana uburyo bwo gutekereza kuva wenyine.
- Ubushakashatsi nuburyo bwo kwiga ibintu bimwe mubidukikije bigenzurwa. Biratandukanye no kwitegereza imikoranire ikora hamwe nikintu cyize.
Bibliografiya
- 1957 - "Ubushakashatsi, cyangwa amabwiriza ya moshi na politiki" (1 Edition)
- 1605 - "Ku nyungu no gutsinda ubumenyi"
- 1609 - "Ku bwenge bw'abakera"
- 1612 - "Imyitozo, cyangwa Amabwiriza Umuco na Politiki" (Edition 2)
- 1620 - "Kugarura gukomeye kwa siyansi, cyangwa Orvan nshya"
- 1620 - "Atlantis Nshya"
- 1625 - "Ubushakashatsi, cyangwa amabwiriza ya moshi na politiki" (integuro 3)
- 1623 - "Kubwicyubahiro no kwizirika siyanse"
Amagambo
- "Ubwigunge bubi ntabwo bugomba kugira inshuti nyazo"
- "Ubworoherane bukabije ku bucuti cyane nk'ibyambo byuzuye"
- "Natekereje cyane ku rupfu nsanga ari ntoya mu bibi."
- "Abantu bafite inenge nyinshi, mbere ya bose barababona mu bandi"