Ubuzima
Muri Gashyantare 1600, ku kibanza cy'indabyo, Roma yakatiwe ko iperereza ry'urupfu binyuze mu gutwika muri Pedari ya Jeledani w'Ubutaliyani Bruno. Imiterere ya Bruno idakwiye cyane ku buryo ku ruhare rwe muri siyanse ya Worse na filozofiya ari kure cyane. Yorodani yateje imbere igitekerezo cya Coperco ku bijyanye n'imiterere y'isi n'ijuru, yiyemeza ko inyenyeri zigenda imibiri yo mu kirere, kandi isanzure ntagereranywa mugihe nu mwanya. Ariko na Galilaya n'ishusho ye yadiliyo y'isi, iperereza ryahabijwe gusa. Kuki yatwitse Bruno?
Ibintu birashimishije kandi mu myaka mike ishize, Kiliziya Gatolika yavuguruye imyanzuro myinshi yo kunirwa ku byerekeye abahanga n'abafilozofe, ariko Joroman Bruno ntabwo yinjiye mu mubare wabo. Byongeye kandi, itorero rishyigikira icyemezo cyo gukora iperereza. None se kuki abakozi b'iryo torero rya Yorodani batarenze? Ese uko byagenze mubitekerezo bye bya siyansi cyangwa impamvu iri imbere?
Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Filipo Bruno yavutse mu 1548, mu mujyi wa Nola, hafi ya Naples, mu muryango w'umusirikare wahawe akazi Giovanni n'umutungo ukennye. Mu 1559, umuhungu yagiye mu Nama Naples kwigira kuri siyanse, harimo na Didialikique, ubuvanganzo na logique. Nyuma yimyaka ine, Filipo yohereje ku kigo cy'abihaye Imana, aho yamaze imyaka 10. Ngaho, umuhungu yakiriye izina rya kabiri, amenyeshejwe isi - Yoroda.
Mu kigo cy'abihaye Imana, Filipo yize Igitabo cya Copernic "ku kuzunguruka umupaka wo mwijuru" kandi yarwanyije imyizerere gakondo ya Aristote na Ptolémée, byerekana ko bitavuguruzanya hamwe nibi ntibivuguruzanya hamwe nibi ntibivuguruzanya hamwe nibi ntibivuguruzanya hamwe nibi ntibivuguruzanya nibi bihumanywa hamwe nibi bidahuye nibitekerezo byabo. Muri 24, Yoroda abaye umupadiri kandi yakoresheje umurimo wa mbere. Dushingiye ku masezerano y'intwari ya murumunawe wamboraga, abayobozi b'amadini bamukekaga mu buyobe.
Yahatiye umumonaki ukiri muto ngo ajye kwiruka. Yavuye mu karere k'Ubutaliyani mu 1574 kandi azerera hejuru y'akarere k'Uburayi. Mu myaka yashize, Bruno yasuye Ubusuwisi, mu Bwongereza, Ubufaransa, Ubudage. Mu 1577, hageze muri Toulouse (Ubufaransa), Bruno Soma ibiganiro kuri siyanse na filozofiya ya Aristote. Nyuma yimyaka ibiri, muri Pardone, muri Parisdo, yabwiye rubanda kubikorwa bya filozofiya, Thewoge abizera, ni ibyerekanwe na we ubwe na we ubwe.
Ariko nyuma yimyaka itanu, amakimbirane n'abashyigikiye inyigisho za Aristote maze ahatirwa kuva i Paris, amaze kuva muri Paris, wari waje kuva i Paris i Londres. Mu Bwongereza, muri Yoroya yakoranye neza kandi yanditse ibintu byinshi bya filozofiya. Mu 1586, uwatekerezaga yagiye mu Budage, ariko yabujijwe n'inyigisho i Marburg. Hanyuma Bruno yafashe kwigisha i Wittenberg.
Siyanse
Yoroda Bruno yanditse ibintu bya filozofiya, yavugaga ku makimbirane, abasuzumwa, ariko ahantu hose amaherezo amuhatira kureka guteza imbere ibitekerezo byabo. Muri Sanovnik, waje kugira uruhare mu guca igihano cy'ukwica, yanditse ko ya Yorodani ari ubwenge buhebuje, filozofiya y'ubumenyi bw'indashyikirwa n'ubushobozi.
Bruno yarwanyije cyane ko Kiliziya Gatolika na muri rusange, kurwanya idini iryo ari ryo ryose ririho, kubita inzitizi ikomeye kuri siyanse kugira ngo batsinde iterambere ryabo. Mu 1584, akazi ke "ku butagira, isanzure n'isi" byasohotse.
Uyu murimo rimwe na rimwe ufatwa nkishingiro ryinyigisho zigezweho zishingiye ku bidukikije, harimo inyigisho yubumwe bwumubiri bwisi kandi ifite ubutaka butagira ingano kandi yigihe gito.
Muri icyo gihe, akazi "pir ku ivu", bigizwe n'ibiganiro bitanu bitangiye poropagande by'ibitekerezo by'inyenyeri bya Copernic. Hamwe na bo, umwanditsi agaragaza ibitekerezo bye kubyerekeye isazi yisi hamwe na benshi kwisi. Muri iki gikorwa, uku kwizera kugaragarira bwa mbere nka superman, Mesiya, akenshi nitirirwa umufilozofiya abashakashatsi ba kijyambere.
Guteza imbere ibitekerezo bya Copernic ku kuzunguruka isi nindi mibumbe muri orbits hafi yizuba, Bruno ntabwo yatsinze no mubitekerezo bimurikirwa nka bangon na Shakespeare. Bruno yatengushye mu bihugu by'Uburayi bwo hagati, Bruno yagiye i Prague. Hariho ibindi bitabo bike byeguriwe ubumaji.
Muri rusange, filozofiya ya Bruno yari ishingiye kuri neoplatonism - yizeraga ko hari ko hatangiye, ninde watanze gukomeza ibintu byose biri mu isanzure. Ariko ntabwo yabanje kwitwa Gutekereza n'Imana, kandi muri kamere, ndetse numuntu - iri torero rirahanaguwe kandi sinabishobora.
Muri iki gihe, abashakashatsi bavuga ko nta kamaro gafite akamaro k'igitekerezo cya Bruno, kubera ko bakomeje gusa inyigisho za Copernic gusa, barayigura, ariko ntibyemeza ibimenyetso. Ibitekerezo byose byingenzi nubuvumbuzi bya Yoroda byari mu ndege ya mysticism cyangwa psychologiya, kandi ntabwo ari inyenyeri.
Ariko, guhakana rwose agaciro ka Bruno kubumenyi bwa none. Bitari byo: umuhanga mu bya filozosi ashyira ahagaragara hypothesis kubyerekeye kugenda k'umugabane, kuba umuntu wa kure, nibindi.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Kubyerekeye ubuzima bwumuntu Bruno mubyukuri ntakintu kizwi. Yoroda ntabwo yarubatse, nta bana yari afite, ndetse n'abanyeshuri n'abayoboke ntibatekerezaga. Bamwe mu birwanyi bemerera gutekereza kubijyanye no kuryamana kw'abahuje igitsina. Ariko, ntabwo bitangaje kubijyanye nimyitwarire yo hagati kandi byumwihariko, kubakozi b'itorero.
Ku ifoto yateganijwe, Yoroyo yagaragaye kumusore woroshye ufite imvugo itekereza. Uku gutekereza, ishyaka rya siyanse na Amayobera ryasimbuye umuntu wishimira ubuzima bwisi nibyishimo bya kamere mumaboko yabagore.
Urupfu
Gusubira mu bazurere mu Burayi gusubira mu Butaliyani, Yorodani Bruno yahise agwa mu maboko ya Sentare. Nk'uko umubare w'abanya biowiri, wa filozofiya ushobora kwirinda igihano cy'urupfu, niba atari byo bigize imikorere ye ku nyungu z'amazinga n'imitungo ntabwo ari ibisabwa kugira ngo bajye kwamburwa. Abandi bashakashatsi bemeza ko amagambo atekereza kuri benshi b'isi ndetse no ku rujinzi rw'isi n'isi n'ijuru byabaye impamvu nyamukuru yateje uburakari bwo gukora iperereza.
Ariko se, ibitekerezo bya Galilaya byavuguruje neza inyigisho z'itorero, kuki iperereza rimufata nabi kandi ryihanganira? Nk'uko abashakashatsi bavuga ko igisubizo cyiki kibazo kiri muburyo bukoreshwa nabatekereza. Galileo yari umuhanga mu bya siyansi yakoresheje ibikoresho by'imibare mu iterambere ry'ibitekerezo. Na Yorodani, ahubwo, amayobera, utekereza, wakoresheje ubumaji aho gukoresha uburyo bwa siyansi aho nta mpaka zihagije.
Umubare w'abanya biopilors bavuga ko iyicwa rya Yorodani Bruno ryabaye igisubizo kitari cyo kurwana na siyansi no kumurikirwa, mbega ukuntu imbaraga zimbaraga. Bruno yemeje cyane mu nyigisho ze, kandi ibitekerezo bye bizwi kwanga idini nkaya, byari umudendezo uteje akaga muri Epoch wo hagati. Bruno yatawe muri yombi nyuma yo kwamaganwa na UcheniGO runaka, ashinja Filozofiya i Heresy. Urubanza rwamaze imyaka itandatu, filozofiya yakoresheje igifungo muri gereza y'Abaroma.
Abashakashatsi benshi bemeza ko iperereza ryahaye amahirwe uwahoze ari umupadiri kureka ubuyobe kandi akomeza kubaho, ariko aranga. Inyandiko y'interuro, yakozwe n'ingoma ya Yorodayo, yazimiye, hamenyekanye gusa ko amakosa atari na gato mu nyigisho za siyansi, ahubwo azwi cyane no gutuka wahoze ari minisitiri w'iryo torero. Hagamijwe iterabwoba ry'abayobozi b'amatorero ni yo mpamvu nyamukuru yabaye impamvu nyamukuru y'ikirengana n'icyicaro kiboneye.
Ibintu bishimishije
Kamere ya Yoroyo Bruno ntabwo ari ibintu bidasanzwe kuburyo imigani ibyerekeye igenda kuruta ukuri kwo bizima. Ibi biterwa nubusabane budasobanutse byabashakashatsi kubitekerezo byayo ninyigisho zayo. Kandi mubyukuri, ibintu byinshi bishimishije byabereye mubuzima bwumutekereza. Mu gihe cy'ubuzima, ku kigo cy'abihaye Imana, ku kigo cy'abihaye Imana cyagaragaje ko bidahwitse ku myumvire yo gusama n'inkumi Mariko, biganisha ku mahano ya ba papa bera. Uku kuri noneho akenshi twibukije ko Sentareni.
Imirimo myinshi mu Bufaransa, nubwo yanze itorero rya filozofiya n'abaminisitiri b'inzego z'ibanze, risobanurwa no kwibuka. Herrich wa III yamwitayeho amusaba kumwigisha MNEmonike. Hamwe n'igisubizo kimwe nyuma yo guhindukira Bruno aristocrat yo muri Venice, ariko nyuma ya Donos yanditse umwarimu wa Donos, amushinja mu magambo ahinnye.
Nk'uko velmazby abitangaza ngo Yorodazby, yabonaga ko Yesu atangaza kandi avuga ko urupfu rwe rutemewe, kandi ibyaha byabantu ntibyaganje na byose, kandi imitima yabantu ntiyidapfa muburyo bwabakristo, ariko bakorerwa kuvuka ubwa kabiri nyuma y'urupfu rw'umubiri.
Igihano cyatanzwe nkigikorwa cya filozofiya cyumvikanye nk '"gusohoza amaraso adakwiye", bisobanura urupfu ku muriro. Imirimo ya Yoroyo Bruno yari ku rutonde rw'ubuvanganzo cyabujijwe na Kiliziya Gatolika, kugeza mu kinyejana cya makumyabiri.
Noneho, ku rubura rw'indabyo i Roma, hari urwibutso rw'umugabo utekereza ko ari umumaritiri. Ariko ndetse no kuvumbura urwibutso rwanyuze hamwe ninteko kandi irwanya imyigaragambyo idahwitse. Ikindi kintu gishimishije nuko, nubwo hari itorero ryifuzaga, nyuma yumuryango wisi wavuguruye umuhanga mu bya filozofiya: Mu 1973, hari na firime hamwe nizina rimwe mu Butaliyani, ndetse no ku kwezi kwambara izina rya Yorodani Bruno .
Bibliografiya
- 1582 - "Ku gicucu cyibitekerezo"
- 1582 - "Ubuhanzi bwo Kwibuka"
- 1582 - "Indirimbo ya Cirmanta"
- 1582 - "Kubwubwubatsi bwuzuye nubwitonzi bwubuhanga bwo gukiza"
- 1583 - "Ubuhanzi Urwibutso", cyangwa "Ubuhanzi bwo Kwibuka"
- 1583 - "Icapiro"
- 1584 - "Pier ku ivu"
- 1584 - "Ku mpamvu, guhera hamwe"
- 1584 - "Ku Nvuma, isanzure n'isi"
- 1585 - Killensky Indogobe
- 1586 - "Ku gusobanura Inzozi"
- 1588 - "Abstract kurwanya abatererana"
- 1595 - "code ya metafiyari yamagambo"