Ubuzima
Inyenyeri ebyiri yabwiye Voltera ko azabaho afite imyaka 33. Ariko umuntu utekereza yashoboye kubeshya urupfu, yakomeje kubaho mu buryo bw'igitangaza kubera Mieve watsinzwe n'ubwoko bw'abanyacyubahiro bo mu bwoko bwa Rogan. Ubuzima bwumufilozofe w'Abafaransa buzuye ibitero biragwa, ariko, nyamara, izina rye ryabaye impfabitire ibinyejana byinshi.Voltaire wavuye mu mwanditsi kandi asubira mu Bwongereza, yatanze umusanzu udashidikanywaho mu bumenyi bwihariye bwo kumenya isi, izina rye rigaragaza umurongo wo kumenya isi, izina rye rihagaze kuva muri Denis Didro na Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Umwanditsi, mu mitsi yacyo nta gitonyanga cy'amaraso meza, ndutonya abategetsi bakomeye - Umusonga w'Uburusiya Ekatesia II, umwami wa Prussia II, uwambere wa Prussia Ii, kera Fritz "II na nyiri ikamba ryo mu Busuwisi Gustave III.
Umuyoboro utekereza wasize abakomoka ku nkuru, ibisigo, ibyago, n'ibitabo bye "umukandagwa, cyangwa ibyiringiro" na "cyangwa ibizaza" cyangwa ibizaza "bitandukanijwe.
Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Francoisa Marie Aruuuue (izina rya filozofiya akivuka) yavutse ku ya 21 Ugushyingo 1694 mu mujyi w'urukundo - Paris. Umwana yari umuhire cyane kandi antege nke akimara kuvuka, ababyeyi batumije umupadiri. Kubwamahirwe, Mariery Bermar, nyina wa Voltaire, yapfuye igihe umuhungu yari afite imyaka irindwi. Kubwibyo, umutegetsi w'ejo hazaza wa Duma wumu Burayi bwiburengerazuba yakuze kandi arera na Data, wari mu murimo wemewe.
Kudavuga ko umubano wa Francois muto kandi ababyeyi be bari bafitanye ubucuti, ntabwo rero bitangaje kuba umuvandimwe wa Arusha wakuze ya Chevalé de Rocherbrun - Umusizi na Musketaer. Francois Aruhe-Sr. Yahaye umwana we muri kaminuza ya Yesuit, kuri ubu bita lyceum ya Louis.
Muri uyu voltaire ya kaminuza twiganye "Ikilatini nubusa nubwonko bwose", kuko umusore, nubwo yakiriye imyitozo ikomeye yubuvanganzo, ahubwo yakiriye ubuzima bwabaturage, bashyira igorofa ryabanyamadini bari hejuru yubuzima bwabantu.
Se wa Wolter yashakaga ko umuhungu ajya mu kirenge cye maze aba Notory, bityo Francois yihuta ku biro by'itegeko. Bidatinze, uwo musore yamenye ko siyanse yemewe, imana ya kera y'Abagereki, atari inzira ye. Kubwibyo, kugirango ugabanye icyatsi kibisi namabara meza, Voltaire yafashe wino n'ikaramu atari ibarura ry'inyandiko, ahubwo ni ukwandika inkuru za saraical.
Ubuvanganzo
Igihe Voltaire yari afite imyaka 18, yahimbye ikinamico ya mbere kandi ntiyashidikanya ko rwose azasiga ibimenyetso mu mateka nkumwanditsi. Nyuma yimyaka ibiri, Francois-Marie Arou yari amaze gucunga kwanga muri salo ya paruwasi n'abadamu bakomeye n'icyubahiro cy'umwami wagutse. Kubwibyo, bamwe mubuvanganzo nubuvanganzo bwumvikana batinyaga kubona igitabo cya Voltaire, kubashyira muri societe mumucyo mubi.
Ariko mu 1717, Francois-Marie Aruise yishyuye abirambo be. Ikigaragara ni uko umusore ufite impano yashinyaguye umugereka w'ubwami bw'Abafaransa kuri borole ya Louis Xv - Philip II Orleans. Ariko umutegetsi ntiyageze ku rubavu rwa Voltaire afite urwenya rukwiye, bityo umwanditsi yoherejwe umwaka wa Bastilia.
Ariko aho afunzwe Voltaire ntiyatakaje umukungugu we wo guhanga, ahubwo yanagiye, atangira kwishora mu bitabo bikomeye. Rimwe ku gasozi, Voltaire yakiriye kumenyekana n'icyubahiro, kubera ko ibyago bye "Edep", byanditswe mu ntambwe ya Theatre "Comeda Francoz".
Umusore yatangiye kugereranya n'igikorwa kizwi cyane cy'igifaransa, niko Voltaire yizeraga ko impano ye y'ubuvanganzo yahimbye umurimo umwe, kandi ntabwo yari ibyago bya filozofiya gusa, ahubwo ko ari ibitabo. Umwanditsi yishingikirije ku mateka, bityo agenga amateka yashoboraga kubona ku cyiciro cy'abakinnyi, yiyoberanya muri Sezari, yiyoberanya i Kayisari, Bruta cyangwa Mangere.
Bose kurutonde rwa serivisi ya Francois-Marie Aruha 28 imirimo ishobora guterwa namakuba ya kera. Nanone, voltaire yacogoye ishyari rya AristoC ya AristoC yo mu mivugo, kuva mu ikaramu ye yakundaga kurekurwa n'ubutumwa, amagambo yinyuma na Od. Ariko birakwiye kuvuga ko umwanditsi atatinye kugerageza no kuvanga, birasa nkaho bidahuye (ibabaje kandi isekeje) mu icupa rimwe.
Ntibyatinze kuvanaho ubukonje bufatika buvugwa mu buryo bwumvikana, ndetse no mu mirimo ye ya kera, abantu badasanzwe bagaragaye: Abasibabu, Abashinwa, Abashinwa bavuga kandi bahinga Zoroastris.
Naho ibisigo, Voltaire ya kera "Henriad" yasohotse mu 1728. Muri iki gikorwa, Umufaransa Mukuru yamaganye abami b'ibyawe kubera ko batunganya Imana, bakoresheje amashusho atarihinga, ahubwo ni prototypes nyayo. Ibikurikira, hafi ya 1730, Voltaire ikora hejuru ya santimetero yibanze "orleans isungi". Ariko igitabo ubwacyo cyacapwe bwa mbere gusa mu myaka 1762, mbere yibyo, inyandiko zitazwi.
"Inkumi ya Orleans" Voltaire, yanditswe muri syllabic cumi na zibiri yuzuye, yibasinga umusomyi mu nkuru ya kamere isanzwe, Intwari izwi cyane muri France Zhanna d'arnona. Ariko umurimo wumwanditsi ntabwo ari ubuzima bwumugaba w'ingabo, ahubwo ni icyuma gikomeye ku gikoresho cya societe y'igifaransa n'itorero.
Birakwiye ko tumenya ko Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin yasomye iyi nyandiko yandikishijwe intoki mu busore bwe, yashakaga kuvuga kuri Voltera mu gisimba we "Rus; Umujyanama w'Ubufaransa" umurimo ukomeye).
Mubindi bintu, Francois-Marie Aruise yitandukanije na prose ya filozofiya, yabonye ibyamamare bitigeze bibaho hagati yabaga. Kuri Shebuja ntabwo yinjije gusa kubafite igitabo mu nkuru zibanga, ariko kandi guhatirwa gutekereza ku kuba, icyubahiro cy'umuntu, kimwe n'ubusobanuro bw'icyifuzo cyiza.
AKAZI "Kworoshye", Byasohowe mu 1767, bivuga ku kuba indamutso z'abashyigikiye "nyigisho y'amategeko kamere". Iyi nyandiko yandikishijwe intoki ni uruvange rwibintu byamagambo, inkuru yuburere hamwe na filozofiya.
Umugambi uzunguruka ku miterere isanzwe - Ikigereranyo cya Robinson, ubwoko bwa Robinson Cruise ya Epoch yo Kumurikirwa, byerekana imyitwarire ivukanwa, yerekana imyitwarire ivuka umuntu mbere yo guhura numuco. Ariko kandi birakwiye kandi kwitondera abadatsindirizadashya, cyangwa ibyiringiro (1759), byahindutse ku isi hose.
Inyandiko igihe kirekire cyari umukungugu ku mwenda utagira ibyiringiro, kubera ko akazi karabujijwe kubera amahano. Igishimishije, umwanditsi ubwe "Candy" ubwe yatekereje kuri iki gitabo afite ubupfu ndetse ananga kumenya umwanditsi we. "Ugukatiji, cyangwa ufite ibyiringiro" ikintu gisa na clante isanzwe ya flutovsky - ubwoko bwateye imbere muri Espagne. Nkingingo, isura nyamukuru yo gukora kuriyi mirimo ni adventure itera impuhwe.
Ariko igitabo cyavuzwe cyane cyahinduwe hamwe na sarcasm idasobanutse kandi irakaye: ibintu byose byintwari bivumburwa kugirango bahuze societe, leta nitorero. By'umwihariko, filozofiya ya Saxon yahagurutse Leibniz, kwamamaza inyigisho zasobanuwe muri "tkooditis, cyangwa gutsindishirizwa kw'Imana", yaguye mu myanya.
Kiliziya Gatolika ya Roma yazanye iki gitabo mu muzitsi, ariko ibi ntibyarinze "akandi".
Filozofiya
Byabaye kugirango Voltaire yasubiye mu rukuta rukonje rwa Bastille. Mu 1725-1726, habaye amakimbirane hagati y'umwanditsi na Chevalé de Rogan: The Pricomiateur yemeye guhuza Francois-Marie arumirwa, bivugwa ko yagerageje guhisha inkomoko y'intamurwa. Kubera ko umwanditsi w'ibyago by'Ijambo mu mufuka atazamuka, yemereye gutangaza uwakoze icyaha:
"Sudari, izina ryanjye ritegereje icyubahiro, n'uwawe - kwibagirwa!".Kuri ayo magambo ashize amanga, Umufaransa yatanze ibisobanuro nyabyo - yakubiswe na Lacey de Rogan. Rero, umwanditsi yumvise ashishikajwe n'uburambe bwe bwite, bubogamye, yabaye umwunganira ubutabera n'imibereho. Kureka no muri zone yo guhezwa, utakenerwa mu rugo ku mategeko y'umwami yirukanye mu Bwongereza.
Birashimishije kubona imiterere ya leta y'Ubwongereza, bikabije byari bitandukanye cyane na Monarchike y'abayobozi b'Ubufaransa, yamukubise ku mpaka. Byari ingirakamaro kandi amenyerewe nabatekereza bbongereza, bamenyesheje ijwi rimwe bavuga ko umuntu ashobora kuvugana n'Imana atitaye ku bufasha bw'itorero.
Abafaransa batekereza mu mabaruwa "ya filozofiya" mu mabaruwa ya filozofiya "mu mabaruwa ya filozofiya", bateza imbere inyigisho za John Logke no guhakana filozofiya yo gukunda ubutunzi. Ibitekerezo nyamukuru bya "inyuguti za filozofiya" byari uburinganire, kubaha umutungo, umutekano nubwisanzure. Nanone, voltaire yahinduye ikibazo kijyanye no kudapfa k'ubugingo, ntiyanga guhakana, ariko ntiyasaba ko habaho ubuzima nyuma y'urupfu.
Ariko mu kibazo cy'ubwisanzure bw'umuntu, Voltaire yanyuze mu gukorana no kugena. Louis XV, amaze kumenya ibyanditswe, ategekwa gutwika akazi ka Voltaire, kandi uwanditse ubwe yoherejwe i Bastilia ubwayo. Kugira ngo wirinde umwanzuro wa gatatu mu Rugereko, Francois-Marie Aruhe yagiye kwa Champagne, kumukunzi we.
Voltaire, ushyigikiye ubusumbane hamwe nuwo duhanganye umwete wo kwishima, kunegura igikoresho cyitorero muri fluff n'umukungugu, ariko ntiyashyigikiye ubushake. Umufaransa yari imbogamizi, ni ukuvuga, yamenye ko Umuremyi, ahubwo yahakanye amadini agenga idini hamwe na fenomena yo ndengakamere. Ariko muri 60-70, ibitekerezo byubushishozi byamenye neza Voltaire. Iyo abo giheze basabye kumurikirwa, yaba "Instasia yo hejuru" irahari, yarashubije ati:
"Nta Mana ibaho, ariko ibi ntibyakagombye kumenya lacquer n'umugore, kubera ko ntashaka ko ikipe yanjye inkura, maze umugore wanjye asohoke."Nubwo Voltaire, binyuranye n'ibyifuzo bya Data, ntabwo byahindutse umunyamategeko, umuhanga mu bya filozofiya kandi yagize uruhare mu bikorwa by'uburenganzira bwa muntu. Mu 1762, umwanditsi "Candy" yagize uruhare mu cyifuzo cyo guhagarika igihano cy'urupfu, Zhan Kalasov, wabaye igitambo cyo kubogama kubera andi kwatura. Kalas yateje agaciro Xenophobia ya Gikristo mu Bufaransa: Yabaye umuporotesitanti, mu gihe abandi batuye Gatolika.
Impamvu yatumye Jean mu 1762 yiciwe binyuze mu bamugaye w'ibimuga, - kwiyahura k'umuhungu we. Muri icyo gihe, umuntu we ubwe agomba kubahiriza ubuzima, yafatwaga nk'umugizi wa nabi, kubera ko umurambo we wakuruwe ku mugaragaro umugozi kandi umanitse ku rubuga. Kubwibyo, umuryango wa Kalas washyikirije kwiyahura kw'urubyaro nk'ubwicanyi, kandi urukiko rwabonaga ko Jean yishe umusore, kuko yemeye Gatolika. Ndashimira Voltera nyuma yimyaka itatu, Jean Kalas yasubiwemo.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Ubuntu mu nyandiko yo kuvura no kurimbuka kwa filozofiya, igihe cya Voltaire cyakinnye chess. Mu myaka 17, uwo bahanganye n'umufaransa yari Awessuit Data Adamu, wabaga mu nzu ya Francois-Marie aruu.
Bakundwa, kimwe ningoro ndangamurage na inspimateal ya Voltaire ni Marquis du rotle, yakundaga cyane imibare na fiziki. Uyu mudamu ndetse yagombaga guhindura umurimo wibanze wa Isaac Newton muri 1745.
Emily yari umugore wubatse, ariko yizeraga ko inshingano zose imbere yumuntu zigomba gusohozwa nyuma yo kuvuka kwabana gusa. Kubwibyo, umudamu, adacika intege fractions yubupfuki, yinjije mu mashusho yigihe gito afite imibare nabafilozofe.
Hamwe na Voltaire, ubwiza bwahuriye mu 1733, kandi mu 1734, bwaranze ubuhungiro bwongeye gusoza i Bastille - igihome cyangiritse cy'uwo mwashakanye - aho umuhanga mu bya filozofiya yamaze imyaka 15 y'ubuzima bwe, agarukayo mu rugendo rwinshi.
Du Yosefu yashyize umudendezo ku bingana, amategeko ya fiziki na formulaire y'imibare, bityo abakundana bakunze gukemura imirimo igoye. Mu gatasi ko ku 1749, Emily yapfuye nyuma y'umwana, na Voltaire, wabuze urukundo rw'ubuzima bwe, yizihiza mu bwihebe.
By the way, abantu bake bazi ko mubyukuri Voltaire yari umuherwe. No mu busore bwe, umuhanga mu bya filozofiya yahuriye n'ababagabuzi bize Francois gushora imari. Umutungo we wavumbuwe mu myaka mirongo ine, umwanditsi yashora imari mu bikoresho by'ingabo z'Abafaransa, aha amafaranga yo kugura amato maze atera ibibanza by'ubuhanzi, kandi mu Busuwisi yari afite umubumbyi.
Urupfu
Mu myaka ya nyuma y'ubuzima, Voltaire yari akunzwe, buri gihe yabonaga ko afite inshingano zo gusura inzu yubwenge bwubwenge bwubwenge bwubwenge bwubwenge bwubwenge bwubwenge bwubwenge bwubwenge. Umufilozofe yari yihishe mu bami b'Abafaransa, ariko abifashijwemo yo kwemeza basubiye mu gihugu cya Cenzaniya na Parmesa, aho yapfuye afite imyaka 83.
Ibisigazwa byijambo ryumwanditsi n'ibitekerezo byashyinguwe mu mva y'igihugu i Pantheon (Paris).
Bibliografiya
- 1730 - "Inkuru Karl XII"
- 1732 - Zaire
- 1734 - "Inyuguti za filozofiya. Inyuguti z'icyongereza
- 1736 - "Ubutumwa Newton"
- 1738 - "Inyandiko kuri Kamere ya Fire"
- 1748 - "Isi nkuko bimeze"
- 1748 - "Zadig, cyangwa Iherezo"
- 1748 - "Semiramid"
- 1752 - "Micromegas"
- 1755 - "Inkumi ya Orleans"
- 1756 - "Umutingito wa Lisbonne"
- 1764 - "Umweru n'umukara"
- 1768 - "Tsarevna Babiloni"
- 1774 - "Don Pedro"
- 1778 - "Agafokl"
Amagambo
- "Ntibishoboka kwizera Imana, kutizera - bitumvikana"
- "Ku bantu benshi, gukosorwa - bisobanura guhindura ibibi byawe"
- "Abami bamenye ibibazo by'abakozi babo ntarenze couckold kubyerekeye ibibazo by'abagore babo"
- "Ntabwo ubusumbane burababaza, ariko kwizizirwa"
- "Nta kintu kidashimishije, uburyo bwo kumanikwa mu bitazwi"