Ubuzima
Amahame shingiro ya filozofiya yashinzwe mu bihe bya kera. Pythagoras, Socrates, Platon - abanditsi b'indashyikirwa, abahanga n'abatekereza igihe cyabo. Bose bagize uruhare mu iterambere rya filozofiya, kandi kuri Platon Alfred Robic, yagaragaye ko filozofiya yose y'iburayi, muri Fielson, muri rusange, ibona imirimo y'Ikigereki cya kera, cyabaye umuyobozi w'igitero cya kera.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Umwaka nyawo muri Filozofiya yavutse, ntazwi. Hariho igitekerezo kivuga ko cyabaye muri 428 cyangwa 427 mbere ya. Isabukuru y'amavuko ifatwa nk 21 (7 fariyoni), kuri uyu munsi Abagereki bizihije umunsi wa Isabukuru wa Zewusi na Titaniya mu cyi - Apollo.
Nta makuru meza yerekeye ahantu nyayo yavutse. Amakuru menshi yitwa umujyi yavuzwe muri Atene, ariko hariho ubundi buryo. Ku bwe, ubuzima bw'umuhanga mu kizaza bwatangiriye ku kirwa cya AERGET, giherereye mu kirwa cya Sironikos, no muri Atenayi, no muri Atenayi, maze muri Atenayi, umuryango wa Platon, umuryango wa Platon wakomeje guha abana uburere bwiza.
By the way, ntabwo ari umwaka kandi aho bavukiye malato bifatwa nkimvururu. Hano hari igitekerezo cyukuri umuhanga mu bya filozofiya yise Aristoclon, kandi Platon ni izina yahawe n'umutoza wa Arijanti, kubera ibitugu mugari ("platon" byahinduwe mu kigereki cya kera "yagutse". " ). Ku nshuro ya mbere, ibi byavuzwe n'umuhanga mu by'amateka ya kera Diogen Lanertsky.
Ababyeyi ba PLATO bafatagamo niyetwa. Se wa filozofiya - ukomoka ku mwami wa Attici Coth, na nyina wa Atene wa Solon. Na nyina wa Platon, Platon yari afite ibikoresho bibiri, kunegura kandi byangiza, haba mu itsinda ry'abategetsi bigaruriye "Abami mirongo itatu". Usibye Platon, Ariston na Perktoni (bita n'ababyeyi be) hari abandi bana - abahungu ba Slavacon na Anini, ndetse n'umukobwa wa Pokoni.
Abana bahawe imiterere yumuziki - icyitwa uburezi, burimo inyigisho nziza, umuco nubwenge muri sisitemu (yitiriwe Muz). Yigishije Platon muri kiriya gihe umuhanga mu bya filozofiya yarashushanyije, abayoboke bofelite efese. Ku buyobozi bwe, igihano kizaza cyize ibitabo, rotoric, imyitwarire, shingiro, shingiro rya siyansi nizindi dini.
Mugihe twiga ibisubizo byiza, Platon agerwaho mubitabo, ubuhanzi bwerekanwe nintambara, nyuma yitabiriye imikino Olempike na Nemeya.
Ubwana n'urubyiruko byaguye ku gihe cya nyuma ya nyuma ya nyuma, igihe ubugwari, kaseti na Korestalubiye yakwirakwiriye mu baturage. Ibintu byashimangiye gusa amakimbirane ya gisirikare hagati yubumwe bwa dosky na Peloponesky.
Umubare wa politiki wa Ariston wagerageje kumenya ubuzima bw'abaturage bagenzi bacu. Kubwibyo, yashakaga ko umuhungu we umaze kwizigira, yabaye umunyapolitiki, ariko Platon ubwe yubahirije ibindi bitekerezo by'ejo hazaza. Yihutiye kwandika ubukorikori, kwandika imivugo n'ikinamico.
Muri 408 bc Ns. Nyakubahwa Platon yahisemo kubatabaza ibyago kuri theatre yaho. Mu nzira, yirukiye mu bageze mu za bukuru, ahubwo yari umuntu ukomeye. Bagize ikiganiro cyahinduye ubuzima bw'umuhungu ku maguru ku mutwe, kandi na bo batangira ubuzima bushya. Uyu mugabo yari Socrate.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Ubuzima bwumuntu Platon Ndetse no kubanyamateka bagaruye ukuri kubintu bye byintete. Umufilozofe yabwirije kwanga umutungo bwite, kimwe n'umuryango w'abagore, abagabo n'abana. Kubwibyo, ntibishoboka kugenera Platon umugore umwe, nkuko bidashoboka kwitwa abana ba kera.Ku mugaragaro, Platon ntabwo yigeze arongora. We ubwe yateje imbere igitekerezo cyurukundo rwa platon, asobanura iyi myumvire yo kubaha no kwita ku banyeshuri n'umwarimu, asobanura ko bidakenewe gukunda umubiri w'umuntu, ariko ubugingo bwe. Amarangamutima yasuzumye ikintu gito ugomba kuba ushobora gushobora kugenzurwa.
Filozofiya n'ibitekerezo
Inyigisho ya Socrate yarimo ivugurura, yatandukanijwe cyane nibyari mbere. Muri filozofiya ye, wibande ku kwiga amahoro na kamere yimukiye umuntu. Ibitekerezo n'amagambo ya Socte byatangajwe na Platon Nyakubahwa, imirimo ya nyuma ivuga.
Muri 399 mbere ya Yesu Ns. Socrate yamaganwe kandi ikatirwa urwo gupfa. Umufilozofe yashinjwaga ko yubashye imana, yubahwa n'abaturage bo mu mujyi, ahubwo bakwirakwiza kwizera gushya, bityo bangiza abantu. Mu kubahiriza ibyahise, harimo kwitabira intambara ya Pelopone, Socrate yemerewe kuvuga hamwe no kuvuga uburinzi (mu buryo bwayo, "gusaba imbabazi" byanditswe), kandi igihano cy'urupfu cyakozwe kunywa uburozi mu gikombe.
Iyicwa ryatewe cyane na Platon, ritera kwanga urwango rwa demokarasi. Nyuma y'urupfu rwa mwarimu, agenda mu rugendo, intego zazo zimenyereye abandi bahanga, kungurana ibitekerezo nabo n'ubumenyi bw'imvugo ku rufatiro rwo kubaho. Mu myaka 10-15 iri imbere, filozofiya yansuye Megahar, Kypreu, Finika na Misiri. Muri kiriya gihe, yashoboye guhura akaganira nubwubatsi bwa Tartan, hamwe nabandi banyeshuri ba Socrater euclide na feodor, ndetse no kubapfumu bo muburasirazuba na Haldia. Ikirangantego cya nyuma cyapabutse kugirango tujye muri filozofiya y'Iburasirazuba.
Nyuma yinzozi ndende, Plato yageze muri Sisile. Muri gahunda y'umufilozofiya niho hashyirwaho igihugu gishya hamwe n'umuyobozi mukuru wa gisirikare wa Dionisia (uzwi kandi nka Syracuse). Nk'uko uyu mugabo, muri leta nshya, abahanga mu bya filozofiya bagomba gutegeka, kandi ntibanywe n'uburozi bw'ikinyobe munsi y'imyenda y'imkumi. Ariko igitekerezo nticyigeze kiboneka: Dionyysius yabaye umunyagitugu, ibitekerezo bya Plate mu buryo bwumvikana ntibyakunze.
Nyuma yibyo, umuhanga mu bya filozoce yahisemo gusubira muri Atenayi. Platon umujyi wa gatirwa kugirango uvugurure ibitekerezo bimwe kubyerekeye leta itunganye. Ibisubizo byibi bitekerezo byafunguye muri 387 mbere ya Yesu. Ns. Ishuri ni ikigo cy'uburezi aho Plate yatangiye gutoza abandi bantu. Hashyizweho ubumwe bushya bw'amadini na filozofiya.
Ishuri rya Platon ryitwa icyubahiro cy'akarere kabayemo ayahe masomo (parike hanze ya Atenayi), kandi akarere ubwako twitiriwe intwari ya Hekadem ya Hekadem. Mu ishuri rya Platonike, abanyeshuri biga imibare, filozofiya, siyanse karemano, inyenyeri n'ubundi bumenyi. Amahugurwa yabaye binyuze mubiganiro: Platon yabonaga ko ubu aribwo buryo bwiza bwo kumenya ishingiro ryibintu.
Kimwe mu biganiro bye byasohotse munsi yizina "pier", gihagarariwe muburyo bwo kuganira Abagereki ba kera, bahimbaza Imana EROTA. Inyandiko ya filozofiya ivuga ku rukundo, amoko yacyo n'ubumenyi bw'iyi myumvire. Ahantu hamwe dutwarwa nibitekerezo bya Socrate kuri Bwiza, ishingiro ryibikomeye.
Abarimu n'abanyeshuri bo mu Ishuri Rikuru babanaga, uyu mugabo yemejwe n'abayoboke ba Pythagora. Abanyeshuri bari abahanga mu bumenyi bw'ikirere, (wegereye Platon n'inyigisho n'amadini) na filozofiya ariristole.
Muri 366 na 361 mbere ya Yesu. Ns. Platon yongeye gusura sicile ku butumire bw'inshuti ya Dion - Umutegetsi Syracuse na Shurin Dionysius Saleor. Dionia ntabwo akunda uku guhuza, ibyo yerekana neza kumva iyicwa rya Dion. Urupfu rw'incuti yababajwe cyane n'ahantu ho guharanira kuri Atenayi, aho umuhanga mu bya filozofiya yakomeje kwiga abayoboke mbere y'umunsi urangiye.
Nyuma, mubyifuzo byo gukora igitekerezo cyuko umuntu wunze ubumwe numuntu, umuhanga mu bya filozofiya yaje mubitekerezo bifatika. Mu nyandiko, yatekereje ku bugingo n'ubusa, yizera ko ibintu byose bikikije umuntu ari ibisubizo by'ubusa, ibitekerezo n'ubugingo. Platon yizeraga ko hari isi nziza yibintu. Ku bwe, ibintu byose byo kuri iyi si ni urugero rwiza, prototype y'ibintu bibaho mubyukuri.
Kugeza ubu, ntabwo umurimo umwe wumwimerere wa Platon warinzwe, ariko hariho kopi. Kopi ya kera cyane y'akazi ka filozofiya iboneka mu mujyi wa Pemba (160 mu majyepfo ya Cairo), yanditswe mu Papyrus yo muri Egiputa.
Ibikorwa bya Platon bigize amazu ya platonian. Kubwumutekano wibikorwa byakusanyirijwe bwa filozofiya, urakoze Ikigereki cya kera Arisiofana Byzantine. By the way, we ku nshuro ya mbere kandi yubahana imirimo ya Platon, igabana kuri tratulogy.
Nyuma, ivugurura ryakoze umuhanga mu bya filozofiya muri Menda, umukunzi w'ikimenyetso cya Tiberius Julia Sezari Augustus. Abagizi ba nabi bishyize hamwe ibihimbano bya Platon mu kiganiro, gutandukana gutya bikoreshwa ubu.
Hariho ubundi buryo bwo kugerageza gutera indwara no itsinda ibyo yaremye rya filozofiya. Verisiyo yikirusiya cya kera Alexei Fegorovich Icurabuwe rikunzwe. Dukurikije igitabo cya Platon, birakwiye kugabanwa n'ibihe 4 - hakiri kare ("Clotin", "impano", "impano", "Ion.)," Eutidem ", n'ibindi (" Timone "," Leta ", nibindi) natinze (" amategeko "na" nyuma yindege ").
Igihe kimwe kuri rubanda cyabonetse kubicuruzwa bimwe bya Platon "Timone". Ibintu byakosowe n'umuhanga mu bya filozofiya mu Butaliyani Martilio Facino (1433-1499), bisobanurira ibisigaye mu kigereki cya kera mu kilatini.
Urupfu
Nyuma yo kwica Dion ya Syracuse muri 354 BC. Ns. Plate yasubiye muri Atenayi, aho yari atuye kugeza iminsi irangiye. Mu minsi ya nyuma y'ubuzima, yatangiye gukora ku gitabo gishya "ku byiza nk'ibyo." Urufatiro rwa Platon rwamaze gutera no kubisangiza abanyeshuri. Ariko, yashimishije ibitekerezo ku mpapuro kandi ntiyasohotse.Abahanga mu by'amateka banditse ko umunyeshuri wa Socrate atigeze abona aseka, mugihe yagiye kuryama afite Tomik Aristophan, umusizi ukomeye. Nubwo Platon ibisobanuro bya Place, birazwi ku buzima bwe bwa buri munsi, mu biganiro rimwe na rimwe byavuzwe gusa, bisobanura ibintu bimwe bito.
Kumunsi wamavuko yawe muri 348 (cyangwa 347) BC. Ns. Platon Yasize iyi si kubwimpamvu karemano, uzirikana imyaka ye. Nta verisiyo imwe yibi bintu. Kuri umwe muri bo, wa mugabo yapfiriye kumeza, ku rundi ku bukwe. Nanone, imwe mu mpamvu zituma urupfu rwa filozofiya rwitwa pedicosis, ariko kubijyanye n'ibi mu "mateka ya Filozofiya", Thomas Stanley yanditse ko abantu bakwirakwiza ibihuha bidashimishije hafi ya Platon bamuteye nabi.
Filozofiya yashyinguwe mu Batwari, hafi ya Academy. Ku majwi ye yashushanyijeho amagambo:
"Abahungu babiri babyaranye Apollo, Eskulap na Platon. Umuntu akiza umubiri, undi - roho. "Kwibuka platon, amashusho yanditse kandi ashushanyije. Nkico, umuhanga mu bya filozofiya yagaragaye muri Kinocardes "Amaraso, kwiyongera no gupfa" (1948), "Socrate" (1985), "Pir" (1989). Mu mwaka wa 2010, irangare ya firime "Urupfu rwa Socrate" yarekuwe, aho plato igaragara.
Ibitekerezo n'ubuvumbuzi
Ku mutima wa filozofiya ya Platon hari ibitekerezo bya Socrate, ukurikije kumenya ukuri kwukuri birashoboka gusa kubitekerezo bitatitabira bigize isi yigenga, kubana neza. Itangiriro ni ishingiro, Eidosa (ibitekerezo), umwanya udatuje nigihe gito. Ibitekerezo mugusobanukirwa platon entenomomomomofous, rero, gusa barashobora kwigwa gusa. Ibi byavuzwe mubikorwa byigihe cyinzibacyuho kandi ukuze.
Mubikorwa bya Platon "Kristen" n '"igihe", banza usobanura amateka ya Atlantis, niyo leta nziza. Nibyo, ntibyashobokaga kumenya aho ariho. Birashoboka, ikirwa cyari giherereye mu burengerazuba bwa hercules Heights. Kubura kwa filozofiya bifitanye isano n'umuti wa filozofiya byahujwe n'umutingito wabayeho, kubera iyo leta yishe yirwa yinjiye mu mazi hamwe n'abayituye - atlants.
Bwa mbere, inyungu muri Atlantis zagaragaye muri Renaissance Epoch, ariko muri siyanse, ibibazo bijyanye no kubaho kwe kwatanzwe ntibyatanzwe bitavugwaho rumwe. Kubwibyo, inkuru yizinga ifatwa nkigisha, ariko kugerageza gushaka ibintu nibyabaye byemeza ko ibaho ntabwo byakozwe rimwe.
Platon akenshi yajugunye kuri Ninel Diogen yo muri Sinep (imwe yabaga inguri kandi igenda nyuma ya saa sita ifite itara "mugushakisha umuntu"). Igihe Platon yavuze ku muntu, ko iyi ari inyamaswa iruma, idafite amababa, Diogen yamutoye inkoko, yita umugabo wa Platonian. Nyuma yibyo, umuhanga mu bya filozofiya yagombaga kongerwaho ijambo ryimvugo "ifite igorofa (inzara nini".
Platon ni uwurwanya ishyaka kandi agaragaza neza amarangamutima, yizeraga ko imyitwarire nkiyi yari hasi kandi irimo intangiriro mbi. Igitekerezo ku mibanire iri hagati y'abagabo n'abagore, yagaragaje mu bikorwa bitandukanye.
Amagambo
"Mukomantaro inshuti, ariko ukuri kuhenze" (nyuma aya magambo yahindutse inshuti, ariko ukuri kw'ukuri ", umwanditsi wa Martin Luthertes)." Iyo abantu bahatiwe guhitamo ibirakari bibiri, ntamuntu numwe ugaragara. Uzahitamo byinshi, niba ushobora guhitamo gito. "" Uburere buzaba iki? Ariko, biragoye kubona neza kuruta ibyo byabonetse mugihe kirekire. Ku mubiri, ni imikino ngororamubiri, ku bugingo - umuziki. "" Urashobora kubabarira umwana utinya umwijima. Ibyago nyabyo by'ubuzima, iyo umuntu atinyaga isi. "" Abafite ubwenge buhagije kugira ngo batazamuke muri politiki bahanwa nabo bategeka abantu b'injiji benshi. "Akazi
- "Gusaba imbabazi Socrate"
- "Evtifron"
- "Protagor"
- "Gorgiy"
- "Hippiyo Mukuru"
- "Umunsi mukuru"
- "
- "Sofika"
- "Umunyapolitiki"
- "Amategeko"