Ubuzima
Napoleon yavuze ko rwose yari gukora Pascal ya Pasika na Senateri, Laon Tolstoy yamwitaga ubwenge bwinshi, kandi Ivan Trurgenev yishimira ubukuru bw'uyu muhanga. Umufaransa yageze ku byagezweho ku gisekuru kizaza: Pascal yahagaze ku nkomoko y'imfizi, yerekanye ko ihari igitutu cy'ikirere maze azana imashini ivuga imashini imaze kubara.
Bamwe bamenyereye kubona igishushanyo cya Pascal mu bitabo mu mibare y'imibare n'imiterere ariko, ubuhanga kandi bwibutse ibyanditswe bya filozofiya, ariko amadolayo meza.
Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Umuhanga, umwaka w'amavuko wo ku ya 19 Kamena 1623, yavukiye muri komini mu majyepfo y'igice cyo hagati cy'Ubufaransa, mu mujyi wa Clermont-Ferrand. Imibare izaza yakuze kandi izamurwa mu muryango mugari (pasipayi yari ifite abana batatu), yari iyabayobozi igice cya kabiri.
Umugati nyamukuru mu nzu, Etienne Pascal, yakoraga na Perezida w'ishami ry'imisoro, maze umugore we Antoinet Beyon, umukobwa wa Sereshal ExnNsha, yayoboye urugo kandi yari umugore mwiza.
Igihe umuhungu yari afite imyaka 3, nyina yapfuye azize indwara, amasuka rero asohora na se. Etienne, wari usenya mu mibare akingura imitego ya Pascal, yahaye uburezi mu rugo urubyaro rwe, yatangiye kwerekana amatsiko kuva akiri muto.
Yashushanyijeho umwana ufite impano, bityo gusoma ibitabo n'ubumenyi bwa siyanse bitangiriye ikibazo gikomeye. Birashimishije kubona ubuzima bwa Pascal buto bwibutsa imyaka yambere ya Labitsa. Blanze yashakishije kwiga ibitabo by'abafilozofe ba kera n'abahanga mu by'amateka, ariko se yubahirije igitekerezo cy'uko igitekerezo cyo kwiga gikwiye guhura n'imyaka y'umuhungu.
Rero, murwego rwa gahunda yuburezi bwa etienne, umuriro ukiri muto wagombaga kumenyana nindimi za kera mfite imyaka itatu, kandi nyuma yimyaka itatu itangira kwiga imibare, ariko umuhungu ntiyari kumenya shingiro rya Queens ya siyanse. Kubwibyo, kumeza yo kurya, pascal nto yahoraga abaza se inyongera no gukumira imibare, ariko Etienne yizeraga ko ishyaka ryimibare muri iyo myaka ya mbere ryagira ingaruka ku rurimi rw'ikilatini.
Igihe kimwe, imirima yabajije umubyeyi we, icyo aricyo, kandi yasobanuye ko ubu ari inzira yo gushushanya imibare no kubona igipimo kiri hagati yabo. Pascal yatangajwe nigisubizo kigufi, Pascal yafashe amakara atangira gushushanya inyabutatu, kare no kuzenguruka ", na roting" impeta ".
Pascal nto yagerageje gushaka ibisobanuro ndetse no mu nzira zisanzwe, urugero, mugihe cya sasita, umuntu yakoze kumeza yimbonerahamwe yibiryo bya CYIZA, niyo mpamvu amajwi yumvikanye. Igihe umuhungu w'imyaka cumi n'umwe yakoraga ku rutoki ku isahani, amajwi yarazimiye. Pascal yashimishije yagerageje gusobanura iyi nzira itazwi, nkigisubizo cyacyo "cyanditswe kumajwi" kirahaguruka.
Igihe umusore yari afite imyaka 14, we, nubwo yabujije, yatangiye kwitabira ibiganiro by'imibare y'imibare y'Abafaransa ndetse n'umuziki wa Galileo Menese, Tirnilli n'abandi bahanga, hari abandi bahanga 78 abanyamakuru mu bidukikije. Ntabwo yohereje pascal ku buriri bukwiye, ariko nanone aratera no muririma.
Ibintu byavumbuwe n'ubuvumbuzi
Mugihe cya Seminate, Pascal yamenyereye na Geometer Dzarg atangira kwiga imirimo ye. Inyandiko zandikishijwe intoki za dzarga zanditswe mu rurimi rugoye, ku buryo butera, gushushanya ibitekerezo no guhumekwa mu mpapuro ze za siyansi, yometse ku mibare yoroshye isura yoroshye.
Byongeye kandi, umusore w'imyaka 17 yabaye mu binyamakuru: Mu 1640, urumuri rwabonye "uburambe bw'agateganyo y'ibice byumvikana", byahindutse igitabo cy'ibanze ku bakozi ba Geometrie. Ibikurikira bya gatatu by'aka kazi ni Thecarem Theorem, ifasha kubaka igice cya Canonical yingingo eshanu.
Mu gihe cy'itumba cyo muri uwo mwaka, Pascal yimukiye mu murwa mukuru wa Normandy - Rouen. Muri uyu mujyi, Pascal-mukuru yakoraga muburyo bwihariye, kubara birarambiranye kandi bikaba mu nkingi. BLANZE yashakishije koroshya umurimo wa Data, kubera igitekerezo yari afite igitekerezo cyo gukora imashini ikubiyemo.
Mu 1642, ihumure ryitabiriye iterambere ryibikoresho byibitangaza. Umuhanzi wacyo wakozwe ku ihame ry'umupolisi wa kera wasaga nk'agasanduku kegeranye kandi yemerera kubara hamwe n'imibare itandatu, kandi kubara byakozwe muburyo bwa kabiri.
Ariko, guhimba Pascal ntabwo byazanye amacumbi yubaha Umuremyi wacyo. Muri iyo minsi mu Bufaransa, ibiraro by'imisoro byakozwe mu binyampeke, su na manywa, bityo gukoresha imashini hamwe na sisitemu icumi yo kubara gusa, nubwo Pascal yagerageje kunoza ibyo yaremye, nubwo Pascal yagerageje kunoza ibyo yaremye, nubwo Pascal yagerageje kunoza ibyo yaremye.
Ariko kuvumburwa kwa Pascal byabaye urufunguzo rwo kurushaho ku mpapuro za Xil XVI, CENMENA na Parmesa, na Parmestan yaje kwimukira muri gahunda ya Metric, kandi mu 1820 Caldical Callatage yashizwe ku Muremyi we - Charlem Xavier Tom de Colmar.
Mu mpera za 1646, Pascal Flashes, yamaze kumenya ibijyanye na tube, yahimbwe Torrichelli, yatangiye kwishora muri fiziki. Umuhanga yatangiye gushyira ubushakashatsi, ahamya ko hypothesisi ya Aristote kubyerekeye "gutinya ubusa" bifite imipaka. Ubutaliyani Tirchicelli bwabonye uburambe n'umuyoboro wuzuyeho Mercure kugira ngo yerekane ko hazashyirwaho igitutu cy'ikirere, maze haza umwanzuro ko ubusa bukorwa mu tugongusha yamanuwe muri mercure.
Broze yahinduye iyi igeragezwa kandi yanzuye ko igice cyo hejuru cyigituba kituzuyemo ibice bibiri byimiti, ibintu byiza cyangwa ibindi bintu. Ibisubizo by'imikorere yabo yatangajwe mu gitabo "Ubushakashatsi bushya bujyanye n'ubusa", hanyuma ashaka kwemeza ko igisimba gifite ibyuma bifite ubumara rifite igitutu cy'indege.
Byongeye kandi, Blaise Pascal yashyize ahagaragara inyandiko ya apiscrict
Mu 1651, Pascal yapfuye Data, na mushiki we Jacqueline, asanga inshuti, yahuye n'inshuti, asezera mu buzima bw'isi ajya mu kigo cy'abihaye Imana. Mu rwego rwo kurangaza ingorane zo kubaho, uturindantoki twatangiye kugaragara kenshi muri sosiyete, no mu 1652 yahawe icyubahiro n'icyubahiro, byerekana imashini ye yo mu rwego rwo gutsinda Umwami w'Umwamikazi wa Suwede.
Intsinzi yatumye Pascal ishishikajwe nibikorwa byubumenyi, icyubahiro nubuzima bwisi. Umuhanga yakunze kuba ari kumwe n'inshuti ze kandi akina urusimbi. Kureba umukino mumagufwa, Pascal n'umurima byashyinguwe urufatiro rw'igitekerezo cy'ubushobozi, nk'ibisubizo byashishikarizwa kubara byanditse inyandiko "ku kubara mu gukina urusimbi" (1657).
Filozofiya
Pascal ya Blaze yasize ibimenyetso mu mateka ari umuganga n'umuganga, ariko abantu bake bamenye ko Pascal yakuwe mu bikorwa bya siyansi, yahisemo filozofiya.
Ikigaragara ni uko mu 1654, yanze Pascal, wateganyaga kwandika igitabo "cy'imibare y'urubanza", yahisemo kwikuramo ubuzima bw'isi kubera ubushishozi, bwabaye igice cya cumi na kabiri. Nyuma yurudodo utazi ubwenge, igitekerezo cyaje kubyumvikana, cyatangiye kwandika ibitekerezo bye kurutonde rwambere kuruhunyire rwambere rwimpuhwe, muburwanya iyishushanyo mbonera. Iyi nyandiko, yise "Urwibutso" ahindura iherezo ry'umuhanga, yavumbuwe nyuma y'urupfu rwa Pascal.
Kubwira ko yahisemo kuva mu murwa mukuru w'Ubufaransa no kuba umwanzuro mu kigo cy'abihaye Imana cya Pore-piyano, agereranya amahuza yose mbere yamuhaye ibyiringiro by'ubuzima bwiza, gukora icyaha. Pascal yakiriwe mu icumbi atangira gukomera ku mibereho rikaze. Nubwo hari gahunda ikomeye yo ku munsi, ibitotsi bike n'amasengesho ahoraho, umuhanga yumvise ubuzima bwiza no gushyira mu gaciro by'umwuka.
Mu bindi, Blaise Pascal, nyuma yo kuganira na Yaneseistes na Anessuits, muri Mwuri ushyira mu gaciro, ushyira mu gaciro ko gushyira mu gaciro watanze poropagande indangagaciro z'umuco, zashyizweho "amabaruwa ku ntara." Inzira ya Pascal, yasohotse munsi y'izina no kwamaganaga, byateje amahano mu ruhame, bityo umuhanga mu bya siyanse, agira ibyago, ahatirwa kwihitiramo no kubaho munsi y'amazina y'undi.
Birakwiye ko tumenya ko Voltaire, urwanya amadini ahirere, yashimye inyandiko yandikishijwe intoki, ashima ko mu murimo we, Yesu arasakuza gusa. Byongeye kandi, Pascali, wanze kuva mu miti mishya, yakomeje kuganira ku ncuti z'imibare n'incuti ze, ariko icyo gihe atangira kwiga ibyuma birangaza iryinyo rirwaye.
Kubisubizo byukuri bya Pascal, wasuzumye umurimo wa Mersenna, yaje mu ijoro rimwe, atabishaka avumbura. Umuhanga ntiyashakaga guhagararira ibyavuye mu rubanda, ariko inshuti ye, Duke De Ro Roanne, yateguye amarushanwa mu mpaka zo mu Burayi, muri iryo rushanwa yagombaga kumenya hagati ya rukuruzi n'akarere ka Imirambo y'imyanda.
Nubwo hashyizweho ingufu mu bitekerezo byinshi, icyemezo cya Pascal Abagize Inshyikirano byamenyekanye ko ari byiza, kandi inyandiko ye yagira ingaruka kuri calculus yo mu buryo butandukanye kandi.
Nubwo ubuvuzi bwa siyansi bwakomeje kwishora mu buryo bwihariye bwo kumenya isi maze atangira guhangayirika ku "gusaba imbabazi kw'idini rya gikristo", aho yasabaga abayoboke b'ubusambanyi ", aho yanenzwe mu fluff n'umukungugu w'abayoboke ba Atheism. Ariko Pascal yari afite ingorane zo kurema "gusaba imbabazi", hamwe nibibazo bitandukanye mubuzima byabaye igisitaza cyo kwandika iyi mirimo ya filozofiya.
Byongeye kandi, imigambi ye y'idini yarahiye igihe rero, inyandiko zigize ibice by'umusizi zo kwamamaza gusabana gusaba imbabazi zabaye zitandukanye n'ubukwe ndetse no mubirimo. Nyuma, izi nyandiko zandikishijwe intoki zinjiye mu nama y'ibitekerezo byitwa "batekerezaga ku idini n'andi masomo", aho umwanditsi yatekereje ku byaha by'umwimerere kandi agaragaza kuranga Yesu Kristo.
Na Pascal yerekanye impaka zo kwerekana gushyira mu gaciro zo kwizera kw'idini, umenyereye ibisekuruza biriho paruwasi ya Paskal. Intangiriro yo gutekereza ni uko itizeye Imana, ni akaga kubaho, kuko kubijyanye no kubaho k'umuhakanamana, igorofa y'iteka, ". Ariko igiciro cya "Witnings" ni gito, kuko niba ibihangano by'amadini bivumburwa, ntabwo rero bitanga chalmere.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Imiterere ya Pascal igomba gucirwa urubanza nigitekerezo cye cya filozofiya, kandi urukundo rwonyine mubuzima bwe ni siyanse. Pascal yakurikizaga imibereho yo kwibabaza, kugirango hashobora kubaho ijambo ryerekeye urubyaro rwumuhanga ukomeye. Bizwi kandi ko Blaze yari afite intege nke: Nk'uko umugani, nanone, kuba umuhungu w'imyaka itatu, yavumwe n'umugore wasabye imfashanyo.
Etienne yizeraga ubupfumu, bityo, akeka ku kibi, yabonye umurozi kandi ategeka gukiza umuhungu umuvumo. Ibyangiritse byimuwe ku njangwe y'umukara, ariko Pascal yahuye n'indwara z'umubiri mu buzima bwe bwose. Kurugero, umunsi umwe nyuma yo kurya, umuhanga mu bya filozofiya yatangiye umutima washyizwe ahagaragara, hafi kuzana imibare kuri leta yacitse intege.
Pascal yizeraga ko icyateye indwara z'umutima ari ubusa. Ariko, ukurikije inyandiko zabitswe nandikishijwe intoki, Pascal yagize urutonde rw'indwara - kuva mu bwonko bwa kanseri kubibazo n'umugongo. Abayo mugihe Pascal yari nkumusaza wari wigeze agira ubuzima mfite imyaka 37, ahubwo yangiriye nabi, nubwo babujijwe ko abaganga, bakomeje kwishora mubikorwa bya siyansi no kwandika. Umumiyaniya yasobanukiwe ko yari mu buringanire bw'urupfu, ariko ntiyigeze agira ubwoba mbere y'urupfu rwe.
Urupfu
Buri mwaka, ubuzima bwa Pascal bwatangiye kwangirika, kandi Frikery ntiyashoboraga gukiza umuhanga ku ndwara zose, kandi yavumbuye kandi inkombe.
Hamagara ku ya 19 Kanama 1662, ku mwaka wa mirongo ine. Kwibuka umuhanga, yakubise isi ibyo yagezeho n'amagambo, yatiriwe Crater ku kwezi, kaminuza mu Bufaransa no mu rurimi rwa pascal.
Ubuvumbuzi
- 1634-1635 - "Varistation kumajwi"
- 1640 - "Uburambe bw'Igitekerezo cy'Imirimo
- 1642 - Kuvuga Imashini ya Pascal
- 1647 - "Ubushakashatsi bushya bujyanye n'ubusa"
- 1653 - "Inyandiko kuri mpandeshatu ya ArithMeti"
- 1653 - "Ibisobanuro ku mazi aringaniye"
- 1854 - "Urwibutso"
- 1657-1658 - "Ibitekerezo"
Amagambo
- "Ku mico myiza y'umuntu, ntabwo ari ngombwa gucira urubanza imbaraga ze, ahubwo ni ubuzima bwe bwa buri munsi"
- "Muri njye, atari mu Byanditswe bya Montiton, bikubiyemo ibyo nasomye muri bo"
- Ati: "Umuntu ntagomba kwiha ku nyamaswa, cyangwa abamarayika, ntagomba kandi kuguma mubutaka bubiri muri kamere ye. Mumenyeshe icyo mubyukuri "
- "Kuzana APPertition ni ugutesha agaciro"
- "Ahari ikintu kidasobanutse kubera ko umuntu nk'uwo afite uburenganzira bwo kunyica, kuko aba ku rundi ruhande rw'uruzi cyangwa ku nyanja, kandi kubera ko ubutegetsi bwe ari bwo gutongana nanje, nubwo ntatongana we "