Ubuzima
Gregory Zinoviev - Umunyapolitiki ukomeye mu Busoviyeti, impinduramatwara n'Umuryango wa Bolshevik. Uyu muntu yinjiye mu nkuru atari umuyobozi wa mbere n'umuyobozi w'ingengabitekerezo y'ubukomunisiti mpuzamahanga, ariko kandi nk'umuhanga muke wa Joseph, uwo bahanganye n'umuntu ku giti cye yafataga paruwasi guha imbaraga umutware w'icyuma.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Ubuzima bwa Imvura ya Nyirubumo rw'ejo hazaza yatangijwe mu mujyi wa Elisavettgrad (ubu ni Ukraine Kropyvnytsky). Grigory Zinoviev yavutse ku ya 11 Nzeri 1883. Izina ryahawe umuhungu kuva akivuka - Evsei-Herch. Padiri Zinoviev, Aaron Radompslsssky, yari afite umurima we w'amatama.
Ku izina ry'ukuri, EvSey atoroovich yashubije gusa mubana n'ubwangavu, noneho ishyaka ry'ikirori rya Grigoriev, Shatsky, Zinoviev, yakoresheje. Aba nyuma bagumye hamwe na umunyapolitiki ubuziraherezo.
Grigoviev yakiriye amashuri meza yo mu rugo, nk'uko byari bisanzwe muri iyo myaka mu baturage bafite umutekano. Mu busore bwe, umusore yashishikajwe na filozofiya, politiki, amateka ku isi, kandi yamaze kumvikana ku bwumvikane bwa politiki mu buzima, kandi atari ku mpapuro z'ibitabo, yinjira mu mutwe wa demokarasi.
Impinduramatwara
Birashimishije cyane ko mu 1901, tukiri muto cyane, Zinoviev yerekejwe n'ibitero byinshi n'imyigaragambyo i Novororosia. Gutoteza abapolisi byatumye Gregory Zinoviev igihe gito areka igihugu. Mu 1902, kwimukira kwa Berlin, hanyuma bimukira i Paris na, amaherezo bihagarara muri Bern yo mu Busuwisi. Hano bazimavie ihuye na Vladimir lenin. Iyi nama yabaye inyangamugayo: imyaka myinshi, Grigori Zinoviev izaba imwe mu yometse ku muyobozi, avoka n'umuhagarariye wemewe.
Mu 1903, Grigori Zinoviev yinjiye mu birori bya Bolshevik, ashyigikira Lenin. Nyuma y'ibyo, impinduramatwara yasubiye mu gihugu cye kugira ngo iyobore imirimo yo kwiyamamaza mu cyiciro cyakazi. Umwaka umwe, Zinoviev yongeye kuva mu gihugu, iki gihe kubera uko ubuzima bw'ubuzima.
Gasubiraho gusubira mu kimuna cyabaye mu 1905. Zinoviev yahise atorwa umwe mu bagize komite y'umujyi wa RSDLP i St. Petersburg, na we yitabiriye imyiteguro no gukora impinduramatwara ya 1905. Urugamba rwo gutekereza kwa Bolshevik rwamaze umwaka urenga. Mu 1908, Gregory Zinoviev yajyanywe mu buroko, ariko nyuma y'amezi make yamaze amezi aduha impinduramatwara yarekuwe ku bwisanzure kubera ubuzima bukabije.
Uku kwibohora kwemerera Gregory Zinoviev kuva mu gihugu: hamwe na Vladimir Lenin Zinoviev yagiye muri Otirishiya. Abimukira ku gahato bamaze kugeza mu 1917 - muri Mata Gregry zinoviev na Vladimir Lenin benshi bafite ibitekerezo byinshi bahuje ibitekerezo byongeye kuba mu gare za gari ya moshi.
Urugamba rwo guhama imbaraga zaka muri swing yuzuye. Ubutegetsi bwigihe gito bwagerageje vuba cyane gukomeza kuba hejuru, ariko kutumvikana byatangiye mubidukikije bya Bolshevik. Mu nama itaha ya komite ngabo, Grigori Zinoviev na Lewigonev barwanyije igihano cyo guhatira ubutegetsi bw'agateganyo, bwatumye Vladimir Lenin yitaye.
Kuri iki gikorwa, umuyobozi w'impinduramatwara yafatwaga nk'abahembwa n'ibitekerezo byiza ndetse anazamura ikibazo cyo gukumira Zinoviev na Kamenev baturutse mu bigize ibirori. Ntabwo yaje mu bikorwa by'ubusambanyi, ariko "abatavuga rumwe n'ubutegetsi" bombi babujijwe Komite Nkuru.
Impinduramatwara Hagati aho yagendaga azunguruka - Bolsheviks yashoboye gufata imbaraga mu murwa mukuru w'amajyaruguru. N'ubwo abanyarugomo basa nkaho bafite impinduramatwara, habaye gutandukana cyane n'ubuyobozi bwa Bolshevik: Komite z'abakozi zasabye ko hashyirwaho umubiri umwe w'abasosiyalisiti, utaba muri Vladimir Lenin na Leo Trotsky.
Amarangamutima nkaya yihutiye gukoresha Gregory Zinoviev, Lewi Kamenev, kimwe n'ababashyigikiye Viktor nogigi na Alexey Rykov. Iri tsinda ryashyigikiye ibisabwa byagaragajwe, zivuga igitekerezo cye ko ari ngombwa kuzuzanya ubumwe bw'abashyigikiye abasosiyalisiti batsinze impinduramatwara. Mu mizo ya mbere, byasaga naho abashyigikiye Zinovyev bumvira, ariko Lenin na Trotsky bahise babona kurenga uruhande rwe.
Bukeye, Zinoviev n'abashyigikiye igitekerezo cye ku buryo bugaragaje komite Nkuru, bandika ibyatangajwe. Mu gusubiza, Vladimir Lenin yise abahoze ari abahamiye ibitekerezo byiza nabatoroka.
Byasaga naho umwuga wa politiki wa Banoviev warangiye. Icyakora, impinduramatwara itagira ibyago babuze abayobozi babishoboye kandi bafite uburambe, kandi Zinoviev asubira muri politiki. Kugeza mu mpeshyi yo mu 1918, yayobowe n'inama ya Petrograpp, yahise afata imyanya ya Perezida w'Inama Njyanama ya Peterograweli, umuyobozi w'ubumwe bw'akarere k'akarere k'amajyaruguru, umuyobozi w'ubumwe bw'akarere, umuyobozi w'inzego ya komite nkuru yintangarugero ya petrograpp.
Imirwano ya Zinoviev hamwe na Lenin yakomeje: Grigory Zinoviev ntabwo yashyigikiye igitekerezo cy'umuyobozi gutangira "iterabwoba ritukura" nyuma y'ubwicanyi bwa Mose Uriya na V. Vedonari. Byongeye kandi, Zinoviev yavugaga ku gitekerezo cya Vladimir ilich gusubika umurwa mukuru w'igihugu i Moscou.
Muri icyo gihe, nk'uko ubuhamya bwa Pitima Sorokina, umuhanga mu by'imibereho y'ibyabaye, amaherezo y'ibyabaye, aba umuteguro wa Vladimir, abaye umuteguro ukomeye, aba umuteguro ukomeye mu muteguro w'ibintu biteye ubwoba by "iterabwoba ritukura ". Dukurikije amabwiriza ya zinoviev, abanyabwenge n'abanyacyubahiro bararashwe, icyo gihe icyo gihe cyafatwaga nk '"icyiciro cy'abadepite".
Kuva mu 1921 kugeza 1926, Gregory Zinoviev yari mu bagize abanyamuryango ba Politiki. Umunyapolitiki yahoraga akorana raporo na disikuru ndetse atangira no gukora ku bikorwa byakusanyirijwe. Mu 1922, Zinoviev yari uwambere gutangazaga akandida wa Joseph ku mwanya w'umunyamabanga mukuru, afite intego yo guhinduranya leo trotsky.
Ariko, mu 1925, Grigomery Zinoviev yerekanye ko atishimiye ibikorwa bya Stalin, harimo mu ngingo "filozofiya ya Epoch", yacapishijwe muri "Pravda". Igisubizo ni cyo cyakuyeho Zinovie kuva mubikorwa bya politiki, hanyuma usibye mubirori.
Opal ya politiki ntabwo yagombaga kuri Gregoryviev ku myifatire: Icumico ry'impinduramatwara mu bikorwa bye no mu 1928 yageze ku gukira mu mpaka. Zinoviev, Zinoviev yigishije muri kaminuza ya Kazan, afata umwanya w'Ubuyobozi, asohora ingingo kandi yumva afite umutekano.
Ariko, imashini iteye ubwoba, yatangije amfasha, iramubona. Mu 1932, Grigomery Zinoviev yarafashwe akatirwa imyaka ine yerekanwe. Umwaka umwe, igihano cyahagaritswe. Byasaga naho umuyaga wabaye mu ishyaka, ariko mu 1934 Zinoviev ategereza ko yatawe muri yombi n'igituba gikomeye.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Gucira urubanza ku ifoto yarinzwe, Gregory Zinoviev ntabwo yari umuntu mwiza, ariko nashakaga kuvuga umuntu udahuje. Umugore wa mbere wa Grigoryoviev yabaye Sarah Ravich, i Bolshevik kuzenguruka, Olga yatanzwe. Umugore yashyigikiye uwo bashakanye mu bikorwa by'impinduramatwara ndetse no mu gihe runaka kokomiseri w'imbere mu karere ka majyaruguru.
Umubano mubukwe bwa mbere wagiye kuri oya, kandi gutekerezwa kwa Zinoviev. Iki gihe Politiki yari politiki ya Lilina, izwi ku kirori pseudonym zina levin.
Levin yasangiye kandi ibitekerezo byasonzacyaha byatejwe imbere, kuba umukozi w'ikinyamakuru "inyenyeri" n '"ukuri". Mubukwe bwa kabiri, Grigory Zinoviev yavutse umuhungu Stefan. Umusore yabayeho ubuzima bugufi - afite imyaka 29, Stephen yararashwe.
Mugenzi wa gatatu Grigory Zinoviev yabaye Evgenia Lasman. Iherezo ry'umugore naryo rirahagaze: Eugene YakovlevNna yataye muri yombi maze amara imyaka 20 muri gereza.
Urupfu
Ku ya 16 Ukuboza 1934 Gregory Zinolary yafashwe. Ingoma yakuwe mu nzego z'Ishyaka maze ikatirwa igifungo cy'imyaka icumi. Amabaruwa ya Zinoviev yari yarabitswe, yandikiwe Joseph Calin, aho grigory zinoviev yasabye imbabazi kandi yijeje ko bwihannye.
Nyuma yimyaka ibiri, mu 1936, Zinoviev yakatiwe igihano kinini. 26 Kanama muri uwo mwaka w'uwahoze ari politiki. Ababyiboneye ibyabaye nyuma bazandika ko ubushake bw'ibibazo by'Uwiteka buyobowe na revolution ku mpinduramatwara mu minota ishize: Yakatiwe Guhagarika Icwa kandi ntirwashobora no gutera intambwe n'intambwe.
Iyicwa ryitabiriwe n'umuyobozi wa NKVD Henry Beroda, ndetse n'abakozi b'ishami rimwe Nikolai Ezhov na Karl Puker. Iyi mibare uko ari itatu yo kwicyuma cyarangiye ikinyejana kimwe na gregoryv: bararashwe nyuma yimyaka itari mike.
Izina rya Gregoryv ryasubiwemo ku ya 13 Nyakanga 1988 nkurikije icyemezo cy'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti.
Film
- 1927 - "Ukwakira"
- 1951 - "Ntibazibagirana 1919"
- 1983 - "Inzogera zitukura"
- 1992 - "Stalin"
- 2004 - "Abana ba Arbat"
- 2013 - "Stalin Natwe"
- 2017 - "Gusarura Bisharira"
- 2017 - "Impinduramatwara y'abadayimoni"
Bibliografiya
- 1918 - "Otirishiya n'intambara y'isi yose"
- 1920 - "Intambara n'ikibazo cy'ubusosiyalisiti"
- 1925 - "Bolshevisation-Gutunganya"
- 1925 - "Amateka ya Revolution ya mbere y'Uburusiya"
- 1925 - "Leninism"
- 1926 - "INTAMBARA, Impinduramatwara no kwinjiza"