Ubuzima
Izina rya Sakharov risanzwe rimenyereye abantu bose, tutitaye ku gikorwa. Haciye ahantu hanini cyane kandi hashyizwe mu bikorwa inyungu za siyansi zidashobora kuvumburwa gusa, ariko kandi imibereho myiza ya Andrei Dmitievich.
Ahanini sakharov izi nkuwahimbye igisasu hydrogen. Ariko kubyerekeye kugira uruhare muri politiki yerekeye gutotezwa kw'abaturage (ibyo bita "Lysenkovsky") mu gisekuru cya komite ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu, abantu bake barumvise, ndetse nibyo yabaye nyiri nobel Igihembo cy'umusanzu we mu mahoro yo gushimangira isi.
Ahari nk'umwanya ukomeye wa leta, kimwe n'inyungu nyinshi zatumye ibintu byiza cyane ndetse no guhunga kwa siyansi. Nubwo we ubwe yakundaga gushimangira akamaro k'uwo mwashakanye ko yamuteye ibihimbano.
Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich yavukiye muri Moscou ku ya 21 Gicurasi 1921. Sogokuru y'umurongo wa se Ivan Nikolaevich Sakharov yakuriye mu muryango wa padiri, maze aba avoka. Se wa sogokuru yakomeje se wubumenyi buzaza Dmitry Ivanovich. Yagize uruhare mu myigaragambyo ya politiki, aho yari iri ku rutonde rw'abanyeshuri gukurwa muri kaminuza ya Moscou.
Iyo Dmitry IVanovich yatetse, yashakanye na Ekaterina Alekseevna. Yabonye umwarimu wa fiziki ubanza kuri siporo ya Moscou, hanyuma yerekeza muri kaminuza y'Abakomunisiti, bategura amakadiri ku buyobozi bw'ishyaka. Uwo mwashakanye, Ekaterina Alekseevna (muri Maulic Sofiyano), ukomoka mu muryango w'ikigereki bakomoka mu kigereki.
Andrei Dmimievich yibukije ko nyirakuru yibukije ko nyirakuru kuri se wa se Maria Petrovna yabaye umutima w'umuryango n'umuzamu w'ibanze. Se yari ashishikajwe na siyanse, idashobora gutsinda Andrei na murumuna we, kandi mu gihe cye cy'ubusa bwari musiitis. Umuryango wabaga mu nzu rusange hamwe na bene wabo ba hafi kandi ndende.
Ubwa mbere, umuhungu yakiriye amashuri yo murugo, gusa mu cyiciro cya 7 yagiye ku ishuri. Nubwo Andrei afunzwe no kudashaka kuvugana na bagenzi be, abaterankunga bamutumiye ku mibare, ishuri rya mbere, hanyuma rikora muri kaminuza ya Moscou.
Nubwo umusore yatsinze imibare, yakemuye icyo gikorwa neza, ariko ahita, kugira ibisobanuro bisobanutse. Kuberako mucyiciro cya 10 Andrei yavuye mumibare afata ibya fiziki. Ibisobanuro by'abaturage ba Sakharov byamenyekanye kubera kwibuka kw'agasomo Akiva Moiseevich Yagloma, wiganye na Andrei Dmitievich.
Urebye inyungu z'umusore, kimwe na fagitire ya fiziki ya se, Andrei yinjiye muri kaminuza ya Leta ya Moscou mu Ishami rya Fiziki. Muri icyo gihe, intambara yatangiye, bityo abanyeshuri bimurwa kugira ngo bamurikire Ashgabat. Mu gice cya kabiri nyuma yo kurangiza muri kaminuza y'umusore wa Sakharov, yakoraga mu mujyi muto mu karere ka Vladimir ku kugabana, hanyuma ishyamba risarurwa n'umudugudu wa melekess (akarere ka Dimitrovgrad, muri Ultanovsk,.
Bigaragara na Andrey muri kiriya gihe (ubuzima bukomeye bwabantu byoroshye) basize ikimenyetso cyimbitse mubugingo bwa sakharov. Gukora ku kazi gakomeye, umusore yashakaga rwose kuba ingirakamaro kandi abone ipatanti yo kugenzura inkuru y'ibishishwa bitontoma byahimbwe.
Physics
Ku mugoroba wo mu 1945, Andrei Sakharov yahisemo guhuza ubuzima bwe na siyanse maze yinjira mu ishuri ryangiza ikigo nderamo. Igor Evgenievich Tamm yabaye umuyobozi wumuhanga ukiri muto. Nyuma yimyaka itatu, Sakharov yarwanije ibyavuzwe ku nsanganyamatsiko igira iti "ku nyigisho y'ubwoko 0 → 0 Inzibacyuho."
Hanyuma Andrei ku kurengera umugenzuzi w'ikigo cya Moscou, aho umuhanga mu bya siyansi yakwegeranye mu bumenyi bw'ubumenyi bujyanye n'icyizere cyo gushyiraho intwaro za Tremmonneuclear. Urebye imiterere y'intambara y'ubutita hamwe no gusiganwa ku maboko hamwe na Amerika, umurimo wa Sakharov uhagarariye rwose inyungu nini kandi zifatika.
Mu 1950, abasinga hamwe n'umuyobozi Tamm yateje imbere igitekerezo cya Magnetic The Magnetic Reacttor, yahishuye umwihariko wa synthesis. Ubu buvumbuzi bwafashije Andrei kwandika ibyangombwa bya dogiteri mugihe hakiri kare - Umuhanga yari afite imyaka 32. Muri icyo gihe, Sakharov yamenyekanye nk'intwari y'umurimo w'ubusosiyalisiti.
Iterambere rya Andrei Dmitmievich ryemereye Umuryango w'Abasoviyeti udaha abanyamerika mu gukora intwaro za kirimbuzi. Nubwo mu bishushanyo bya Sakharov, iterambere ryayo ryagombye kuba ryaragize intego z'amahoro zamahoro - Umuhanga yibwiraga ko yakoresheje ibishoboka byose kuri synthesis ya kirimbuzi kugira ngo ifumbe rya lisansi yo guturana kwa kirimbuzi.
Hanyuma, Sakharov yari amaze kwimurirwa muri laboratoire yihariye, aho abahanga benshi b'indashyikirwa bakoraga baremye intwaro ziremereye zo kuringaniza ububasha bw'abayobozi b'isi yose. Andrei Dmitrievich igihe kinini yizera ko gikorera inyungu z'isi.
Mu 1952, Amerika yakoraga ibizamini bya mbere by'intwaro za tenmoni ku kirwa giherereye muri pasifika. Mu gusubiza, muri usts yakomeje ku ya 12 Kanama 1953, mu ya 12 Kanama 1953, mu ku ya 12 Kanama 1953, mu rwego rw'ubwo buryo bw'Igice cya Semipalatike. Ubu umujyi w'imiryango, akarere ka Kazakisitani igezweho). Ibizamini biyobowe n'Abanyamerika byari ubushakashatsi bw'intwaro gusa, bakoze ishami rishingiye ku nzego za Syntonaclear, maze Leta Zunze ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti, naho Leta Zunze ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti, yatinze umwaka, yateje igisasu cyatunganijwe cyuzuye.
Ibisasu bya mbere hydrogène byakorewe muri USSR hamwe na RDS-6C yavuye mu bushakashatsi burambuye bwa Andrei Sakharov, ariko yari afite ibibi byinshi byingenzi byasabye ubundi bushakashatsi no kunonosorwa. Igitabo gikurikira cyerekana na Andrei Dmitmievich ntibyari bitwa mu buryo budasanzwe Sakhara, kubera ko igishushanyo cy'ibisasu cyari ikintu cyateganijwe kigizwe n'ibintu bya Atomic, bizenguruke ku bice biremereye.
Gukora ku Gushiraho igisasu cya Thermoniclear, Sakharov icyarimwe yasomye inzira y'ibiganiro kuri fiziki ya kirimbuzi ku kigo cya Moscou ingufu. Kugira ngo iyubakwa ry'ibisasu rya hydrogen ryateye imbere na we mu 1953, izina ry'umunyeshuri ryatanzwe. Ntabwo Uruhare rwanyuma muri ibi twakinnye numuganga uzwi Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov.
Nubwo hari urwego runaka rwibibazo, aho Andrei Dmitievich yabayeho kandi akora, yitegereza ibyagezweho bya siyansi mubindi bice bya siyansi. Sakharov rero yari mu bahanga basinyiye ibaruwa yoherejwe muri Biro ya Politiki ya Komite Nkuru y'Ishyaka rya gikomunisiti rya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasosiyani.
Urwandiko rwagaragaje impungenge z'ubwenge bwiza bw'igihugu binyuze mu iterambere rya biologiya muri USSR, aribyo genetiki. Ingaruka z'urwandiko ni ugukuraho Trofim, Lizovich Lysoma ukomoka muri siyansi. Urebye ko imirimo ya Olseko ari yo nyirabayazana w'ibyatsi bya USSR kuva mu bumenyi bw'isi, umusanzu wa Sakharov n'abandi bahanga mu iterambere rya genetika biragoye kurenga.
Ku rubanda n'abanyapolitiki ba valentine Mikhaich Himanze mubyo yibuka bavuga ko isukari yamaze gutangira ibisasu h'ibisambanyi hydrogrogen mu buryo butunguranye, abaturage b'isi n'ibidukikije.
Muri Kanama 1963, isomo rya Sakharov, ku nshuro ya mbere mu mibereho ye, yafunguye ku buryo bw'iterambere no gupima intwaro za kirimbuzi, itangira gusinya amasezerano ya kirimbuzi. Umwanya nkuwo wanduye wumuhanga nicyo cyateye amakimbirane ye nabayobozi. Mu myaka ya za 1960, umunyeshuri ushishikajwe na KGB, Sakharov ubwe yinjiye mu nzego z'abayobozi b'abayobozi b'umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu wa SESTR kandi babona icyubahiro cy'uwatarenze.
Mu 1966, Andrei Dmitrievich ku bufatanye n'abahanga mu bahanga 24 n'umuco n'abahanzi banditse amabaruwa yerekeye italinsi ya Joseph Vissariovich. Umuhanga mu majyambere ya Sakharov, nyuma yo gutangaza muri Amerika, ibitekerezo bya Sakharov "mu bitekerezo bya Sakharov" bigamije iterambere ry'amahoro n'ubusanzuye mu mahoro n'ubushakashatsi mu bushakashatsi mu bushakashatsi. Muri icyo gihe, hashingiwe ku myumvire rusange ya socio-politiki, Sakharov yahuye na Alexandendese Isaevich Solizhenitsyn.
Gukomeza kuyobora ibikorwa by'imibereho n'ibya politiki aho kuba siyanse, mu 1970, umunyamakuru yatangije gushinga komite ya Moscou uburenganzira bwa muntu. Muri icyo gihe, abo bakorana na Andrei Dmitievich ku ishuri ry'ubumenyi bw'Ubumenyi bw'Ubumenyi bwa Ussr bamaganye ibitekerezo bya Sakharov mu bitabo mu binyamakuru.
Gusa umuganga wubumenyi bwumubiri nu mibare Igor Rostislavovich Shafarevich yanditse ibaruwa ifunguye yerekeye abahohotewe, aho Sakharov ashyigikiwe nkumuhanga ufite agaciro. Hagati aho, umuhanga mu by'ishuri yakomeje kubaho ibikorwa bya politiki bikora ndetse no kwandikira igitabo "hafi y'igihugu n'isi", igihembo cyamahoro yitiriwe Nobel nyuma cyakiriwe.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Amahirwe yo kuyobora ibikorwa bya siyansi, Sakharov yibanze ku nzira za politiki ku barenganijwe, kuri imwe yamenyereye Elena Gerianievna Bonnere, aho yaje gushaka. Yabaye umugore wa kabiri wumuhanga uzwi cyane. Elena Georgievna, igice cy'Abayahudi, kimwe cya kabiri cy'Abanyarumeniya ku nkomoko, yatandukanijwe n'ibitekerezo byigometse. Reba nawe Andrei Dmitmitrievich Elena Geristievna yashoboye kuba mu bashakanye na Ivan Vasilyevich Segonov, aho abana babiri babyaye. Umuhungu n'umukobwa bonnere baba muri Amerika.
Umugore wa mbere wumunyeshuri ni Claudia Alekseevna Vichireva, mubukwe Andrei DUTREI DUTREI DINTIeevich yavutse ari abana batatu. Claudia Alekseevna yapfuye umwaka umwe mu nama ya Sakharov hamwe na Elena Bonnere. Yarongeye gushyingiranwa, abashakashatsi basize abana bato mu ishyingiranwa rya mbere bita ku bakuru, kandi yashakaga politiki ye.
Umuhungu kavukire wumukinnyi wo mu masomo yo mu masomo mu mutima we icyaha cya Se cyarahemutse. Mu kiganiro, Dmitry yabwiye ko nyuma yo gushyingirwa kuri Elena Andrei Sakharov yibagiwe abana be kavukire, naho umuhungu wa Monareri avuye mu bukwe bwa mbere yiyita umuragwa no gusinzira mu myitozo ikomeye.
Andrei Dmitmievich yibanda ku muryango mushya, guta abana mu ishyingiranwa rya mbere yigenga gukemura ibibazo bye. Dmitry yibukije ko no mu bihe bigoye bitari hafi. Ifoto y'abana na se nibyo byose dugumye na bashiki be bibuka kavukire kandi nkabo muri kure icyarimwe.
Mu 1980, Andrei Dmimievich, hamwe na Elena Georgievna bafunzwe kandi boherejwe ku buriho. Ahantu ho gukorera igihano ni umujyi wa Gorky (Nizhny Novgorod). Uwahoze ari abo mukorana mu ishuri ry'ubumenyi bwa siyansi yanenze ku mugaragaro Sakharov kugira ngo akomeze ubujurire bwe ku murongo w'Amerika hasabwe kohereza intwaro z'Abasoviye.
Mu 1986, icyarimwe hamwe no gutangira igihe cyo kuvugurura, Sakharov yo mu masomo yasubiwemo asubira i Moscou. Bimaze kugaruka, Andrei Dmimtievich yongeye gufata siyanse, nubwo atavumbuye cyane, kandi afata ingendo nyinshi mu mahanga, aho yahuye n'abayobozi b'Abanyamerika n'abanyamerika.
Urupfu rwa Andrei Sakharov
Mbere y'urupfu rwa Sakharov, yateguye imyigaragambyo ikomeye ya politiki, ashimangira ko iki ari igikorwa kibanziriza iki. Iki gikorwa cyabaye impamvu yo gusuzuma urupfu rwa Andrei Dmitrievich urugomo, ni ukuvuga ubwicanyi ku mpamvu za politiki.
Dukurikije verisiyo ya kabiri, umuhungu wa siyansi ashyigikiwe, urupfu rwa Sakharov rwihutishije umugore we wa kabiri Elena Bonnere. Elena Georgievna inshuro zirenze imwe yashishikarije umugabo we gutangaza igitero cy'inzara, azi ibibazo bye n'umutima, imyaka kandi ni gute gutekereza ku buzima bw'ibiryo bya Sakharov.
Mu ntego za Bonnere akenshi zivugwa mu cyifuzo cyo gufasha abana babo mu ishyingiranwa rya mbere baba muri Amerika, ndetse no gukuraho imyanya ya politiki ikomeye, kandi imbere yabaturage bahinduka igitambo cya Ubutegetsi bukaze bwa USSR.
Mu gihe cy'itumba cyo mu 1989, Andrei Dmimievich Yumvaga, kandi ku ya 14 Ukuboza, yarapfuye. Bitewe n'urupfu rwemewe no guhagarika umutima. Kwibuka umusanzu wa Sakharov kuri siyanse, izina ryabanyeshuri ryita ku nkombe, kimwe no gufungura no gukora inzu ndangamurage zitiriwe Sakharov.
Umuhungu kavukire wa Sakharov - Dmitry - Yapfiriye i Moscou muri 2021. Impamvu y'urupfu rwe ni ibibazo byumutima.
Ibihembo n'ibikorwa
- Igihembo cyamahoro cya Nobel (1975)
- Intwari yumurimo wasogisi
- Gahunda ya lenin
- Umudari Yubulere "Kubikorwa Intwari"
- Umudari "ku mirimo ikomeye mu ntambara ikomeye yo gukunda igihugu cya 1941-1945"
- Umudari "Umuganda rusange"
- Umudari Yubahili "Imyaka mirongo itatu yo gutsinda Mu Ntambara ikomeye yo Gukunda Pathiotic yo muri 1941-1945"
- Umudari Yubahili "imyaka mirongo ine yo gutsinda mu ntambara ikomeye yo gukunda igihugu cya 1941-1945"
- Umudari "Ku Iterambere ry'ibihugu by'isugi"
- Umudari "Mu rwego rwo kwibuka isabukuru yimyaka 800 ya Moscou"
- Gahunda ya cross vitis
- Igihembo cya Leninsky
- Igihembo cya Stalinsky