Ubuzima
Ikidage cyahimbye Richard Wagner numuco udasobanutse. Ku ruhande rumwe, ibitekerezo bye bya politiki bivuguruza amahame y'ubujurire (kandi aracyavugwa buhoro). Guhangana kwe (ntabwo ari umuziki gusa, ahubwo no mu ngingo za filozofiya) yahumetswe n'ingengabitekerezo y'abashakashatsi ba Fashiste Ubudage, bwahindutse ubwanwa mu kimenyetso cy'igihugu. Ku rundi ruhande, uruhare rw'uwahimbye mu iterambere ry'umuziki ni anshiosiose.
Yahinduye amahame ya opera art yinjira muri opera binyuze mubikorwa bitangaje nibitutsi bitagira iherezo. Umurage we utera abahimbyi ba kijyambere, ukomeje kubaho mumiziki yigitare, icyuma kiremereye.
Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Wilhelm Richard Wagner yavutse ku ya 22 Gicurasi 1813 i Leipzig - umujyi, icyo gihe yari iy'amashyirahamwe ya Rhine. Nyina wa Johanna Rosina yakoze abana icyenda. Padiri Carl Friedrich Wagner, umupolisi, yapfuye azize Tifa ku ya 23 Ugushyingo 1813. Duhereye kuri iyi ngingo, impaka z'aba bioperi zihimbye zitangira: Bamwe muri bo bemera ko se wa Richard yari umubyeyi we, Ludwig Geyer.
Yashakanye n'umukinnyi Geyer umupfakazi munini yaje amezi atatu nyuma y'urupfu rw'uwo mwashakanye. Ba uko bishoboka, uyu mugabo ufite impano yagize uruhare mu guhitamo intambwe yumwuga. Mushikiwabo wa kabiri munini, Johanna Rosalia yakinnye uruhare rwa kabiri runini mu bihe bya murumuna. Umukinnyi uzwi cyane yashyigikira Richard agamije kuba umucuranzi.
Agera kuri 13, Richard yize ku ishuri rya Saint Thoma - ishuri rya kera ry'ubutabazi bw'umujyi. Afite imyaka 15, umusore yatahuye ko ubumenyi bwe butari buhagije bwo kwandika umuziki (kandi intego yari imaze kuvuga), no kuva mu 1828 yatangiye kwiga umuserebanya w'umuziki wo muri Theodore Weinlinga, umuhanga w'itorero rya St. Thoma. Mu 1831, yakomeje amasomo ye muri kaminuza ya Leipzig.
Umuziki
Nkibyamamare byinshi, wagneru akenshi byerekana imirimo yabandi. Kurugero, hamwe nizina rye murusobe, "Requiem yinzozi". Mubyukuri, amajwi kuri polimmous film darren aronoyszy yanditse clint mansell mu 2000. N'ubwo bishoboka ko Mansell yahumetswe n'inzira za Wagner "mu nzira muri Valchalla" kuva muri Opera "urupfu rw'imana"
Hamwe nizina ryamagana na Sinister "URUPFU". Nk'uko umugani, mu gihe cyo gusenya Abayahudi mu nkambi ya Fashist, umuziki wa Wagner wumvikanye. Mubyukuri, ntabwo byagaragaye ko orchestre yinkambi yakinnye. Ariko ntibishoboka ko byari bihimbye. Wagner yakoraga afite urugero kandi imikorere yimirimo ye ikenera orchestre nini ya Symphony.
Mu kinyejana cya XIX, umuziki wa Wagner wahindukiyega cyane, kugira ngo umusaruro wa "impeta ya Nibeluat", yubatswe inzu ya Nibeluat ". Ingaruka za Acoustic yo mucyumba cya SOATER NYUMA YITONDE. Kurugero, urwobo rwa orchestrar rwatwikiriwega na Visor kugirango umuziki utavuza amajwi yabaririmbyi.
Wagner yanditse 5 operas 13, 8 muribo yari umucuramu, ndetse n'imirimo myinshi minini yo mu muziki, harimo imitekerereze minini minini, harimo Libretto mu bikorwa, ndetse n'ibikoresho 16 by'ingingo, inzandiko. Opera ya Wagner itandukanijwe na ndende, pathos na epic.
Retra "Opera", "Gukuraho Urukundo", "ni mu bihe byambere bihangana. Akazi ka mbere ukuze ni "Umudage ugurumana" - inkuru yo muri Epic ivuga ku bwato bw'umuzimu. Tangayizer avuga amateka ababaje y'urukundo rwa Menestrel nimana ya gipagani. "Loengrin" - Opera yerekeye knight-swan n'umukobwa udashyira mu gaciro. Hano, mwijwi yuzuye atangaza ubuhanga.
Tristan na Isolde - Ufite amateka mugihe cyumubare. Duet yumuntu wintwari zimara iminota 40, monologue ya tristan yakomeretse mugikorwa cya gatatu - iminota 45. Gukora ibihimbano bya Wagner byabaririmbyi ba Opera, byari ngombwa kongera kwitoza. Ishuri rishya rero ryavutse.
Inkuru yimpeta ya World Wagner yahimbwe imyaka ijana mbere ya J.R. Tolkien. "Zahabu Rhine" ifungura "impeta nibelung". Urwo ruziga rwa kabiri, "Valkyrie", rurimo "ikarita y'ubucuruzi" wagner - indege "ya rutare". "Siegfried" ni opera nziza cyane muri cycle: Intwari yica ikiyoka kandi igafata urukundo.
Ibintu byose birarangiza "urupfu rwimana", rugizwe na leitmotifs of the operation zabanjirije iyi, ikubiyemo urugendo ruzwi "icyunamo kugeza gupfa kwa Siegfried, nyuma yakozwe mu gihe cyo gushyingura.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Nubwo Richard yari make mu mikurire (cm 166) n'ibibi, byinshi mu buzima bwaho bwari bukennye, ntabwo yari afite imitwe cyangwa imitwe - yahoraga akunda abagore. Urukundo rutandukanye rw'urukundo n'abakinnyi n'abafana ntibazwiho, ariko abagore batatu banditsweho iteka ryose mu mihanga.
Umukino wa Minna, mugore wa mbere. Inyuma yuwuyobora wimyaka makumyabiri yumuhanzi mwiza yambitswe ikamba ryabashakanye mu Gushyingo 1836. Umugore ukiri muto yari afite imyaka ine, yagize uburambe mubikorwa bya buri munsi kandi arushaho pragmatic. Umuryango wavuye i Königsberg kugera Riga, uhereye aho kugera it St. Petersburg, Mitava na Paris. Ahantu hashya, minne yashoboye guhimba vuba icyari Cyuzuye kandi igatanga umugabo we witize yo guhanga.
Mu myaka yashize, byaramugoye. Nyuma yo gusenyuka kw'impinduramatwara mu 1849, Wagner yahungiye i Weimar ku rupapuro, maze kuva aho bajya mu Busuwisi. Muri Zurich, Richard yahuye na muse mushya: Matilde Wendonk. Ubwiza bw'imyaka 20 n'umugabo we Otto byari abakunzi bashyushye b'ubuhanga bw'uwahimbye. Abakire bomberzan Wendonk bateguye ibitaramo byashize kandi bashyikirizwa "icumbi rituje" - Inzu hafi ya Villa ye bwite.
Muri iyi "buhungiro" bwanditse "Siegferi" na "Tristan". Matilda yari ikintu cyindirimbo y'urukundo ishishikaye kandi imushimira icyubahiro. Muza uhimbye kandi yahimbye umuziki kandi yanditse ibisigo na prose. Amabaruwa ya Wagner yagumye Matilde, yatangajwe nyuma y'urupfu rwe. Ntabwo bizwi ko Richard hamwe nabakundana kwe, ariko abariba ba biografiya benshi barabyemera.
Gukunda Kosima Budima Burlove Nastigla Wagner mu 1864, mugihe cyo kubaho neza. Umwami ukiri muto Bavariya Ludwig II, mu rukundo n'umurimo wa Wagner (ndetse no mu bahanga mu by'amateka - muri Richard ubwe), yamutumiye mu rukiko, muri Munich mwiza. Kandi ntabwo yishyuye abahawe inguzanyo gusa, ahubwo yanatanze cyane iyerekane isanduku yo gutera inkunga imishinga ya Wagner.
Wagner aguhamagarira Hans Umuyoboro wa Orchestre Hans Backgrouves Burloves, yashakanye nishimye data yabana babiri. Uwo mwashakanye Kozim, umukobwa utaragenda ku kibabi cya FErenz, inshuti ishaje ya Wagner, iba umunyamabanga bwite w'uwahimbye. Kandi ntiwumve, muse n'umukunzi. Natangiye hagati ya Richard n'ishyaka ry'ihene igihe kirekire bikomeje kuba amayobera ku mugabo washutswe.
Ariko aho kuba Hans, ibyabaye ku ishyari byari umwami, umwami yaratunganijwe, ikibazo cyambaye ku gikona. Ibintu byari byinshi byakuze kubera ko wagorne yakoreshejwe mu mafaranga manini ya Leta ya Leta, kandi amahame ya Gatolika yiganje muri Bavariya. Abasambanyi birukanwe mu Busuwisi.
Gutandukana muri ibyo bihe byari bigoye cyane ko Ceta von Bulove ishobora kubona nyuma yimyaka irindwi gusa. Mu myaka yashize, Kozoma yabyaye abakobwa ba Richard na Eva n'Umwana wa Siegferi (ivuka ry'umuhungu barahuriranye no kurangiza izina ry'izina rimwe). Yapfuye azize indwara y'umutima Mina Wagner, kandi Ludwig ahindura uburakari, arahinduraga uburakari kugirira imbabazi asaba ko yanga kugaruka mu gikari.
Mu 1870, Kozoma na Richard barubatse. Duhereye, ubuzima bwo mu gise bugizwe no gukorera ikigirwamana. Abashakanye hamwe barimo kubaka ikinamico muri Batterreuth bagakora ku cyiciro cya mbere cy '"impeta ya nibelung". Premiere yabaye mu 1876 kuva ku ya 13 kugeza ku ya 13 kugeza ku ya 17 Kanama, iteka ryose yahinduye ibyo ababurayi ku bijyanye n'ubuhanzi bwa Opera.
Urupfu
Mu 1882, Wagner mu gutsimbarara ku baganga bimukira muri Venise, aho apfa mu 1883 bivuye ku mutima. Uwahoze ari umugabo we ku mwuka wa nyuma wa Kozoma afata ibibazo bijyanye n'ubwikorezi bw'umubiri muri Basruheth no gushyingura. Yateguye kandi yerekeza ku munsi mukuru ngarukamwaka i Batterreuth, kugirango yibuke umugabo we.
Usibye umunsi mukuru wa Wagner wumwaka, wabaye ibirori byo gusenga mwisi yumuziki, hasigaye indi nzibutso zishimishije. Iyi neuschwanstein ni igihome cyiza mumisozi ya Bavariya, igihome cya Swan, cyubatswe na Bavariyai yibuka inshuti nziza. Imbere yibanze yerekana gushimwa k'umwami n'abakozi ba Wagner.
Akazi
- 1834 - "Feriry"
- 1836 - "Guhagarika Urukundo"
- 1840 - "RENZI, Uwa nyuma Mu Nkiko"
- 1840 - FOUST (Kurenga)
- 1841 - "Kuguruka Buholandi"
- 1845 - "Tangerazer"
- 1848 - "Loangrin"
- 1854-1874 - "Impeta ya Niblung"
- 1859 - Tristan na Alolde
- 1868 - "Nurembern Meystrerzinger"
- 1882 - "Parisfal"