Ubuzima
Daniel Defo yitwa umwanditsi wa mbere w'Ubwongereza wakundaga ubwoko bw'Igitabo. Acaldisiti nziza numwanditsi wihariye yashyikirije abasomyi b'ibitabo igihumbi, ingingo, udutabo, aho yakoraga ku mugari w'iparere. Defo yanditse kuri politiki, idini, ubukungu, psychologiya na ndengakamere.Yabaye uwashinze itangazamakuru ry'ubukungu no kwamamaza kwera kwa Bourgeois. Yakuwe mu bwisanzure bwo kuvuga no kwiyemeza mu idini. Ariko ikintu cyingenzi - Daniel Defo yashyikirije ubumuntu urukundo rushimishije kuri Robinken Cruzo, yasimbuye ibitabo icumi ninkuru, firime, byanditswe.
Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Itariki nyayo y'amavuko ya depio ntizwi. Umutego uzaza wagaragaye mukarere ka Londere ya Kriplergate hafi 1660 mumuryango wubucuruzi bwinyama na nyiri uruganda rwa buji. Ababyeyi ba Daniel F - Noneho izina ryukuri ryumvikana - ntirwagira uruhare mu ba Peresibiterolianism, icyerekezo cy'abaporotesitanti, gukora inyigisho ya Jean Calvin.
Ababyeyi babonye umuhungu we mugihe kizaza cyumushumba wa Peresibiteriyeni, bityo afite imyaka 14 yiyemeze kuri Seminari yo mu mwuka. Nyuma yo kumuhitiramo, abari binjije mu ishuri ry'abaporotesitanti muri Stoke bandington. Umusore watsinze ibitabo bya kera, Ikilatini n'Ubugereki yari azi neza, ariko pasiteri ntabwo yari agiye gutangira: Daniyeli yari ubucuruzi bwa miniyoni, ubucuruzi.
Nyuma yo guhabwa impamyabumenyi muri iryo rushundura, Daniel Defo ku nama ya se yatuye mu biro by'isosiyete y'ikigo cy'uruganda cycle ubucuruzi n'abaguzi b'abanyamahanga. Daniel w'imyaka 19 w'imyaka 19 yamenyesheje ibaruramari mu biro kandi icyarimwe akora nk'umuyobozi mu iduka ryamadolari.
Hagati ya 16800, Defo yabonaga ko yamenye byose, maze afata ubucuruzi: Yafunguye isosiyete yita ku bigori muri Corynhylla, wakoze neza imyaka 10. Hanyuma umucuruzi amenyesheje icyerekezo gishya: Yagurishije divayi, itabi n'ibikoresho byubwubatsi.
Ubucuruzi bwo kwagura, bwagiye mu Bufaransa, yari muri Porutugali na Espanye. Mu ngendo z'abakozi ba Loni, Daniel Defo azi ubwenge, yize imyitwarire n'indimi by'abaturage.
Abayo mugihe cy'abongereza ari umucuruzi uteye akaga, wemerewe gutera inzego zidashidikanywaho kandi zitangwa inshuro nyinshi kuzenguruka. Ariko igihe cyose defo yasanze ibisubizo byafashaga kugaruka amafaranga.
Usibye ubucuruzi, Abongereza bashishikajwe n'ibibazo bya politiki n'imidini. Hagati ya 16800, umuhigi w'ejo hazaza yagize uruhare muri Duke ya Monmaut, warwanyaga Politiki y'Umwami Gatolika w'Ubwongereza Yakov VII. Abayobozi bahagaritse imyigaragambyo kandi bikaba ariruka. Daniel Defo yahishe ababakurikirana kandi barokoka ibihano.
Ubuvanganzo
Intangiriro ya biography yo guhanga Icyongereza Destaaik yitwa 1697, igihe Daniel Defo yanditse umurimo wambere witwa "uburambe bwumushinga".
Izina ry'Abongereza ryatontomye mu gihugu cye nyuma yimyaka 2, nyuma yo gusohora agatabo ka samflet kumirongo "Ubworozi bwuzuye", aho Xenophobia isekeje. Impamvu yo kuba umuhimbano wagabweho igitero nabanyamahanga muri rusange ning wilhelm orange byumwihariko. Defo yarwanije cyane ivugurura ry'ubushake na Revolution, yari afite ingabo z'abafana n'abanzi.
Umwanditsi yahimbwe kubera inkomoko y'ibinyabuzima, ikote ry'intwaro hamwe na griffins eshatu na lili, kimwe no ku mizi ya Norman, byongeraho ibice "de" ku izina rusange. Vuba "Bwana DERE" yahujwe mu ijambo rimwe.
Mu 1702, umwanditsi yahimbye agatabo gashya yitwa "Inzira yoroshye yo kugabana na disiki." Mu mizo ya mbere, abadepite, umwanditsi yagiriye inama yo kugorora abaporotesitanti akoresheje urukiko no kumanika ku nkingi, ariko bidatinze bumva ko gufata: Umwanditsi yabashinze.
Abashakashatsi bo mu guhanga Drefo yise inyandiko n'ibiti by'ubuvanganzo byo mu kinyejana. Inyandiko yatangajwe cyane ko umupaki watangajwe. Yatawe muri yombi mu mezi atandatu, ashyira amafaranga meza akatirwa ku mwanya uteye isoni.
Igihano cyo mu kinyejana cya mbere cyarababaje: Bafite uburenganzira bwo gusenya umuhanda wawats, Lakely. Ariko Daniel Defo ahinda umushyitsi mu buryo butunguranye n'indabyo, imbaga y'abantu baririmbaga ku bucuruzi n'imihanda mu karubanda k'agatabo mu kaga no mu mihanda.
Umwenda urembe, umwanditsi yatanze akazi ryibanga kuri guverinoma y'Ubwongereza. "Umukozi w'ingaruka" yiyemeje kwerekana umurimo w'imbaraga mu mucyo mwiza. Kandi Ubwunganizi bwagize umukozi wibanga muri otcosse, agahimbaje kuneka no gutanga raporo kuri leta y'Ubwongereza ku bijyanye n'ibikorwa bya Opositiya no kugira ingaruka ku bitabo ku mitekerereze ya Scots.
Nyuma yo kwemererwa ku munyamakuru ku bihe byinshi byayo bivuye mu bubiko bwa cyami, ni ihazabu yari yishyuwe, kandi umuryango wa Defo wari ugiye kuzenguruka. Ahantu hagaragara ingingo zikunzwe mubantu ba Sarimariya babaye page "Indorerezi" - Ibinyamakuru byatewe inkunga n'abayobozi b'Icyongereza.
Ntabwo bishoboka ko abo mu gihe bari kumenya ko hariho umuswa Daniel Defo, niba umwanditsi atabaha igihangano, abantu bakuru ndetse n'abana basenga uyu munsi. Umuroma ujyanye n'umusare wo muri York, waguye nyuma yo kohereza ubwato ku kirwa cyaturika, bwa mbere yasohotse mu 1719.
Igitekerezo cy'imirimo ya Robinson Cruzo ryihutiye ku mwanditsi w'imyaka 59 nyuma yo gusoma amateka yerekeye umusare wa Exandra Selkirka, wabayeho ku kirwa cyo mu butayu, yogejwe n'imivumba y'inyanja ya pasifika, imyaka 4. Umusare wabuze yavumbuye kapiteni wambosheje ibiti. Yanditse igitabo cyaguye mumaso ya dephio.
Noneho habaye inyandiko yerekeye ibyago byigihugu, byaje gushishikazwa cyane kumiterere. Daniel Defo yatsindiye amateka ya Hermit, yubatse hamwe nibisobanuro bihimbano ahindukashyashya bashishikaye yigaruriye miriyoni yabasomyi basomyi b'isi. Intwari ye Robinson Crusoe yabaga ku kirwa c'ikirwa cy'umwaka 28.
Intsinzi yigitabo yagaragaye ko ari ibicucu, kandi umwanditsi ahimbye gukomeza. Byaragaragaye ko bidashimishije kuruta iyambere, ariko nanone yakwegereye abantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni. Umwanditsi "yakemuye" muri Tarione - Igihugu cy'Impimbano, uburusiya, Mongoliya na Tatarstan bisobanura.
Ku gitabo cya kabiri - Gukomeza gukurikizwa na gatatu - kimwe na kabiri, ntabwo byagereranywa nabasomyi gutsinda hamwe nigitabo cya mbere.
Ku kibazo, mu Burusiya hari umuhinduzi wa kabiri ryerekeye ibintu bya Cruzo, asobanura Siberiya, Arkhangolk), abashakashatsi bavuga ko batavuga. Kubyerekeye abami b'Abarusiya, umwanditsi yari azi. Mu Burusiya, abashimira DEF bagaragaye nyuma yimyaka 100 nyuma yo gusohora igitabo gitabo: Gusa mugice cya kabiri cya XIX SAIX Umusomyi rusange yavukiye mugihugu.
Umwanditsi wa Peru na Adamu, yakunze gusinywa na Charles Johnson, ni uw'ubwanditsi 500. Hagati ya 1720 yasohoye igitabo "Amateka ku isi yose y'ijiji." Muri ubwo myaka, ibishya bine byagaragaye, harimo "umunezero n'umubabaro mole birahinduka" na "diary y'icyorezo umwaka w'icyorezo". Muri icyo gihe, Daniel Defo yanditse kandi akora ibijyanye n'ubucuruzi.
Mu 1726, abadayimoni bagambanyi bishimiye igitabo gishya - igitabo "igitabo" cy'ubwongereza na Scotland ". Mu manza z'abitabo byiganjemo amateka n'amateka.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Umwanditsi yashakanye mu 1684. Yajyanye umugore wa Copatriot Mariya Tauffele - umukobwa ufite inkwange zikize. Nyuma yimyaka 8, ibiro bigera ku 4 bya mariya, kimwe no kuzigama k'umucuruzi, imira ihoraho.Uwo mwashakanye yibarutse umugabo we abana umunani. Ubuzima bwo mu muryango bwashushanyijeho gutoteza abayobozi n'abatanga inguzanyo. Babaga mu kafu ka minisiteri ya Minisiteri y'Ubugizi bwa nabi, aho abagizi ba nabi ba Londres babaga, hanyuma babaho, hanyuma babaho muri Bristol. Daniel Defo yavuye mu rugo ku cyumweru gusa - muri iyi minsi yataye muri yombi ababiyeguriye.
Urupfu
Yapfuye azize umwirondoro w'isi wenyine. Umwamamaji yarashutswe nabo akurikirana Defo kandi ahindukirira umwaka wa nyuma w'ubuzima. Daniel Defo yasize umukurikira, Daniel Defo yavuye mu muryango, yimukiye mu mujyi yerekeza mu mujyi, maze umwamamaji amubera inkota, umwanditsi w'imyaka 70 yambuye umwanzi.
Yimuwe n'ubwoba no guhora, Defo yarihishe kubatazi, akuraho amazu n'ibyumba. Mu 1731, umwanditsi yakuyeho gutura mu gace ka kure wa London, aho yapfuye mu mpera za Mata. Hafi aho nta mugore cyangwa barumuna bawe umunani. Abahungu bagiye mu bushake, abakobwa bashakanye kandi babona imiryango. Kubona so mu kato ka Londres ntabwo wari umuntu.
Impamvu y'urupfu rw'agatabo rwitwa kwihaza kwa Rethargia. Harness kuri gahunda yo gushyingura yafashe nyir'inzu, hanyuma nyuma yo kwishyura ikiguzi, ibintu bisigaye byo mu nzu yapfuye muri cyamunara byafashe. Urupfu rw'ibinyamakuru byo ku rugamba rwashubije hamwe n'abahanga mu maguru magufi, benshi - birasetsa, hamagara uburinzi bw '"umuturage ukomeye wa London Street" - Umuhanda munini wa London, aho abanditsi bo kudoda bagiye.
Icyapa cyera cyagaragaye ku mva y'umwanditsi n'umunyamakuru, bidatinze birekwa n'ibyatsi. Ariko nyuma, ikinyejana, mu 1870, Tabloid y'Ubwongereza yahamagariye abahungu n'abakobwa bo mu gihugu gutamba amafaranga y'urwibutso rwa Daniel Defo - Ikigereranyo cy'imirwano cyatewe n'umurabyo. Ibihumbi by'abahawe n'abahawe. Urwibutso rwa Granite rwagaragaye ku mva hamwe n'amagambo ashushanyije: "Mu kwibuka umwanditsi" Robinson Cruzo ".
Bibliografiya
- 1719 - "Robinson Cruzo"
- 1719 - "Ibindi bintu byatanzwe na Robinson Crunzo"
- 1720 - "UMWAMI WA PIRARA"
- 1720 - "Ubuzima na Pirate Amahirwe ya capitaine nziza kuririmba"
- 1720 - "Imyitozo ya Cavarlar
- 1722 - "Diary w'icyorezo umwaka"
- 1722 - "Ibyishimo n'akababaro bya Moll izwi cyane"
- 1722 - "Amateka ya Coloneli Jack"
- 1724 - "Byishimo Kurtsanka, cyangwa Roxana"
- 1724 - "Amateka ya Piracy yose"
- 1726 - "Amateka ya Sekibi"