Ubuzima
Nikolay Beryaev ni umuntu utekereza ufite filozofiya yahujije hafi ya Kant na Schopenhauer, bahanganye abatoranijwe kandi bashyigikiye umudendezo. Kubera ko yari umunyamadini, yizeraga ko ubukomunisiti na Fascism bombi bavuga ko kwanga umutimanama n'umuco. Ibitekerezo bye byatumye mu museke w'ikinyejana cya 20 biboneye cyane ku buryo amagambo y'imirimo ya filozofiya yakoresheje umukuru wa Leta mu rwandiko mu rwandiko yandikiye Inteko ishinga amategeko y'Uburusiya.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Nikolai yavutse muri Werurwe 1874 hafi ya Kiev, mu isambu rusange, umuhungu mukuru Umwami w'abami, Pawulo I. Uyu muryango wari wo muri iryo joro. Padiri Alexander Mikhaich - ukomoka ku batware b'ibikomangoma ba Bakhmetyev. Abakurambere ba Mama Alexandra Sergeyevna, mu mukobwa wa Maiden - Abahagarariye Genera ya kera ya Mnishek, Pototsky ndetse n'Umwami w'Ubufaransa Louis VI.
Nikolai na Umuvandimwe mukuru Sergey yakiriye amashuri y'urugo rwa mbere, afite indimi nyinshi z'amahanga. Kolya yatangaje ko yatangaga muri Vladimir na Kiev Cadet Corps. Hanyuma, ukurikije imigenzo y'umuryango, byagombaga kwinjira mu mitwe ya PRAZI, ariko bahitamo kwishora mu kwiyigisha. Mu 1894 Berdyaev yakiriye icyemezo cyo gukura muri Gymnasium ya Kiev-pechersk gymnasium.
Muri uwo mwaka, Nikolai yinjiye muri kaminuza ya Mutagatifu Vladimir, kuri fiziki n'imibare y'imibare, nyuma y'umwaka yimuriwe mu cyemewe n'amategeko. Ariko ntibyashobokaga kubona impamyabumenyi yikigo cyigenga Berdyaev: kubatabira uruziga rwabanyeshuri kwiteza imbere na kaminuza ya Kiev "yo kwibohora mu cyiciro cyakazi", ntibyakuwe muri kaminuza. Mbere y'ibyo, umusore yatawe muri yombi inshuro ebyiri kugira uruhare mu myigaragambyo yo kurwanya leta.
Mu 1900, Nikolai yoherejwe mu ntara ya Vologda iyobowe na Polisi. Ngaho, filozofiya ikiri nto yanditse igitabo "Relit na phivitesm muri filozofiya rusange". Umuvumbuzi uzwi nuwatangajwe nubukungu Petero struve, mbere yo kugenda mu Budage, yateguye ni ijambo ry'ibanze. Berdyaev yinjiye mu mutwe wa politiki "Ubumwe bwo Kwibohoza" bwateguwe na bagenzi be.
Ubuzima bwa Berdyaeva bwerekanaga igihe yabayemo: urugendo rw'impinduramatwara, gushakisha ibitekerezo bishya, gutera ibiti bikabije. Nikolay Alexandrovich kandi umwe mu baremuje muri iyo nzira, yita "Ikirusiya Renaissance yo mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya makumyabiri."
Filozofiya
Ibitekerezo bya filozofiya ya Nikolai Berdyaeev byari bishingiye ku guhakana cyangwa, uko byagenda kose, kunegura teleologiya no gushyira mu gaciro. Ibi bitekerezo, uhereye kubitekerezo byayo, byangiza bigira ingaruka ku bwisanzure bwa kamere, ni ukuvuga ko kubaho k'ubuzima ni ibisobanuro byumuntu ku giti cye.
Imiterere n'abantu ku giti cyabo ni ibintu bitandukanye. Abatekereza bizeraga ko iyambere ari icyiciro cyumwuka, imyitwarire, icya kabiri - karemano, igice cya societe. Imiterere ntabwo itemewe cyane kandi ntabwo ikoreshwa kuri kamere iyo ari yo yose, cyangwa itorero cyangwa muri Leta. Umudendezo wa Berdyaev niwe watanzwe, ni umwigamba n'umuntu, utigenga ku Mana. Niba binyuranyije n '"urwego rwImana rwo kubaho," ikibi kiragaragara.
Mubikorwa bya "man na mashini" bireba tekinike nkuburyo bwo kubohora umwuka wumuntu, ahubwo birakatirwa gusimburwa nindangagaciro bishobora kubaho, kandi umuntu azabura iby'agaciro nubugwaneza. Hanyuma ikibazo kivuka, kandi niki kizaha abantu bambuwe iyi mico isi izaza. N'ubundi kandi, iby'umwuka ntabwo ari isano gusa n'Imana gusa, mubyukuri ihuza nisi nuburyo umuntu agaragaza iyi si binyuze wenyine.
Hano hari paradox. Iterambere rya tekiniki ritera imbere, ubuhanzi, rihindura imfatiro. Nibyo, kandi ubuzima buratera imbere. Ku rundi ruhande, gusenga cyane udushya twa tekiniki bibuza intera y'ikiremwamuntu mu iterambere ry'umuco. Hano yongeye guhakana ingingo yubwisanzure bwumwuka
Mu ntangiriro yubushakashatsi bwe bwa filozofiya, Nikolay Alexandrovich yishimiye ibitekerezo bya Karl Marx. Ariko, nyuma, bitekereza ku iterambere ry'ibitekerezo by'Abakomunisiti mu Burusiya, mu gitabo "Inkomoko n'ibisobanuro by'Abakomunisiti b'Abarusiya" babonye ko Marxism imwe muri uru rubanza idahagije.
Mu kazi "Igitekerezo cy'Uburusiya", filozofiya yagerageje gusubiza ikibazo cy'uko ari roho yuburusiya. Berdyaev akoresha amashusho yicyuma nibiki bikuru, ababana namateka na aphorisms. Nkurugero, hari ibyabaye mugihe kinini - uhereye kuri Protopopa ya Avvakum to Vladimir Lenin, uhereye kubatisimu wa Rurusiya kugera muri revolution yakira.
Nk'uko Berdyaev, abantu b'Abarusiya ntibashaka gukurikiza ubuhumyi bw'amategeko, hashyizwemo byinshi kandi uburemere bwinjijwe mubirimo. Igitekerezo cy '"Uburusiya" kiri mu "bwisanzure bw'urukundo mu myumvire yimbitse kandi isukuye y'Ijambo."
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Umugore wa Berdyaev, Lidiya Yudifovna Dodushev, yakomokaga mu muryango w'umunyamategeko nta ubwenge, umuturage w'icyubahiro wa Kharkov. Umukobwa yize mu nzu y'abashyitsi mu Busuwisi, na nyuma ya mushiki we, Evgenia yamaze ukwezi ku ngufu ibikorwa bya politiki, nyina abohereza i Paris, mu ishuri ry'Uburusiya ry'ishuri ry'ubumenyi bw'ishuri.
Igihe cyo kumenyana na Berdyaev, Lida yashakanye n'uwambayeho umurage kandi akaba ashyigikira ibitekerezo bya demokarasi Vicktor Rappa. Druzev yaguye kuri iyi simbaro. Nyuma y'undi wafashwe, Lidia n'umugabo we boherejwe i Kharkov bajya i Kiev, aho muri Gashyantare 1904 yahuye na Nikolai.
Mu kugwa muri uwo mwaka, Berdyaev yasabye umugore ngo amureke muri St. Petersburg, kandi kuva icyo gihe abashakanye batagitandukanije. Icyakora, Lida na Nikolai ntibabayeho nk'umugabo we n'umugore we mu buryo gakondo, ariko, nk'uko bashiki bacu babivuga, Druševa - Nkuru "Intumwa za mbere", nkaho umuvandimwe na mushiki wawe.
Ibisobanuro byinshi bya Berdyaev yashoye mubukwe bwumwuka. Ibi byanditswe mu dirisi na Lidiya Judihare, dushimangira ko agaciro k'ubumwe bwabo kari karahari "ikintu cyose cyo kumva, ibyo dufata kandi buri gihe, ibyo dufata kandi duhora dufata agasuzuguro."
Agace k'ibikorwa kuri we watowe kubagiraneza, cyafashije Nicholas ku kazi, byatumye umurimo wo gukosorwa. Ntabwo ari wenyine Bemadeva no guhanga - yanditse imivugo n'inoti, ariko ntiyigeze asohora.
Mu 1922, umuryango wa Berdaev wavuye mu gihugu. Nikolai Alexandrovich yoherejwe, kandi Lidiya, birumvikana ko ntashobora kumusiga wenyine. Byongeye kandi, mu 1917 yahinduye kwizera - yinjiye mu kitokolika, gutoteza Abagatolika byatangiriye mu Burusiya bw'Abasoviyeti. Ubwa mbere, Berdaev, kimwe na nyina na mushiki wa Lida babaga i Berlin, hanyuma bimukira mu Bufaransa, aho umuryango w'inshuti mu burengerazuba wavuye mu rugo. Ngaho Nikolai yanditse autobiografiya yo "kwimenyekanisha", yasohotse nyuma y'urupfu rwe.
Urupfu
Umufilozofe w'Uburusiya yapfiriye mu mahanga, mu nkengero za Paris - Clamar, muri Werurwe 1948. Imyaka itatu mbere, Lidiya Judihare yapfuye azize kanseri. Mushiki we Eugene yafashije mu nzu. Yasanze Berdaev mu biro kugira ngo akemure. Kugeza ku munota wanyuma, uwibwira ko yakoraga - yateguye inyandiko y'igitabo "Ubwami bw'umwuka n'ubwami bwa Sezari."
Inzu ya Nikolaiandrovich yazihisheje itorero rya orotodogisi mu Burusiya mu mahanga. Kuzamura kumuco orotodogisi wafashe abapadiri benshi. Ku giti cyabo bari bazi Bertyaev kandi bashaka kuyakoresha munzira yanyuma. Ku mva ya filozofiya yashyizeho umusaraba usanzwe.
Bibliografiya
- 1909 - "Intambwe zikomeye"
- 1913 - "Duchets y'Umwuka"
- 1915 - "Ubugingo bw'Uburusiya"
- 1918 - "Duhereye ku nyenga"
- 1924 - "Imyaka Nshya Hagati"
- 1931 - "Ubukristo n'Ibyiciro by'icyiciro"
- 1931 - "Uburusiya bwa psychologiya n'imitekerereze y'Abayahudi n'abatekoniya"
- 1934 - "Jye n'isi y'ibintu (uburambe bwo kwigunga na filozofiya n'itumanaho)"
- 1939 - "Mu bucakara n'ubwisanzure bw'umuntu. Uburambe bwa filozofiya
- 1940 - "Kwigira"