Ubuzima
"Igihe Mamay yararengaga ati:" Uyu mugani uracyakoreshwa mu mvugo y'Uburusiya. Ikoreshwa mugihe cyo gusenya, gutsinda. Iyi ni imwe mu magambo make yintambara yintambara ya Kulikov, mugihe Dmitry Donskoy yamennye ingabo za Mamaevo.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Ubuzima bwa Maama bufite umubare munini wibibara byera, kuko ibinyejana birenga 6 byaturutse kubigaragara. Birashoboka, kuvuka mu 1335 mu murwa mukuru wa Horde wa Zahabu, umujyi wa Saara-batu. Bose yakomokaga mu muryango wa Mongoliya, bemeye Islam. Izina ni verisiyo ya kera ya Turkiya ya Mohammed.
Umubano mwiza n'umukobwa wa Khan Golden Horde yemereye Mama muri 1357 gufata umwanya wa becough: uyobowe n'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga, ingabo kandi ziyoboye politiki y'ububanyi n'amahanga. Hatabayeho gushyingiranwa na Tulunkbek, Mamaim ntabwo yakwemera ko urwego rwo hejuru.
Yamazaki
Mu 1359, nyuma y'iyicwa rya sebukwe wa Berdibek Khan Kulpoy, Mamay atangaza intambara. Kuva muri ako kanya, ibyo bita "Jam ukomeye" muri Horde. Kubera ko Mamay atari Geninghisid, ntiyashoboraga gufata izina rya Khan. Hanyuma mu 1361 yatangaje horde ya Horde Khan (ibice bya Horde ya zahabu, igice cya kabiri cyiswe ubururu) cy'ivu rye bwite. Abdullah, akomoka kuri barumuna.
Iyi ntambwe yateje imyigaragambyo y'abandi basaba ubutegetsi, Mama kuva ku ya 1359 kugeza 1370 yagombaga kurwana na Khans icyenda: Kugeza ku 1366 yashoboye kuyobora igice cy'iburengerazuba bwa Leta, uhereye kuri banki iburyo bwa Volga muri Crimba. Rimwe na rimwe, yari afite umurwa mukuru, umujyi wa Saramu. Muri politiki y'ububanyi n'amahanga, Mamay yibanze ku gutakaza ibihugu by'Uburayi - Venise, Genieta, igihe kinini cya Lituwaniya n'abandi.
Mu 1370, perepi ya Abdullah yapfuye, ngo, by Maima. Mohammed Bulak, umuhungu w'imyaka umunani ukomoka ku bahanga mu bagorofa yahagurukiye aho ari. De Yura, yategetse Mamaevaya Horde Mamaevaya kugeza 1380, kugeza apfiriye mu rugamba rwa Kulikov. Mubyukuri, Mamai yibeshye, adafashe izina rya Khan.
Umubano wumwijima hamwe na Moscou wateye imbere muburyo butandukanye. Mu myaka ya mbere, ingoma ya Mamay yashyigikiye umurwa mukuru, mu 1363, amasezerano yo kugabanya Dani yasinywe na metropolitan Alegisiya. Moscou igikomangoma cya Moscow yamenye imbaraga za Mamia na Khan Abdullah.
Ariko, muri 1370, Mamai yahisemo igikoma cye kinini ashyikiriza Mikhail Tver. Umwaka umwe, Dmitry n'Umuzinduko ku giti cyawe basuye aho batuye basubiza ikirango. Ubwato bw'ibihugu byombi bwariyongereye nyuma yo ku ya 1374, itsinda rya Tatar ryakubiswe i Nizhny Novgorod, ryaherekejwe n'abambasaderi wa Mama. "Ubushyuhe bukomeye" bwatangiye, iherezo ry'intambara yonyine yashyizwemo.
Mu 1377, umusore Khan Golden Horde Tukhtamam atangira kwirukana isi: mu mpeshyi yo mu 1378 yatsinze igice cy'iburasirazuba, ubururu bwa Horde. Nyuma, yagiye mu burengerazuba, Horde yera, aho Mamay yategekaga. Mu ntangiriro z'umwaka wa 1380, Tokhtamysh yashoboye gusubiza ifasi yose ya Horde ya Zahabu, gusa Crimée n'inzego zo mu majyaruguru y'umurabura zakomeje kubagenzurwa.
Mu bihe bigoye, Mamay afata icyemezo cyo gutegura ubukangurambaga mu Burusiya gukusanya imisoro myinshi. Twitondere ko ingabo za Horde zirengagijwe, kuko amafaranga y'abajyanama b'umutegetsi, abacamilikazi, Genosasi n'abandi. Indunduro yo kurwanya Rushish iba intambara yumurima wa Kulikov, wabaye kuri Ku ya 8 Nzeri 1380. Umuyobozi w'ingabo z'Uburusiya yari igikomangoma cya Moscow Dmitry Donskoy.
Abahanga ba none ntibatewe ibitekerezo ku gusuzuma umubare w'ingabo za zahabu. Bamwe bavuga ko Maama yari afite abantu ibihumbi 60, abandi bemeza ko kuva ku ngabo 100 kugeza 150 za Dmitry Donskoy, bakurikiranwe ku bantu ibihumbi 30, nyuma bafata ubucukuzi bw'abatakoro 30, maze bafata ubucukuzi bw'umucukuzi, turi Wizeye ko ku mpande zombi zari zitabiriye ku bihumbi n'ibihumbi n'ibihumbi n'ibihumbi, kandi urugamba ntirumara amasaha 3, nk'uko byasobanuwe mu gitabo, n'iminota 20-30.
Amakuru yerekeye urugamba rwabitswe mu masoko ane yanditse: "Umugani w'Intambara ya Mamaev", "inkuru y'amasoko yerekeye urugamba rwa Kulikov", "Indirimbo Amateka y'Intambara ya Kulikov." Ijambo "Kulikovskaya Intambara" muri siyansi ryatangije N. M. Karamzin mu "nkuru y'igihugu cy'Uburusiya".
Ingabo zemeye mu gace katsindwa k'uruzi rwashyizweho kugira ngo Don, ubu ni akarere k'akarere ka Tula. Kuva kera, impamvu yo gushyingurwa ku murima w'igiti yakomeje kuba amayobera, ubucukuzi bwarangiye hamwe n'imbogamizi. Icyakora, mu 2006, tubikesha Georadara nshya, basanze gushyingura ababyeyi bibasiye abahohotewe. Kubura amagufwa biguma gusobanurwa nigikorwa cya chimique cya Chernozem, kigahitana imyenda.
Mu gitondo cyo ku ya 8 Nzeri, ingabo zarindiriye kugeza igihe igihu kizavaho. Urugamba rwatangiranye n'imirwano mito, nyuma yaho habaye umukino uzwi cyane wa Alexander Perevaste na Lubeem, bombi barishwe. Dmitry Donskoy yabanje kureba ku rugamba mu ntangiriro z'izamu, hanyuma ahagarara mu ntera, ahindura imyenda hamwe na Moscou Boyarian.
Mamay yarebye urugamba kure. Akimara kumenya ko ingabo zatsinzwe, maze habaho uruhara rw'Abarusiya barangiza ibisigisigi bye, Tatadi, berekeza ku mutegetsi, bahindukiriye. Umusore wamamaye Khan, aho Mamai yari Umukendeke, yapfiriye ku rugamba.
Kuva ku ya 9 Nzeri kugeza 16 Nzeri, abapfuye bashyinguwe mu murima. Ku mva ya sekuruza, itorero ryubatswe, ritaryotswe kugeza kuri uyu munsi. Kuva 1848, urwibutso rwumushinga A. P. BRYLLOV yahagaze kumurima wa Kulikov. Abahanga mu by'amateka bemeza ko intsinzi ya donskov mu murima wa Kulikov yazanye Uburusiya kugira ngo yibe ku bwitegetsi bwamahanga. Kuri Horde, gutsindwa kwa Mama byagize uruhare mu gushimangirwa ku butegetsi bwa Khan Takhtamysh ahuriweho.
Nyuma yo gutsindwa kuri Kulik, umurima wa Mamay wagerageje gukusanya ingabo ngo yongere kwihorera kuri Dmitry Donskoy. Icyakora, ntiyashobokaga gufata ikindi gikubiko mu Burusiya, kubera ko Khan Tukhtshi yagerageje cyane gutsinda ibintu bigezweho bya Maama.
Muri Nzeri 1380, Mama Mamia n'ingabo za Tokhtamysh bahuye ku rugamba rwa "kuri Kalki". Dukurikije ibyo twibutse, nta ntambara itaziguye - igice kinini cy'ingabo za Mamaeva cyimukiye hafi ya Tukhtamysh. Mamay ntiyahisemo kubarwanya, yatorotse muri Crimée. Hamwe n'intsinzi ya Tukhtamysh, intambara yo mu gihe cy'igihe kirekire irangiye, na Horde Zahabu yabaye igihugu kimwe.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Umugore mukuru wa Mama yafashe Tulunkbeki, umukobwa wa Khan Golden Horde Berdibek. Ubukwe bwari bugiriye akamaro umwijima, yashinzwe izina ry'umukwe wa Khan, "Gurgen". Turashimira kuba hafi ya Berdibek Mamai, yakiriye umwanya wa Beclabeki - Minisitiri wa mbere. Ubu ni bwo buryo bwo hejuru "butambitse" bushobora gusaba.
Mu 1380, Mamay amaze gutakaza ku rugamba i Kalka, yahungiye muri Crimfa, aho yiciwe. Tulunkbek, hamwe na harem - abagore bakiri bato - yabonye Tichtamusha. Yafashe umwanzuro wo kurongora umupfakazi Mamaha kugirango yongere umusaruro wacyo imbere ya atropolitan.
Nyuma yimyaka itandatu, kurwanya Tokhtamysh bakoze umugambi mubisha, amakuru ajyanye nayo ntiyabitswe. Birashoboka, yagerageje gusimbuza batu ku ntebe y'ubwami. Byemezwa ko abitabiriye umugambi mubisha bari abayoboke ba Mamay bayobowe na Tulunkbek. Tukhtamama yica umugore we, akekwaho ubuhemu.
Kuvuga neza umubare w'abana, ntibishoboka. Birazwi ko umwe mu bahungu be, Mansur Kiyatovich, nyuma y'urupfu rwa Se yavuye muri Crimée kandi ashinga umutegetsi wigenga hagati y'igikoma gikuru cya Lituwaniya na Orgent yabaye igice cya Lituwaniya.
Umuhungu we Alex mu 1392 yemeye imbaraga, amaze kubona izina Alexandre. Yashakanye n'umuhungu we bwite ku muganwa ku muganwa ka Anastasia osrog. Urugo rwa kabiri rwa Mansur, umutware, yabaye umuyobozi wa Polovtsy mu burengerazuba bw'akarere k'inyanja y'Amajyaruguru.
Mu kinyejana cya 16, ibikomangoma byatangiye kwitwa inyandiko za Lituwaniya za Glinsky, ku izina ry'umujyi wa Glinsk, aho aho inzu yari iherereye. Birashoboka, iyi ni zahabu igezweho. Glinsky - Ubwoko bwa Lituaniya bwashimishije, aho Elena Glinkaya yabaye, nyina wa Ivan Grozny. Rero, umwe mu bakomoka ku mibare yari duke mukuru wa Moscou n'Uburusiya bwose.
Ihuriro Dashkevichi, Vishnevetsky, Ruzhinsky, Osrwisky, Osgrog, nanone atekereza ko abakomoka ku mibare. Aya mazina yintebe yatsinze yagize uruhare runini mugushinga Zaporozshye.
Undi ukomoka kuri Becolebek ni Cossuck Cossack mamay. Mu 2003, filime iyobowe na Olesya Sanina yarekuwe kubyerekeye nyuma. Igishushanyo gishingiye ku gitabo cy'umwanditsi cyo kugaragara kw'imigani yerekeye mama wa Ukraine. Kimwe cya kabiri cy'ingengo y'imari ya RIBBON ifite Umuyobozi ushinzwe kuzigama.
Urupfu
Igihe cyo gupfa kwa Mama yari afite imyaka 45, icyateye urupfu ni ubwicanyi. Hariho imigani myinshi yukuntu Mamai yapfuye. Birazwi ko nyuma yo gutsindwa n'ingabo za Tokhtamysh, Mamai yahungiye mu gihome cya Cafu (urugero rwa kilometero zigezweho). Yari yarakusanyije ubutunzi. Abaturage ba Genose baba muri icyo gihome, babanje kubyemera kugira ngo babone igice cy'ubutunzi, hanyuma bakicwa kurutonde rwa Tichitamysh.
Nk'undi makuru, Maama yerekeje i Tokhtamysh, wakoze ubuzima bwe bwa becoughbek. Han yamushyinguye hamwe nicyubahiro cyose, imva birashoboka ko muri Sheikh Mama (izina rya kijyambere - umudugudu wa Avazovskoye, hafi ya Feodosia). Kurgan kubwimpanuka yavumbuye umuhanzi I. K. Aivazovsky. Nk'uko andi makuru, Mamay's Mamay yashyinguwe (Umudugudu wa none Cregalta wo mu mujyi.
Hariho umugani mama washyinguwe mu ntwaro za zahabu mu kirunga, yahamagaye mu cyubahiro cye, giherereye ku butaka bw'umujyi wa volgograd. Ubucukuzi bwinshi kuri verisiyo ya Mamaev Kurgan ntabwo byemejwe, imva ntiyabonetse. Kugeza ubu, Mamaev Kurgan azwi nk'Urwibutso - enseble "intwari z'urugamba rwaciwe".
Kwibuka
- 1955 - Karyshkovsky P. O. "KUROVSKAYA Intambara"
- 1981 - Shennikov A. A. "Ishingiro ry'abakomoka kuri Mamaia"
- 2010 - Kuneshaev R. "Mamai: Intwari ya" Anti-Intwari "mu mateka (Isabukuru yimyaka 630 y'intambara ya Kulikovsky yitangiye)"
- 2010 - Kuneseshaev R. "Mamai Amateka na Mama amateka (kugerageza gukwirakwiza imyumvire)"
- 2012 - Pucalov A.V. "Ku kibazo cy'ibiceri bitari bya Mamaia"