Ubuzima
Anton Makareko ni umwarimu winjiye murizo bahangane bahisemo uburyo bwo gutekereza kuri Pedagoge mu kinyejana cya XX. Nibyo, ibyiza byabagabo byakiriwe nyuma y'urupfu rwumwarimu ufite impano. Ariko rero, kuri Makarenko ubwe, ntabwo yagize uruhare runini.
Umuhamagaro we bwite, Anton Segonovich yitangiye ubuzima bwe bwose bwo kongera kwigisha kw'ingimbi. Abahoze ari abigishwa bahuye nuburyo bushya bwa Makarenko, bageze ku ntsinzi igaragara kandi bandika ibitabo byinshi byera mubikorwa bya mwarimu bitangiye ibikorwa bya mwarimu.
Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Ku ya 1 Mata 1888, mu muryango w'umukozi wa gari ya moshi, uherereye mu mujyi wa Butepol, Intara ya Sumy, yavutse ari imfura. Ababyeyi bishimye bita umwana wa Anton. Nyuma yaho, umuhungu, abashakanye ba Makarenko bagaragaye undi muhungu numukobwa. Yoo, umukobwa muto yapfuye akiri muto.
Abakuru Anton na bo barababaza. Umuhungu wa Sly atigeze yitabira igishushanyo mbonera, ahitamo umwanya wo kumarana umwanya nibitabo, munzu Makarenko byari bihagije. Nubwo hari umwanya wakazi na Malar, se wumwarimu uzaza yakundaga gusoma no gucengeza iyi miterere ku bana.
Gufunga nonyoiya, bituma Anton yambaye ibirahure, bituma umuhungu adakunzwe mubagenzi. Hejuru yumuhungu akenshi nubugome bukabije. Mu 1895, ababyeyi bahaye umwana ishuri ryibanze ryibanze, ubushakashatsi aho byoroshye. Ishusho yinyamaswa ntabwo yongeyeho umwana mumaso ahanyuranye nubuyobozi.
Igihe umuhungu yujuje imyaka 13, umuryango wimukiye mu mujyi wa Kryokov, kugira ngo abana ba Makareko bashobora gukomeza amashuri. Anton yinjiye muri KREMENCHUGs 4 y'Ishuri ryo mu mijyi, yarangije icyubahiro no gutanga ibyemezo.
Mu 1904, Anton ku nshuro ya mbere atekereza ku mwuga uzaza kandi azanye n'umva mu masomo ya Pedagogi, nyuma y'iherezo ryakira uburenganzira bwo kwigisha mu mashuri abanza.
Pedagogy
Abanyeshuri ba mbere ba Makareko babaye abana b'umujyi wa Kryokov. Ariko guhita ANTTON amenya ko ubumenyi kubikorwa bidahagije. Mu 1914, umusore yinjiye mu kigo cya mwarimu wa Politava. Mugereranije no kubona ubumenyi bushya, Anton atanga ibikorwa byinshi byo kwandika igihe. Inkuru yambere ni "Umunsi wubupfu" - Makareko yohereje gorky.
Mu gusubiza, umwanditsi yohereje ibaruwa yandikiye Anton, aho akazi kanenga ubugome. Nyuma yo kunanirwa kwa Makarenko, imyaka 13 ntizagerageza kwandika igitabo. Ariko umubano numwarimu usharira uzashyigikira mubuzima bwose.
Umugabo yatangiye guteza imbere gahunda ye yo kongera kwiga muri koloni y'abakozi mu bukoloni bw'umurimo kubera icyaha gito mu mudugudu wa Kovalevka, uherereye iruhande rwa Politava. Makareko yashyizeho tekinike ingimbi zabyiciro zigabanyijemo amatsinda kandi wigenga ubuzima. Komine idasanzwe yakuyeho abayobozi, ariko amakuru yo gukubita abana (Makarenko amaze gukubita umunyeshuri) yambuwe umwarimu w'ikibanza cye.
Shakisha akazi gashya nkuko mwarimu yafashije kurakara. Umwanditsi yerekanye inzibacyuho ya Makareko kuri koloni, ihe iruhande rwa Kharkov, kandi yongeye kugisha inama kugerageza gukora umurimo w'ubuvanganzo.
Mu kigo gishya, Anton Segonovich yashizeho icyemezo cyagaragaye. Ku buyobozi bw'umugabo, ingimbi zikomeye zatangiye gutanga kamera. Mugereranije n'amakuru yerekeye uburyo bushya bwa Makarenko, imirimo itatu ya mwarimu yatangajwe: "30 Werurwe," "FD - 1" na "igisigo cya Pedagogi".
Kandi na none abahagarariye abayobozi, bakurikiranye neza mwarimu, bahagaritse kwigisha ubushakashatsi. Makareko yimuriwe i Kiev kugeza ku mwanya w'umuyobozi wungirije w'ishami rishinzwe ubukoloni bw'umurimo.
Makareko yihemerera kugaruka ku rubanza ukunda, Makanzo yitabira ubutumwa. Umuvugo wunvikana "Pedagogi" watanze umugabo mubumwe bw'abanditsi b'Abasoviyeti. Umwaka umwe, Anonymiste aje mwizina ryabahoze mwarimu. Makareko yashinjwaga kunegura Stalin. Antonto Semenovich, yaburiwe n'uwahoze ari abo mukorana, yashoboye kwimukira i Moscou.
Mu murwa mukuru, umugabo akomeje kwandika ibitabo. Ku bufatanye n'umugore we, Makarenko arangiza "igitabo cy'ababyeyi", aho kisobanura mu buryo burambuye isura ye yo kurera abana. Anton Sejonovich avuga ko umwana akeneye itsinda rizafasha kumenyera muri sosiyete. Ntabwo ari ngombwa kumuntu amahirwe yo gushyira mubikorwa kubuntu.
Igikorwa cyakazi nicyo kintu gikurikira cyiterambere ryuzuye - abanyeshuri ba Makankonko bigenga kubona ibyo bakeneye. Nyuma, akazi, kimwe nibindi biremwa byinshi bya Anton Segonovich, ingabo. Nyuma y'urupfu rwa mwarimu, filime "igisigo cy'imivugo" izasohoka kuri ecran, "ibendera ku basekuruza" na "nini na nto".
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Urukundo rwa mbere rwa Makareko rwabaye Elizaveta Fedorovna Grigorovich. Mugihe cyinama na Anton, umugore yari amaze kwashyingiraga padiri. Byongeye kandi, umukundwa yari mukuru yatowe kumyaka 8. Kumenya urubyiruko rwateguye umugabo we Elizabeti.
Ku ya 20, Anton yashyizwe nabi hamwe na bagenzi ndetse anatekereza ku kwiyahura. Kugira ngo umupadiri akiza ubugingo bw'umusore, umupadiri yayoboye Makanko ikiganiro kirekire kandi anakunda ibiganiro Elizabeth. Bidatinze, urubyiruko rumenya ko bakundana. Amakuru yatsimbaraye abantu bose. Mukuru Makarenko yirukanyoye umuhungu mu nzu, ariko Anton ntiyajugunye umukunzi we.
Kimwe na Makareko, Elizabeti yakiriye amashuri ya Pedagogi, hamwe na mugenzi we, yakoraga muri koloni y'izina rya Gorky (koloni mu mudugudu wa Kovalevka). Ikinyamakuru cyamaze imyaka 20 kandi kirangira kuri gahunda ya Anton. Mu ibaruwa, umuvandimwe, mwarimu yavuze ko "Antavis yo mu muryango wa Popovkaya umuryango wa kera" yabyutse i Elizabeti.
Yashakanye na Makarenko mu 1935. Hamwe n'umugore w'ejo hazaza, mwarimu yahuye ku kazi - Galina Stakhievna yakoraga nk'umugenzuzi wa Nandomador agera muri koloni hamwe n'ubugenzuzi. Umugore yareze umuhungu w'intare, Anton Segonovich yemeye nyuma yo kurongora.
Mu gutanga igihe cye cyose kubanyeshuri, Makarenko ntiyigeze aba se. Ariko yasimbuye umubyeyi wa Pasankah na wishywa ya Olympiaad - umukobwa wa murumunawe. Vitaly Makarenko, kuva mu rubyiruko rwe yakoraga mu ntangiriro z'umurinzi wera, yahatiwe guhunga mu Burusiya. Umugore utwite yagumye mu gihugu cye. Nyuma yo kuvuka, mwishywa yanyuze rwose afunzwe na mwarimu.
Urupfu
Makarenko yapfuye ku ya 1 Mata 1939 n'ibihe bidasanzwe. Umugabo wagarutse avuye mu myidagaduro y'abanditsi mu nkengero yatinze muri gari ya moshi. Antonto Semenovich yari ategereje mu wamamaza ingingo nshya zateguwe zerekeye amahame y'uburezi. Makarenko yinjiye mu modoka, Makareko yaguye hasi kandi ntagishobora kubyuka.
Impamvu yemewe y'urupfu ni igitero cy'umutima. Byari bimaze kumvikana ko i Moscoure Makarenko byabaye ngombwa ko muri yombi, bityo mwarimu ntashobora kwihanganira impagarara. Isuzuma ryerekanye ko umutima wumurezi ufite impano wangiritse muburyo budasanzwe. Umubiri ufata isura nkiyi niba uburozi bwibasiye umubiri. Ariko kwemeza uburozi byabonetse.
Makareko yashyinguwe ku irimbi rya Novodevichy. Ibinyamakuru byo muri Sovieti byashyizeho umubumbe ku mpapuro, aho Antonto Semenovich yavuzwe nk'umunditsi ukwiye. Ibyerekeye ibikorwa bya Pedagogi yumugabo ntabwo byacapwe ijambo.
Bibliografiya
- 1932 - "MAGER"
- 1932 - "Imyaka 30
- 1932 - "FD-1"
- 1935 - "Igisigo cya Pedagogi"
- 1936 - "Uburyo bwo Gutegura inzira yuburezi"
- 1937 - "Igitabo cy'ababyeyi"
- 1938 - "Icyubahiro"
- 1938 - "Ibendera ku minara"
- 1939 - "Inyigisho ku burere bw'abana"