Ubuzima
Thomas Hardy - Umukinyi w'Ikirere, Umwanditsi w'imivugo n'inkuru, wakoraga mu kwagura ibihe bya Victorian. Umwanditsi yakoze kubogama yerekeza ku gitabo cy'imibereho, yinjiye yihebye, intwari z'imirimo ye ntishobora kurwanya ubuzima, inyubako rusange no kuvuza ibizaba.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Thomas Hardy yavutse muri Kamena 1840 mu ntara ya Dorset. Abakurambere b'umwanditsi - Abanyacyubahiro, ariko ntibakennye cyane ku buryo se na sekuru byabaye ngombwa ko bakorana n'ibyumba byoroshye byamabuye. Umuryango abahungu babiri bakuze n'abakobwa babiri babaga mu mudugudu wa Bokhampton wo hejuru, maze abaturage bose bari abayituye.
Mama yishora mu kurera abana. Kubera ko atigeze agira umugore muto, ntiyashakaga ko abaraka kugira ngo babeho tubi, kandi basobanukiwe ko bigomba gutangirana n'uburere bwiza. Thomas yagiye mu ishuri rya paruwasi-paruwasi, kandi, asoma byinshi mu gutsimbarara. Ababyeyi bateguye Umwana we kwiyegurira San yumwuka, ariko byaje kumenya ko roho yaka kutabeshya.
Afite imyaka 16, Tomasi yabaye ashishikajwe n'ubwubatsi, kandi umuhungu yemerewe gukora ikigo muri Dorchester, yagaruye inyubako zishaje. Muri icyo gihe, hardy yize gushushanya, Ikigereki n'ikilatini. Amaze kujya i Londres, umwanditsi w'ejo hazaza yarangije ishyari ry'umwami maze atura ku kazi muri Arthur Blomfield, Ishyirahamwe ry'ubwubatsi bw'ubwubatsi bw'ubwubatsi. Isosiyete y'umuhungu wa Musenyeri, yari Sir Blomfield, kabuhariwe mu gusana amatorero n'indi dini.
Ubuvanganzo
Gusubira muri Dorchester nubwubatsi bwigenga, harakomeye gukora kugarura, ariko icyarimwe utangira gukora intambwe yambere mubitabo. Igitabo cya mbere Thomas "Pozhnyak n'umukecuru" ntibigeze bagera kubakomokaho - umwanditsi yangije inyandiko yandikishijwe intoki amaze kubona umubwiriza Kwakira. Kugirango tutatenguha no gusuzuma impano mugihe kizaza, umwanditsi yasohoye atazwi umurimo ukurikira - "amafaranga yihebye".
Mu 1872, umubwiriza "Bavandimwe Tinley" yabonye urumuri "munsi yigiti kibisi", cyakinguye uruziga rwose rwitwa "Abatavuga rumwe na leta. Umwanditsi y'umwanditsi yagaragaye bwa mbere nyuma yimyaka 4 gusa ku gifuniko cyatangajwe cyasohotse muri Amerika.
Igitabo ni imibereho y'abacuranzi ba korari y'itorero ry'umudugudu wa Metells, Prototype yakorerwaga na Orchestre yo mu Itorero Stinford, yashinzwe na sant. Kubwibyo, impapuro za Thomas zagaragaje kwibuka mubana, ibisobanuro byahantu nyabyo. Mu 2005, Nicolas Lafland, warashe urukurikirane ruzwi "ubwicanyi bw'Icyongereza., Yimuye ibikorwa by'Igitabo kuri telever.
Ukuri kuri biografiya ya hardy ikoreshwa kandi iyo banditse "amaso yubururu" - ibihe byinama yambere numukobwa wumukobwa, ibibazo byatewe numuntu utandukanye wumugabo numugore. Intwari nyamukuru ya ellf yanditswe numwanditsi ukundwa Emma.
Igitabo "kure y'imbaga y'abantu bacitse intege" zazanye umwanditsi ubwigenge bwamafaranga no gukundwa. Amaherezo, indogobe i Dorchester, yubatse inzu kandi yashoboye gukora ukuboko kwidasanzwe. Igicuruzwa nacyo cyaragabangiye inshuro nyinshi. Muri Melodrame yerekeye inyabutatu y'urukundo mu bihe bitandukanye, jonathan art, murumuna Colin Förta, na Linda, Michael Shin na Cary Malligan, Stamp na Julie Christie.
Inkuru "Amaboko ya Eyellberts" azenguruka abahagarariye umucyo mwinshi, ariko abanenga basabye Toma kubwo korora intama zikaba umwanditsi hafi ya Sterminister-Newton, aho igitabo " Garuka kumunawe "wanditse. Hardy yakoze umurimo wumvikana mumitekerereze yabasomyi, babwirwa kubyerekeye umugore wubatse yiruka munzu hamwe numukunzi we.
Igitekerezo cyurudodo rutukura runyura mu nkuru umuntu ugerageza kurwanya bidashoboka ko ibizaza bigira umunezero. Ikipe yakurikiyeho "umuyoboro mukuru w'imiyoboro", "babiri ku munara" na "kutita" na bo bahari ku buzima mu Cyongereza.
Mu gitabo cy'Abasevel "Umuyobozi wa Kestbridge", hardy yavuze ku iherezo rya barwayi batagira aho baba, bakira ubushobozi bwe bw'imibereho w'umujyi, ariko ntibashobora gufatwa hejuru ya piramide y'umujyi, ariko ntibashobora gufatwa hejuru ya piramide y'umujyi - ariko ntishobora gufatwa hejuru ya piramide y'umujyi - ariko ntishobora gufatwa hejuru ya piramide y'umujyi, ariko ntishobora gufatwa hejuru ya piramide y'umujyi - ariko ntishobora gufatwa hejuru ya piramide y'umujyi, ariko ntishobora gufatwa hejuru ya piramide y'umujyi, ariko ntishobora gufatwa hejuru ya piramide y'umujyi, ariko ntishobora gufatwa hejuru ya piramide y'umuryango, ariko ntishobora gufatwa hejuru ya piramide y'umuryango, ariko ntishobora gufatwa hejuru ya piramide y'umujyi - ariko ntishobora gufatwa hejuru ya piramide y'umuryango, ariko ntishobora gufatwa hejuru ya piramide y'umujyi - ariko ntishobora gufatwa hejuru ya piramide y'umujyi, ariko ntishobora gufatwa hejuru ya piramide y'umujyi, ariko ntishobora gufatwa hejuru ya piramide y'umujyi ubuzima bwawe bwite, nubuzima bwabantu bakikije. Mu 2003, umuyobozi w'Ubwongereza, David Tucker yakoresheje film hamwe n'izina rimwe hamwe na Juliet OBELLI, ROLLAL CANLLI, POSLY NA James Pürfoy.
Ahari inyandiko izwi cyane ya Thomas Hardy ifatwa nk "tess yo mu muryango d'erberville." Ikimenyetso cyatunguye rubanda ruzwi cyane, ntabwo yabura inshingano, abakennye barenganijwe, batwara umwanditsi muri depondncy na creative.
Ibisobanuro by'umukobwa witamba ku bw'umuryango, bwinjiye mu kimenyetso kandi igitekerezo cy'uko hatifuzwa cyane umuntu. Ukurikije akazi, ntabwo ari urukurikirane rumwe hamwe na firime yuzuye. Inshingano nyamukuru muri zo zakozwe na Jamma arhon, madhuri dixit, nastasya kinski.
Igitabo "Judi ntitoroshye" - icya nyuma mumirimo myinshi yanditse muriyi njyana. Thomas, asanzwe yihanganira imiraba yo gucirwaho iteka no kunengwa, iki gihe cyagize gutsindwa itigeze kibaho. Umwepisko wa Wakefield yateguye kopi yerekana kopi yigitabo, nkaho ibimenyetso byabafana bake basigaye, uburyo akaga kandi bidahwema ubuyobe.
Kuva muri ako kanya, hardy yoroheje imiterere yubusizi, buri gihe yafashe umwanya wa mbere. Abashakashatsi bo mu guhanga uruganda rwicyongereza babaruye ibisigo birenga 1000 hamwe nigitabo, ubumwe mubiterane bitatanye.
Mu 1898, "ibisigo bya" wessec "byasohotse, umwanditsi harimo imirimo yanditse mugihe Tomasi yakundaga guhindurwa. Muri ibi, kimwe no mu bindi byegeranyo birindwi, hardy yanditse ku ngingo zidafite aho zibogamiye - yakoresheje ku mugore we, yasobanuye ubwiza bw'imibereho n'imiryango ikomeye.
Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, Thomas Hardy yajuririye ubwoko bwa epic, akurikiza amagambo yamateka yintambara ya Napoleon Bonaparte kumirongo. Ikinamico, cyitwa "Dinasta", yasohotse mu bice bitatu. Mu 1923, "ibyago bizwi by'umwamikazi Cornurwell" byasohotse, byari bishingiye ku migani ya celtique yerekeye Umwami Arthur Knight Knight.
N'ubwo bugenzuzi, kwamaganwa kwa sosiyete, umwanditsi yumvise mu ruziga rw'ubuvanganzo n'umuntu wemewe. Hardy yabaye umunyamuryango w'icyubahiro ishuri rya kera ry'Ubwongereza na kaminuza y'umwamikazi, yakiriye umuganga w'ubuvanganzo bwa Kambridge na Oxford. Mu 1912, Thomasi yahawe umudari wa zahabu w'umuryango wa cyami ubuvanganzo.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Umugore wa mbere wa Thomas Hardy mu 1874 yari Emma Lavinia Gifford. Umukobwa yagize uruhande rwa padiri, umwanditsi w'itorero yari agiye kugarura. CUM yayo mu myaka ya za 1912 yabaye leitmotif nyamukuru yamagambo yintoki "ibisigo 1912-1913".
Igisigo "cyatekereje kuri Feifen mu makuru y'urupfu rwe" ni weguriwe mubyara we ku murongo w'ababyeyi. Byafashwe ko Thomas yatangiye igitabo gifite ibishishwa bibura kandi abashakanye basezeranye rwihishwa.
Ku nshuro ya kabiri, hardy yashakanye nubusaza kuri Emily Florence Dagdale. Umwanditsi yamusanze mu 1905, Emily yahise yigisha mu ishuri ry'umugore. Nyuma yimyaka ibiri Emma amaze gupfa, Tomasi yakoze icyifuzo, na Dagdale, ntabwo afite ubwoba nitandukaniro ryimyaka 40, yarayifashe. Nka ba biofatirs bavuze, ubuzima bwabo bwose umwanditsi w'abana, kandi Emily yasohoye Igitabo cy'Inkuru, yagumye mu gicucu cya Giford - hamwe n'umugore muzima, umwanditsi yagejeje ijambo ku buvumo bwapfuye.
Ntabwo ari mbere cyangwa mubukwe bwa kabiri muri Tomasi nta mwana bari bafite.
Urupfu
Mu mpera z'umwaka wa 1927, Tomasi yabaye pleulit apfa muri Mutarama 1928 mu isambo rya Max. Umuhango wo gushyingura wari 16 Mutarama muri Westminster Abbey. Ukuri gushimishije: Umubiri wa Hardy washyinguwe mu majyepfo y'urusengero, kandi umutima uri i Stylford, mu mva y'umugore we wa mbere.
Umwaka umwe nyuma y'urupfu rw'umugabo we, Florence yatangaje igitabo "Ubuzima bwa mbere bwa Thomas Hardy, 1841-1891", amabaruwa ye, amabaruwa n'amazi byakusanyijwe.
Mbere gato y'urupfu rwa Thomas Hardy yatorewe igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel mu bitabo kandi bitanga gahunda y'icyubahiro.
Bibliografiya
- "Munsi y'igiti kibisi"
- "Amaso y'Ubururu"
- "Bigabanijwe mu mbaga yacitse intege"
- "Ntibikwiye"
- "Ku nkombe y'amashyamba"
- "Tess kuva mu muryango D'Erberville"
- "Jude Ntibyarana"
- "Thessekse Poom"
- "Umwamikazi uzwi w'amakuba ya Cornull"