Ubuzima
Umwanditsi wibitabo bishimishije advent reed nkuru yananiwe kwishimira mubuzima bwuzuye. Igitabo kimwe gusa kuva 60 cyakunzwe na rubanda - "ifarashi idafite umutwe." Ubuzima bwumwanditsi bukungahaye mubyabaye, nyuma bigaragarira kumapaji. Ariko, nubwo ubushobozi bwo kwerekana amajwi kumpapuro, urubingo nyamukuru rwapfuye numugabo wabuze, urwaye numukene.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Thomas Reed Reed yavutse ku ya 4 Mata 1818 mu mudugudu muto wa Irlande wa Balironi. Yarezwe mu muryango w'idini: Padiri Thomas Main Rung-Ser, yakoreraga mu rusengero rwa Peresibiteriyeni na Pasiteri, naho nyina Anne Anne Anne yari umukobwa w'umupadiri, Abanya-Scosse bombi.
Izina Thomas Umuhungu nyamukuru yakiriye igihe yabatizwaga, mu rwego rwo kuba mwiza. Kubera ko se yiswe nanone Mamama Main, umwanditsi w'ejo hazaza "yatakaje" izina ryambere - kugirango byorohe, kugirango tutayobewe. Kuva mu bwana, urububasha nyamukuru ruzi ubukene icyo aricyo. Ababyeyi bagombaga gukora cyane kugirango batakicwa ninzara. Umuhungu kandi ntiyakomeje imirimo yanduye. Nyuma yaje kumufasha kumenyera imiterere yumurima ukaze kandi ushyireho umwuga wa gisirikare.
Data yashakaga ko uwanjye yajyaga mu kirenge cye maze aba umupadiri. Kubwibyo, muri Nzeri 1834, umuhungu yinjiye mu kigo cya Royal Agedicmic gishinzwe Belfast. Agezeyo, yize imyaka ine, ariko ntabwo yigeze abona imbaraga zo kurangiza amashuri. Urubingo rwasubiye mu mudugudu we kavukire utangira kwigisha ku ishuri.
Ukuboza 1839, yicaye ku bwato i Damfris, nyuma y'amezi abiri ashyizwe muri Orleans nshya, Louisiana. Hano, umwanditsi w'ejo hazaza yabonye ubutumwa ku ruganda rw'ibigori, rimwe na rimwe yacuruzaga ibihonga ku isoko. Nyuma y'amezi atandatu, yavuye mu mujyi kubera amacakubiri y'abacakara: bo, nk'inyamaswa, bakubita ibiboko, bibujijwe gukaraba. Ibyabaye byagaragaye mu Buroma "Quardorka", byanditswe mu 1856.
Kuva muri Orleans nshya, urubingo rwimukiye muri Tennessee, aho yakoraga nk'umwigisha. Mu mpera za 1840, yakinguye ishuri ryigenga i Nashville.
Ubuvanganzo n'Umwuga wa Gisirikare
Mu mpera za 1842, nyamukuru bimuwe i Pittsburgh, muri Pennsylvania, atangira umwuga w'ubuvanganzo. Umusore yanditse inkuru zerekeye ingendo ze muri Amerika, basohotse muri "Pittsburgh Mouty Dayle" munsi y'izina ry'idini "munsi ya Schoudonym Londir. Ku mpapuro z'ikinyamakuru urukurikirane rw'imivugo "mu burengerazuba bwa Indies" bwagaragaye.
Mu ntangiriro za 1843, umwanditsi yimukiye muri Philadelphia. Yakomeje gutangaza ibinyamakuru ("Igitabo cy'umudamu w'igihugu", "ikinyamakuru cy'igihugu cya Graham"), kivuga kiti: "Igitabo cy'igihugu cya Graham"), kivuga kiti: "Ikinyamakuru cy'igihugu cya Graham"), kivuga kiti: "Ikinyamakuru cy'igihugu cya Graham"), kivuga kiti: "Ikinyamakuru cy'igihugu cya Graham"), kivuga kiti: "Ikinyamakuru cy'igihugu cya Graham"), kivuga kiti: "Ikinyamakuru cy'igihugu cya Graham"), kiti: "Ikinyamakuru cy'igihugu cya Graham"), kivuga kiti: "Ikinyamakuru cy'igihugu cya Graham"), kivuga kiti: "Ikinyamakuru cy'igihugu cya Graham"), kivuga kiti: "Ikinyamakuru cy'igihugu cya Graham"), kivuga kiti: "Ikinyamakuru cy'igihugu cya Graham"), kivuga kiti: "Ikinyamakuru cy'igihugu cya Graham"), kivuga kiti: "Ikinyamakuru cy'igihugu cya Graham"), kiti: "Ikinyamakuru cy'igihugu cya Graham. Hari hano, muri Philadelphia, urubingo nyamukuru rwahuye na Mylog Allar Allan. Aba nyuma bahamagaye bagenzi be "ibikomanguruke, ariko umubeshyi mwiza cyane", bityo rero ushimangira ubushobozi bwe bwo gusobanura neza ibintu bidasanzwe.
Mu mpeshyi 1846, igihe intambara yatangiraga hagati ya Mexico na Amerika, urubingo rwakoraga nk'umunyamakuru wa New York Herald kandi rwatangajwe munsi y'izina rya Gymnasium.
Ku ya 23 Ugushyingo muri uwo mwaka, binjiye mu nzego z'abakorerabushake ba mbere b'abakozi ba New York mu rwego rwa Liyetona. Amashuri menshi, ingabo zabayeho ku kirwa cya Lobos, hanyuma zigira uruhare mu kugota umujyi wa Veracy wo muri Mexico. Mu kinyamakuru "umwuka w'ibihe" akenshi wagaragazaga inyandiko z'Umukobwa ku byerekeye ibyabaye. Babonye izina "kuririmba inkuru".
Ku ya 13 Nzeri 1847, ku rugamba rwa CUPALUSTEC, urubingo rukuru rwakiriye igikomere kitoroshye mu kibero. Amaherezoreza yahisemo ko umwanditsi yishwe. Hafi y'umurima yamaze mu murima mu mirambo, yarokotse igitero cy'abambuzi mbere yuko aboneka maze ashyikirizwa ibitaro. Kubutwari, kigaragara ku rugamba, umugabo yarahagurukiye kuri capitaine. Ku ya 5 Gicurasi 1848, Reed yeguye ku ntera isubira i New York.
Ibisobanuro byakurikijwe ibyagezweho byambere byubuvanganzo. Mu Kwakira umwaka umwe, kuri stage ya Star Theatre yo mu muhanda wa Walnat ku ya 5 nimugoroba yakinnye ibyago by '"abamaritiri b'urukundo", handitswe uru rukundo ", urwo nyamukuru rwanditse mbere y'intambara. Ku ya 27 Kamena 1849, urumuri rwabonye inkuru "ubuzima bwa gisirikare, cyangwa umuyobozi w'ikibazo cy'abahitiye" ku buzima bw'ubuzima ku rugamba. Inshuti ya Urubingo, Donn Piaatt, yaramuranga nkumwanditsi udasanzwe, akimva kunegura:
"Igitabo cya mbere gikuru cyanditse mu nzu yanjye yamaze imbeho. Yaturutse mu ntambara yo muri Mexico, yarimbishijwe n'imbaraga zikomeye kandi itwikiriwe n'icyubahiro intwari mu ngabo zacu. Igihe atitaye ku bakobwa be beza kandi atasimbuye mare yanjye, yanditse igitabo icyo aricyo muri Mexico no mu mupaka wa Mexico. Nimugoroba, adusoma umutwe w'iki gitabo (yari umusomyi mwiza), kandi niba ataranditswe bihagije, kandi niba atarasinzwe, abakarakara, atabanje gukora kuri ibaba hanyuma utware indogobe hamwe no gusimbuka kwe. Nabonye ko kugira ngo nkize Jenny Neerny, ugomba gusingiza umurimo we. "Urubingo rutunzwe ni rwo rwifuzaga kwinjira mu mpinduramatwara ya Bavariya, ariko imigambi ye yabujijwe gukomeretsa byazamutse no kubura amafaranga. Ahubwo, yasubiye mu rugo muri Irilande, maze mu 1850 ageze i Londres, aho yasohoye ikigali cye cya mbere gikomeye "Vhalnaya imyambi."
Akazi ahanini ahanini. Imiterere nyamukuru, Kapiteni Haller, yitabira intambara yo muri Mexico. Nkibyo, nta nkuru iri mu gitabo, ahanini igizwe n'ibishushanyo nibintu bishimishije biva mubuzima bwabasirikare.
Erega iki gitabo gikurikira "Abahigi bakuru", "batuye mu butayu", "mugushakisha bison yera". Imirimo iheruka yanditswe muburyo bwinoti ya kamere. Ibyabaye bibaho muri Louisiana. Isukana kuva mu Bufaransa, Data n'abahungu, bagomba kubona uruhu rwa bison yera. Ntabwo bishoboka kuyigura ahantu hose, bityo abavandimwe bahitamo gushaka inyamaswa ubwabo no kwica. Baruzuye mu nkuru no mu mashyi atangaje: urugero, abahungu bafite umufuka wamasaro, aho imbaraga zidasanzwe zashyizwe.
Imirimo yo hambere ya reed nkuru yabitumye akundwa muri kato. Rero, Theodore Roosevel, ejo hazaza ha Jenerali ya Amerika yerekeje ku mirimo y'umwanditsi wa Novice. Nyuma yaho, yabaye umufana ukomeye wa Kristo.
Mu myaka 10 iri imbere, urubingo rwanditse imirimo 23. Muri bo, igitabo cyamamaza amateka "Ocole, umuyobozi wa Seminain" arashobora gutandukanywa (filime "Ocole" yasohotse muri GDR mu 1971, inkuru ya "Inyanja Voltchonok, cyangwa urugendo rw'umunsi wa Thamy", kimwe no gukomeza "kubura mu nyanja", amagorofa ya Afurika, yarimbishijwe n'ibigereranyo byiza, "Glove y'Abaroma" "" "glove ya" yera "yerekeye mu Bwongereza ku mpinduramatwara ya 1640-1641.
Mu 1865, igitabo, cyahimbaza urubingo nyamukuru, - "ifarashi nta mutwe." Bwa mbere mu buzima bwe, umwanditsi yabonye amafaranga menshi. Ntimumenye kuyakoresha mu bukungu, yashora mu mishinga idasanzwe: iterambere ry'umudugudu w'icyongereza wa Jerads-Cross, mu kubaka umutungo wa Mexico. Kubaka amafaranga yose, mu Gushyingo 1866, Urubingo rwabaye ruhombo. Yashoboye kwiyemeza ibibazo byamafaranga muri Mutarama 1867.
Mugukurikirana ibyahoze ari ibyamamare, kuva i Londres muri Amerika kandi ashinze ikinyamakuru ikinyamakuru. Imirimo ye mishya ntabwo yatangaje abumva. Igice kubera ikibazo cyimitsi, igikumwe gishaje cya kera. Indwara yari ikomeye, kandi yamaze igice cy'umwaka mu bitaro. Mu 1870, umuhigo yagarutse i Londres, agasuzugurwa no kubura inyungu mu kazi ke.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Mu 1851, igihe isi ya Main yari afite imyaka 33, yahuye na Elizabeti, umukobwa we w'umubwiriza we. Hanyuma, umukobwa yari afite imyaka 13 gusa, nuko atitaye ku mwanditsi wakuze. Muri Diary ye yaranditse ati:
Ati: "Igihe kimwe nimugoroba, umutware mukuru reed yari umushyitsi mu nzu ya nyirasenge. Mbere yo ku mugoroba utazibagirana, sinigeze numva izina rye. "
Kandi umwanditsi akundana numukobwa urebye. Urubingo rwamaze imyaka 2, Urubingo rwashakishije aho Elizabeti aherereye, maze mu 1853 abashakanye barashyingiwe. Abashakanye ntibasangiye inyungu, kandi ishyingiranwa ryabo ryasaga nkaho rigomba gutsindwa. Uyu mukobwa ntiyari azi kwigenga gukora ubukungu, kandi nta gagereza kubakozi ba serivisi mumuryango. Nyamara, umuzimu wakomeje kuba umwizerwa ku mugabo we kugeza ku minsi ya nyuma y'ubuzima bwe. Ntibari bafite abana.
Imyaka Yanyuma nurupfu
Mu 1870, nyuma yo gusubira i Londres, urubingo rwacitse intege. Ibyabaye bivuye ku mutima byongereye ububabare mu kibero. Umwanditsi inshuro nyinshi yasubiye mu guhanga, kwandika ibishushanyo, ariko nta n'umwe muri bo wibutse umuryango w'uburayi na Amerika. Ubwanyuma, yaguye mubyihebye, nyamukuru byahisemo kutarwana no guhagarikwa. Kumyaka 10 ishize, ntabwo yashoboye kugenda nta nkoni.
Urubingo nyamukuru rwapfuye ku ya 22 Ukwakira 1883, mu mwaka wa 66 w'ubuzima, i Londres. Imva ye iherereye mu irimbi rya Kensal Green.
Nyuma y'urupfu, icyamamare cy'umwanditsi mu Bwongereza Mukomokaho hamwe na Amerika ntibyiyongereye, ariko ibyegeranyo bye byaguzwe muri USSR. Ni muri Leta zunze ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti mu 1973 "ifarashi idafite umutwe" yakingiwe. Nibyo, urutonde nyamukuru rwa firime rwahagaritswe.
Bibliografiya
- 1849 - "Ubuzima bwa Gisirikare, cyangwa Ibitekerezo by'Umuyobozi Mucyo"
- 1850 - "Imyambi ya Volnaya"
- 1853 - "Mugushakisha bison yera"
- 1856 - "Qualotronka"
- 1859 - "OtSole, Umuyobozi wa Semiminals"
- 1859 - "Inyanja Voltchonok"
- 1864 - "Yatakaye mu nyanja"
- 1864 - "Glove yera"
- 1865 - "Ifarashi idafite umutwe"
- 1866 - "Bandolo, cyangwa Ubukwe ku misozi"
- 1868 - "Umukobwa wumugore"
- 1872 - "Urutoki rukaze"
- 1877 - "Umukara Mustangar"
- 1882 - "Umusozi wabuze"