Ubuzima
Ishirwaho rya Penicillin, umukozi wa mbere wa antibiotique, isi itegekwa mucyongereza Microbiologuste Alexander Fleandre Fleming. Kandi nubwo ibintu byingenzi byagezweho byabaye ibisubizo byindwara yo guhanga yategetse muri laboratoire, ntibishoboka gupfobya ibyiza bya salaure ya Nobel murwego rwubuvuzi.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Alegizandere Fleming, ukiri umwana witwaga alec, yavutse ku ya 6 Kanama 1881 mu mujyi wa Dariteri wa Darweli. Data ahobera Fleming yarimo Form Lochfield. Nyina w'umuhungu, Ubuntu bw'Ubwongereza yashishikarije Morton, yabaye umugore wa kabiri wo guhobera, yibaruka abana bane. Alegizandere yabaye icya kabiri.
Kuva mubukwe bwa mbere, umuhinzi na we yagumye abana bane. Umugabo yari afite imyaka 59 igihe yahisemo gushyingirwa kwa kabiri, kandi guhobera yigeze ku rupfu nta muntu wo kwita ku bana bato. Dawe yapfuye igihe Alek yari afite imyaka 7. Kubwamahirwe, Grace yaje kuba umugore ukomeye. Yashoboye kudoga umuryango, agabanya imirimo yo kubungabunga umurima no kureremba umuto. Nubwo ashimishijwe na nyina, Alec yo mu bwana, barumuna be na bashiki be ntibashobora kwitwa akajagari.
Mu myaka 5 y'ejo hazaza, Dawell yahaye Ishuri ryo mu cyaro. FleMming umuryango wabaga mu isambu, buri gitondo abana bagombaga gukora ibirometero 7 unyuze mumirima kugirango bagera mu kirori. Mu minsi y'ubukonje, Ubuntu bwahaye buri kimwe mu birayi bishyushye kugira ngo asusuruke amaboko.
Inzira y'amahwa yakomeje gusa alec yashishikarije ubumenyi, kandi afite imyaka 12 yinjiye mu ishuri rya Kilmarnok. Nyuma yimyaka ibiri, hamwe nabavandimwe bakuru, umuhungu yimukiye i Londres atangira kumva ibiganiro mu kigo cya cyami Polytechnic. Icyerekezo cyafashije guhitamo umuvandimwe Thomas, wakoraga nka Ophthalmologue. Alec rero yatangiye kwiga ubuvuzi.
Ubumenyi bwungutse mu kiganiro bwafashije umuhungu mu 1901 kugira ngo yinjire mu ishuri ry'ubuvuzi mu bitaro bya Mariya. Byongeye kandi, yari umunyeshuri ufite impano cyane. Mu 1906, Fleming yabaye impaka ku buvuzi no kubaga, mu 1908 - Impaka za bagiteri.
Siyanse
Mu 1906, umwarimu w'igihugu cya Almert wa Almert Wright, waremye imiti yo munda yo munda, yatumiwe guhitamo gukora mu ishami ry'amashami yashinzwe mu bitaro bya Stand. Muri ako kanya, umuhanga n'abanyeshuri batatu bashakaga uburyo bwo guhatira antibodies guhangana n'indwara yanduza.
Ihuriro ryagezweho na Alexander Fleming na Almert rwatangiye hamwe na gato. Umwarimu wakoze mugukora ibikoresho byemerera uburyo bwo gukusanya isesengura ryukuri kandi bibabaza. Kubona ibisubizo by'imirimo, umunyeshuri yasabye tekinike aho abarwayi bafite sifilis bazira isesengura ridashobora gufatwa na 5 ML y'amaraso, na 0.5 ML - Kuva ku rutoki.
Muri iyo myaka, Syphilis yafatwaga nk'imwe mu ndwara ziteye akaga kandi zidakira. Byakozwe mu 1907 na chima Paul Erlich, ibiyobyabwenge "Salvarsan" byafashije no mu manza zatangijwe, ariko iyo imiti yatangijwe i Vienne. Nubwo iyi nzira yari igoye mubihe bigezweho, Fleming yakoreshejwe ubuhanga. Yavuze ku bisubizo byo kwivuza n'abarwayi 46 muri rimwe mu bibazo bya mbere bya siyansi.
Mu ntambara ya mbere y'isi yose, Almert Wright yasabwe gutegura laboratoire mu Bufaransa kugira ngo bige indwara zandura abasirikare bapfuye. Porofeseri yatumiye kumuhitira.
Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko antiseptics yakoreshwaga mugihe cyo kwanduza ibikomere, gusa uko ibintu bimeze gusa. Mu kinyamakuru cyo mu kinyamakuru cy'ubuvuzi cyakozwe neza ku butaka gusa, kandi atari mu bikomere byimbitse aho bagiteri zimbitse zihishe, kandi zifashishijwe ibiyobyabwenge, harimo ibintu byingirakamaro bigira uruhare mu gukira bikurwaho. Iyi ngingo yo kureba urwango. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, abaganga benshi b'ingabo bakomeje gukoresha antisefitique, nubwo byarushijeho kuba bibi imiterere yumurwayi.
Gucirwa bugufi mu 1919, Fleming yasubiye mu Bwongereza kandi akomeza gushakisha bagiteri. Inararibonye, abahanga bagaragaje ko antiseptique igabanya cyangwa iragabanya rwose ingaruka zo kwanduza, Leukocytes.
Mu 1922, amafaranga ya mbere ya siyansi yateguwe mu mibereho ya mikorobiologue: Ubushakashatsi guhujwe bwatumye havumburwa na LysozyME, ibintu bya Antibacteri. Muri kiriya gihe, Fleming yakoze imbeho kandi yigeze guhitamo igikombe hamwe na bagiteri. Nyuma yiminsi 5, wasangaga ibintu byangiza byazimiye aho mucus, ubwiza bwa mikorobe bwari busobanutse. Ubundi buryo bwerekanye ko amarira n'amacandwe y'umuntu na we yari afite "kweza" ubushobozi bwo kongeramo poroteyine.
Lizozyme yafatwaga nkikintu gikiza kizigamye kugeza Fleming yafunguye penisiline mu 1928. Amagambo yavuze kuri uwo munsi:
Ati: "Igihe nabyutse mu museke ku ya 28 Nzeri 1928, njye na rimwe, ntabwo byateguye impinduramatwara mu buvuzi nfunguye antibiotike ya mbere ku isi, cyangwa umwicanyi. Ariko ndakeka ko aribyo nakoze. "Gusubira mu biruhuko bigufi mu 1928, Fleming yavumbuye muri kimwe mu bikombe Petri ibihumyo. Neoplasm yangije mikorobe ziteje akaga zabitswe mu gikombe. Umuhanga mu minsi itari mike ntiyasohotse kubera ibitabo amenya ko imbere ye Perrysogenum, "Denaden Demonill".
Fleming yamenye ko iyi ari yo antibiyotike ikomeye. Niba Lizozyme yarwanyije bagiteri itagira ingaruka, noneho penisili yashoboraga gufata Syphilis, umusonga, meningite, gangrene, gonorrhea no ku zindi rupfu. Ibisobanuro birambuye byumuhanga byasohotse mu kinyamakuru Ikinyamakuru cyo mu Bwongereza Pathology. Icyamutangaje, isi ya siyansi ntiyahindukiye ku ngingo yo kwitabwaho bidasanzwe, kandi ubumenyi bwa mizima ya mizima ntabwo byari bihagije kwigenga gukuraho ubuntu ibintu bya antibiotike biva kuri fungus. Igitekerezo cyagombaga gusubika mu gasanduku garemba.
Mu 1940, nyuma yimyaka 12 kuvumburwa, Ernstriun na Howard Flori yaje gufasha guhita. Basukuye ibintu byinshi byanze imbeba byanduye staphylococcus.
Byari biteje akaga kuyobora ibyabaye mu bantu, mu gihe Fleming yakoraga mu bitaro bya Mariya, ntabwo yakiriyebera igikoma cye. Yapfuye azize Meningite. Inyungu zubumenyi n'icyifuzo cyo gukiza inshuti yasukuye umuhanga mu kuvura rwihishwa umurwayi wa penisiline. Nyuma yukwezi kumwe, umurwayi yakize kuruta imikorere mikuru ya antibiotike yagaragaye.
Mu 1943, hagati y'intambara ya kabiri y'isi yose, umusaruro wa penisiline washinzwe mu nganda za farumasi. Kubera ibiyobyabwenge, abasirikari bakomeretse bakijijwe n'ibikomere biteye ubwoba basubira imbere.
Alexander Fleming yumvise ko gukoresha bidakwiye kwa penisiline byashoboye kurwanya bagiteri kuri antibiyotike. Birashobora kubaho mugihe kuvura ari bigufi kandi byakozwe hamwe na dosiye nto. Umuhanga mu bya siyansi avugana no gufungura isi, yaburiye abantu gufata antibiyotike batashyizeho umuganga.
Penicillin ni umusanzu mwiza muri biologiya n'imiti: kugeza na n'ubu, antibiyotike iremewe hashingiwe ku bintu, bikabuza ubuzima bwa miliyoni. Kuri ubu buvumbuzi, Fleming yahawe ibihembo bitandukanye, nyamukuru byacyo nigihembo cyitiriwe Nobel. Ati: "Kubwo gufungura Penisilina n'ingaruka ze mu kurwanya indwara zitandukanye zanduza" za Microbiologiste na bagenzi be Flori na Chene batanze mu 1945.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Alexander Fleming yari imbaga. Mu rwego, shebuja ukomoka mu buriri "Maria yera", hanyuma muri "imbabazi". Mu 1942, yahawe izina ry'umuti wa mbere ukomeye wo muri Lodge yunze ubumwe bw'Ubwongereza. Yageze kuri dogere 30 (ya 33) ukurikije Amasezerano ya kera kandi yemerwa na Scottish.
Alexander Fleming yashakanye kabiri.
Ku ya 23 Ukuboza 1915, uwo muhanga w'Ubumenyi yabaye umuforomo w'ibitaro bya St. Mariya, Irilande Sarah mtcharrow. Umwaka umwe, umuhungu yabyaye umuhungu Robert, wagiye mu kirenge cya se ahinduka umuganga. Umuryango waje gukomera - kugeza igihe Sarah yapfiriye mu 1949, abashakanye babaga mu bugingo.
Mu 1953, umuhanga yongeye gushaka. Amaliya Kotxuri-vureka, Grechanka uhwanye n'umugabo we imyaka 31. Yashyiraga ishinga rya bagiteri, ariko yitangiye ibikorwa by'uburenganzira bwa muntu. Nyuma yimyaka 2 nyuma yubukwe, Amalia yabaye umupfakazi.
Urupfu
Ku ya 11 Werurwe 1955, mu 74, Alegizandere Fleming yapfuye azize indwara y'umutima i Londres. Bisabwe n'umubiri wapfuye, gutwika, umukungugu watwitswe muri katedrali ya Mutagatifu Paul, iruhande rw'imva ya Admiral Horatio Nelson Nelson. Ku mva, gucira imanza ku ifoto, intangiriro byanditswe ngo: "A.FON.".Ibintu bishimishije
- Ibitabo bya siyansi byombi bya Alexandre yabaye kubera umwanda wacyo. Bavuga ko laboratoire ya microbiologue yaciriweho yuzuyemo flasks, imiyoboro y'ibizamini, imiyoboro n'amacometse, gusukura kuri desktop byari bidasanzwe. Mubisanzwe, ibuye ryateguwe mubisigazwa byimiti. Noneho, hasigaye icyumweru igikombe cyanduye cya Petri impanuka ya Petri impanuka ya fungus penigillium penicillium, nyuma yaje guhinduka itegurwa rikomeye ridahwitse rya Penisiline.
- Nyuma yo gufungura peniciline, kumenyekana kwa siyansi byaguye kuri Alexandre Fleming. Muri Nyakanga 1944, umwami w'Ubwongereza yamuhaye izina "Sir", mu Gushyingo 1945, umuhanga yabaye inshuro eshatu na Dr. By the way, muri icyo gihe, Minisitiri w'intebe w'Ubwongereza WinSTSON na Warlord w'intambara y'isi yose Bernard Montgomery yakiriye impamyabumenyi ya dogiteri muri Luerman.
- Bavuga inzira z'ikirenga kandi Fleming yahuye ni inshuro zirenze imwe. Mu myaka ya za 1950, umuryango w'amadini "Imbaraga z'ineza" zihimbye umugani ukurikije uwo muhanga, kuba undi mwana, yakuye umunyapolitiki uzaza mu gishanga. Nkikimenyetso cyo gushimira, se wubukwe yishyuye uburezi bwa Fleming mubigo byibidukikije, birimo ikigo cya cyami Polytechnic. Hariho kandi inkuru ko mugihe cyintambara, politiki kuva gupfa kwa penisiline yakijijwe. Uku kuri Alexander Fleming yahakanye mu ibaruwa yandikiwe inshuti nare Grazia:
Amagambo
Kumushakashatsi nta byishimo biruta gukora ubutombure, nubwo bimeze gute. Biramuha ubutwari bwo gukomeza gushakisha ... Ingingo nshya ifungura umuhanga wenyine, ariko isi iragoye, niko tugora neza ko ntacyo tumenyereye abandi. Shira umushakashatsi neza kubandi. Shyira umushakashatsi usanzwe amenyera abandi Ingoro ya marayika, kandi izaba imwe muri ebyiri: yaba azotsinda ingoro ya marimari, cyangwa ingoro izamutsinda. Niba hejuru ishakisha umushakashatsi, ingoro izahinduka amahugurwa kandi izamera nka laboratoire isanzwe; Ariko, niba hejuru izatsinda ingoro, umushakashatsi yarapfuye. Hariho intsinzi yatsinze itera ibyifuzo bishya.Ubuvumbuzi
- 1922 - antibacterial enzyme lysozme
- 1928 - antibiotic penisiline