Ubuzima
Mu gice cya kabiri cya XIX, Herbert Spencer yari mubantu b'ingenzi batekereje kubitekerezo bya filozofiya. Nyuma, abizera bayigereranije na Crate na Aristote. Ariko, abantu benshi bo mu gihe cya Spencer ntibashoboraga kwishimira ibitekerezo bye. Mbega umusanzu munini watumye utwongereza mu iterambere rya filozofiya na sociologiya, bavugaga mu kinyejana cya 20, kandi uyu munsi umurage wa siyansi wasuzumye cyane.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Herbert Spence yavutse ku ya 27 Mata 1820 muri Derby, Intara ya Devansire. Umufilozofe uzaza yakuriye mu muryango wa mwarimu wishuri. Ababyeyi ba Spencer, uretse we, bambara urumuri rwabana batandatu, batanu muribo bapfiriye akiri bato.
Herbert ntabwo yari afite ubuzima bukomeye, niko se yahisemo kudaha Umwana we ishuri kandi ku giti cye yishora mu burere bwe n'uburezi. Umuhungu yatwaye ababyeyi be nubumenyi bwe, nimico yihariye: Mubumenyi bwihariye, umuhanga mu bya filozokiya yavuze ko kubahiriza igihe, ubwigenge, hamwe n'ingaruka zikomeye z'amahame yayo, yigiye kuri Se.
Gukora gahunda yumwana we mu burezi, Spencer Sekuru mukuru yegereye guhitamo ibitabo. Herbert yihutiye ko yari yarabaswe no gusoma, kandi nubwo gutsinda ku ishuri bidashobora kwitwa Shiny, umuhungu ntashobora guhakana ibitekerezo by'iperereza, bikize no kwitegereza.
Ku ya 13, ababyeyi bagiye kumwoherereza nyirarume - yari yiteguye guhugura umusore kugira ngo yinjire muri Cambridge. Ariko, Spencer, yemejwe gushidikanya ku burezi bwemewe, ntabwo yinjiye muri kaminuza.
Mu kugwa kwa 1837, Herbert, wagiye nka gari ya moshi, yimukiye i Londres. Ariko nyuma yimyaka 3 ava mu murwa mukuru asubira mu rugo. Ngaho, Spencer yagerageje imbaraga mu kwiga imibare, ariko kubera ko atakuze afite siyanse yukuri, yakonje vuba kuri uyu mushinga. Ariko kumusore nabyutse ashishikajwe nitangazamakuru. Mu kinyamakuru gikabije "kidahwitse", yasohoye ingingo 12 zerekeye ingingo za politiki n'imibereho. Mu 1843, basohotse bafite igitabo cyihariye.
Mu myaka yakurikiyeho, Herbert yabayeho hagati ya London na Birmingham, bagerageza mu mirima itandukanye. Yanditse amakinamico, imivugo n'imivugo, yasohoye ikinyamakuru cye, yakoraga nka injeniyeri n'ubwubatsi. Muri icyo gihe, umusore ntiyahagaritse kwiga, azimya imirimo y'abatekereza bongereza n'Abadage kandi yateguraga gutangaza igitabo cye.
Filozofiya na sociologiya
Igikorwa cya mbere cya spencer, cyitwa "static static", cyasohotse mu 1851. Muri yo, umuhanga mu bya filozofiya yabashinze inyigisho y'ubutabera, bwari bwateye imbere mu bindi bikorwa. Ishingiro ryigitabo nicyo gitekerezo cyukuntu impirimbanyi muri leta ishobora kubungabungwa. Herbert yizeraga ko uburinganire bushoboka niba imiterere mbonezamubano yagengwa n'amategeko y'ubwisanzure na sisitemu yo kunganiza abakomoka kuri bo.
Umubare wo gusoma wahuye na "Imibare mbonezamubano", ariko uwanditse ubwe yahisemo ko bose batashoboye gusuzuma neza ibikorwa bye. Ariko ibigize cpencer byashimishije inzobere zikomeye z'Ubwongereza, muri bo Thomas Huxley, George Eliot, urusyo rwa Stewart.
Tuganiriye na bo, yavumbuye amazina mashya muri filozofiya ya none - imwe muri jyanama nshya, Mille, yamumenyesheje imirimo ya Augukete Kont. Kubona ibitekerezo bimwe byumufaransa byumvikanye wenyine, umubyin utekereza wumvise wakomeretse. Nyuma yaho, Spencer yashimangiye inshuro nyinshi ko kurengana bitagize uruhare ruto kubitekerezo bye.
Mu 1855, igitabo cya psychologiya, cyasohotse mu gitabo cya kabiri cyasohotse. Muri we, Herbert yasobanuye igitekerezo cye cya psychologiya ifitanye isano. Uyu murimo wahawe umwanditsi nticyatangaje, wafashe imbaraga nyinshi zo mu mwuka no kumubiri. Mu bizima byanditswe na we, uwatekerezamuye yemeye ko amaherezo y'imitsi ye yaje muburyo buteye ubwoba kandi arangije inyandiko. Ariko kuri iyi bizamini ntabwo byararangiye. "Urufatiro rwa psychologiya" ntirwitewe ku nyungu z'abasomyi, ibiciro ntibyatinze, kandi Spencer yagumye nta mibereho.
Inshuti zateguye mbere yo kwiyandikisha mbere kuri "filozofiya ya synthephop" "kwiyandikisha mbere kuri" sisitemu ya filozofiya ya synthephic ", aho hebert yarishoramo. Inzira y'akazi yari ibabaje umugabo - menyesha ibyawe, imitwe, yamworoheye mu "shingiro ya psychologiya". Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, mu 1862 igice cya mbere cyasohotse, cyitwa "gufungura shingiro". Mu 1864 na 1866, imibumbe ibiri ya "ibirindiro bya binology" byasohotse.
Mu gihugu cya filozofiya, inyandiko zombi ntizigeze zigeraho, abasomyi baturutse mu Burusiya na Amerika bashimishijwe. Abafana ba Spencer bava ku isi nshya ndetse boherejwe gukuraho uwanditse ibihumbi 7 kugira ngo ahishe igiciro cy'igitabo kandi akubiyemo ikiguzi cy'igitabo kandi akubiyemo ikiguzi cy'igitabo kandi akomeza kurekura ibitabo by'ibitabo. Ku nshuti zagombaga gukora cyane kugirango wemeze Herbert gufata aya mafranga gufata aya mafranga. Utekereza kugeza igihe cyanyuma yanze ubufasha bwamafaranga, ariko amaherezo atanga.
Mu 1870 na 1872, "impamvu za psychologiya" zasohotse. Muri icyo gihe, spencer yashoboye gukora ku kindi nyandiko yeguriwe imisocikeri. Nibyo, ntishobora gukusanya ibikoresho bikenewe wenyine - afite imyaka, icyerekezo cy'umufilozofe cyangiritse ku buryo yagombaga guha akazi umunyamabanga.
Hamwe na hamwe bayobora amakuru ku bigo by'imibereho by'ibihugu bitandukanye, binjira amakuru mu mbonerahamwe idasanzwe. Ibikoresho byasaga naho Herbert rero yizewe ku buryo yahisemo kumumenyesha igitabo cyihariye. Igice cya mbere cy "Sociologiya isobanura" yasohotse mu 1871, hasohoka izindi metero 7 zakomeje kugeza 1880.
Igitabo cya mbere, cyazanywe na spencer, intsinzi yubucuruzi ni "ubushakashatsi bwa sociologiya" (1873). Yashakaga gukumira irekurwa ry '"ibishingiro by'imisebe" (1877-1896) - nk'uko umwanditsi w'umwanditsi abiteganya, hasabwa umwanditsi, hasabwa intangiriro idasanzwe, yemerera abasomyi gusobanukirwa na siyansi nshya. Ibikorwa byanyuma bya Herbert byabaye "ishingiro ryimyitwarire" (1879-1893), umurimo ushyira ingingo muri sisitemu ya "Sintetike ya Filozofiya".
Ubwongereza bwandikaga mu magambo ahinnye - urujya n'uruza rwa filozofiya, rwatangiriye mu Bufaransa. Abayoboke be bizeraga ko metani ya kera adashoboye gusubiza ibibazo byihutirwa bya siyansi igezweho. Ntibari bashishikajwe no kutagerwaho, bivuze ko hari agaciro gakomeye babonye mubushakashatsi bufatika. Spencer, hamwe nuwashinze ubu na Augus Millem, yabaye uhagarariye imyanda ya mbere.
Igitekerezo cy'ubwihindurize cyateye imbere na Herbert cyari kinini cyane. Ku bwe, ubwihindurize ni itegeko fatizo ry'iterambere ryabaye mu bintu byose. Biraranga inzibacyuho idahumanye kugirango ihuze, kuva kubanyahutse kugirango bibeho kandi bivuye kumurika. Icyiciro cyanyuma cyubwihindurize kuri spencer ni uburinganire - kurugero, imbaraga ziterambere kandi zibangamira societe. Iyi nyigisho ya filozofiya yakoreshejwe mu gusesengura imibereho, ibinyabuzima, psychologiya nibindi bintu.
Herbert yanavugaga kandi n'umwanditsi w'igitekerezo kama. Isosiyete yasaga naho ari ibinyabuzima bizima, biyongera muri misa, bikaba bigoye, bikabaho muri rusange, icyarimwe, bamwe mu ingirabuzimaki bahora bihinduka: bamwe bapfa, ariko abantu bashya baraza guhinduka. Ibigo bya Leta bya filozofe ugereranije nibice byihariye byumubiri bikora imirimo runaka.
Usibye imirimo y'ubugome "gahunda ya filozofiya ya Sintekoke," yatanze igitekerezo cy'ibitabo byinshi, muri byo - "imbibi zikwiye z'imbaraga za Leta" (1843), "umuntu na Leta n'ibitekerezo" ( 1902) n'abandi.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Kubyerekeye ubuzima bwihariye bwa filozofiya ntabwo buzwi cyane. Impamvu nyamukuru yo kwigunga iri mubyukuri ko Herbert ye yose yeguriwe akazi. Mu 1851, uwutekereza yazamuye, amushaka umugore ukwiye, yakuweho kugirango akohereze ikamba.
Ariko, iyi gahunda ntabwo yari igenewe kugerwaho - kuba yari azinye numukobwa, Spencer yanze gushyingirwa. Iki cyemezo yashimangiye ko umugeni atera imbere cyane. Mu bihe biri imbere, Herbert ntabwo yaremye umuryango we, ibitekerezo bye byose byahindutse siyanse n'ibitabo.
Urupfu
Herbert Spencer yapfuye ku ya 8 Ukuboza 1903 muri Brighton. Yashyinguwe ku irimbi rya Hikomate i Londres, iruhande rw'ivu ry'undi mufilozofe udasanzwe XIX ikinyejana - Karl Marx. Urupfu rw'Ubwongereza rwabanjirije imyaka y'indwara - ku iherezo ry'ubuzima bwe, ntikizongera guhaguruka mu buriri.
Byanditswe na "Autobiography" byasohotse mu 1904, n'abasomyi b'ibitabo bitinyutse bivuye kuri compte. Ibigize Spencer byabwiwe mbere yo gutangazwa, ni amafaranga menshi yabanjirije yaje ku bamamaji. Ku munsi wa mbere, kugurisha "Autobiography" yacunguwe no gutanga, abaturage basoma ntibateye isoni nigiciro gitangaje.
Bibliografiya
- 1842 - "Imipaka ikwiye y'imbaraga za Leta"
- 1851 - "Imibereho myiza"
- 1861 - "Uburezi, imico n'umubiri"
- 1862-1896 - "sisitemu ya filozofiya ya sintetike"
- 1879 - "INGINGO Z'INGENZI"
- 1884 - "Umugabo na Leta"
- 1885 - "Filozofiya n'idini. Kamere n'ukuri kw'idini "
- 1891 - "Inyandiko: Siyanse, politiki na filozofiya"
- 1891 - "Ubutabera"
- 1902 - "UKURI N'IMSOKO"