Ubuzima
Umufilozofe wa kera w'Abagereki yasigayemo ibisigo 2 gusa yarazwe, kandi byabitswe gusa muburyo butandukanye, ariko bavumbuye ibitekerezo byinshi bitinyutse biteganya ejo hazaza heza. Muri biografiya yumurongo biragoye gutandukanya ukuri mumigani. Abayo mugihe yari afite imbaraga ndengakamere ndetse yashoboye no kubyutsa abapfuye, kandi ubwubatonda ubwe yashyigikiye igitekerezo cyerekanwa n'Imana. Bertrand Russell mu gitabo "Amateka ya Filozofiya y'Iburengerazuba" Yitwa Empecla"Uruvange rwa filozofiya, umuhanuzi, umuntu wa siyansi na chandan."Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Mu myaka mumyaka ya filozofiya azwi cyane, ndetse nitariki yamakuru yavutse. Abahanga mu by'amateka benshi bakunda ko ari 490 kugeza ibihe byacu. Igice kinini cyubuzima bwatekerezaga mu mujyi wa Akraganta (ubungubu - Agrigento) mu bimenyetso bibitswe, bikunze kwitwa Empecl kuva Akragant. Amakuru amwe nayo abaho kugirango asobanure "umwana wububasha".
Amakuru yimiterere yerekeye filozofiya azwi ahanini mu mirimo ya Diogen Lanertsky, eduction yabo n'imirimo yabo n'ibikorwa by'abandi batekereza kera. Yabaye uwashinze ishuri rya Oratory, yanditse inyandiko ya disikuru kandi yari azwi cyane kubera ibitaramo. Aristote yatekereje kuba washinze imitekerereze.
Empepecl yari ashyigikiye demokarasi ya demokarasi kandi ashyigikira acrelant yo kujya muriyi nzira. Umwanya we muri sosiyete wari uremereye, kandi umwanya urabyemeza, ariko ntiyashobora gukiza umujyi. Abashyigikiye Tirani bafashe imbaraga barakatiye umuhanga mu bunyage buva mu mujyi. Nyuma yo gutsindwa, imyumbaro yimukiye muri politiki, yibizwa byimazeyo muri filozofiya.
Mu gihe cyo mu gihe cyemeje ko Umuhemu wagenze cyane, kandi iyi soko ry'ubumenyi bwimbitse - gusa abatambyi bo mu Misiri ni bo bonyine bigishwa mu buhanzi bw'iterambere, kandi abapadiri bo mu Misiri bonyine ni bo bashobore kwigishwa n'ubupfumu n'imiti - abanyabwenge b'iburasirazuba, ahubwo ni icyemezo cyo kwemezwa Mu kuba umuntu wa kera cyane yari mu bihugu bitandukanye, oya.
Mu bihugu kavukire, filozofiya yafatwaga nk'ibintu bitangaje n'umupfumu. Yitirirwa ibitangaza bitandukanye, kugeza ku izuka ry'abapfuye - bivugwa ko yashoboye kubyutsa uwo mugore, iminsi 30 yari yaracecetse. Yiswe n'urugendo - akurikije umugani, igihe umuyaga wigeze gushyira byinshi ku buryo yangije umusaruro, abambuzi bategetswe gukora imisozi no kuyabara mu misozi no ku gahato, nyuma yikirere.
Nanone filozofiya bariko kwitirirwa agakiza Selinunti kuva icago icyorezo: ategeka ngo bamenere rutare ngo ikirere federal mu mujyi gupfa, maze bidatevye imiyaga majyaruguru kugera mu kirere, afata ndwara.
Filozofiya
ivyiyumviro vyiwe muri EmPedocl nk'ipurato mu buryo y'ubusizi. ntiti bagabanyirizwa yagumanye na gusanwa mu mirimo, we imivugo babiri: "kwezwa" na "Ku Nature". Nk'uko biyumvira, bombi bari 5 ibihumbi mirongo mu bo, ariko 450 gusa bari yarazigamye Imivugo muri imivugo mu kugaragaza ibitekerezo bye gusa neza, ariko kandi cyumvikana:. Empedocle yari umuhanga mu imigemo kandi ubuhanga yakoresheje imvugo ngereranyo tekiniki n'ibindi art y'ubusizi.
Mu buto bwe, Empedocl yashyigikiye Pythagorean ubu, ariko rero yari yirukanywe mu misitari abanyeshuri - niba wagambaniye ubumenyi ibanga ubwe, cyangwa n'uko yari kugenerwa ubwe ibyagezweho wundi wa (nta n'umwe muhuze ibitekerezo). Bamwe ibitekerezo Pythagora, by'umwihariko inyigisho bivanye mu rero gushingwa bishimikije naturophilosophy ya akandika ku.
Gukoresha EmPedocle ishingiye ku kuvura mu Arhem - mu primancy ashingiyeho 4 ibintu ko buhuye imana 4 - AID, Zeyu, Gera na Nestis. Ibintu, kuba buhoraho na ntakirahindurwamo, bahora Kwimura, Kuzuza Umwanya no kwibumbira ibintu impande zose, harimo umubiri w'umuntu. Urugero, amaraso igizwe n'ibintu 4 mu wapimye angana, maze amagufwa n'ibice 4 mu muriro, 2 - Isi 2 - umuriro. Mu kiseera kye kimu, ibintu ubwabo ruhamwa kandi ntugire kurema ikintu, ariko Himura Gihinguranya ku kugongana ya 2 ingabo ahateganye - Idosiye (urukundo) na neukos (urwango).
Kuvuka no gupfa Empedocle gusuzuma ivyiyumviro bibi, inyuma bikaba hari isano bworoheje no gutandukanywa n'ibintu. dualism Ibi underlies yose ariho, gushinga uburyo buzunguruka, aho ubumwe benshi riguma bigaragarira.
Mu mivugo ya y'ubusizi, umufilozofe yagaragaje bitari ibitekerezo babwiganye bari imbere mu gihe cye. Maze, birumvikana, nko ibitekerezo amanga bari bidashoboka kwemeza empirically, kandi mu gihe cya amaso Empedocle vyasa Fantastic, ariko na iterambere siyansi, abanyasiyansi batangazwa ngo kuba mu siyansi kera ibitekerezo byinshi by'ingenzi mu siyansi kera.
Urugero, Empedocl inkunga amategeko kubungabunga (ku nshuro ya mbere yagaragaje by Eleats), avuga ko nta kivuka ku ubusa. Mu arebana "Ku Nature", yanditse ko bukwirakwira umucyo ku muvuduko umwe, ni nini, ariko ubukana ruheta. Kandi mu ibikorwa EmMedocle Twabonye imfatiro inyigisho Ihitamo kamere, imbere na Darwin: umufilozofe impaka ko amoko mu bahora guhindura, kandi kubaho gusa cyane yahujwe bo.
Ubusanzwe, inyigisho ze ni rusange nta n'isano cyane na ibitekerezo Ibinyabuzima kijyambere - Nk'akarorero, akandika bemera ko inyamaswa mbere bari guheza, rikagabanya Bitunguranye imibiri giti, harimo muntu, ariko buhumyi yayo byanagaragaye na imbere mu banditsi ba abayoboke na Basics yashyinguwe kwiga ubuzima ngenga.
Ibi si intererano gusa ku siyansi ashikanishwa filozofiya ya. Empedocl yaravuze ijambo kirere ari ubutunzi runaka, yanditse ibyagaragariye ibintu n'izikurura imbaraga yagaragaje ko ukwezi rumurika atari aye, ariko bigaragarira umucyo. Yari kandi ashishikajwe kubyara: cyane amayobera, yabonaga kubyara abana babiri-guhitamo impanga agerageza gusobanura wageze mu nyigisho ubugingo gutuza.
Umufilozofe kera iya ibitekerezo gufindafinda mu murima wa imiti, cyane cyane ku birebana Physiology na imyumvire sensory. Yari umwe mu mbere wagerageje kudutandukanya gukira we mu kimenyetso na impumyi imyizerere. Empedocle yashimangiye imiti - siyansi, ntabwo ibanga magic ubumenyi, no muganga aba agomba kwiga umubiri w'umuntu, kandi si gukurikiza bitekerezo bya kera.
Dufatiye ku Turavye gnoseology, Empedocl yakoze ashigikiye ubumenyi irari no yari optimist mu bijyanye imipaka yayo, impaka ko ukuri iriho kandi nta nzitizi nyamukuru gusobanukirwa yayo. Mu kiseera kye kimu, isi w'umuntu azi n'uburyo yumva: by'inzego zacyo kumenyera Igikoresho turimo kwiga no idasanzwe pores amakuru mbonye. Mu pores kuri benshi, barushaho multifaceted na urusobe amakuru binyuze bo ushobora kumenya no kumenya.
Hamwe Anaksagor, EmPedocle wahanze iterambere filozofiya y'Abagiriki, yavuyemo inyigisho atomists, ibikorwa Aristote na Platon arahaguruka.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Nta uzwi ku muka umufilozofe mwinshi. urubyaro Icyakora, yari: Satir mu "mihora ubuzima" avuga ko umwana yavutse, uwo akandika yiyise icyubahiro se exacuette ye. Kandi hari amakuru hari havugwa umukobwa, ni babigambiriye, yaba atabishaka batwika igice basigaye vy'iminwe bitarangiye wa filozofiya ya.
Empedocle wari intwari by imyitwarire umuntu usesagura na yakunze gushimangira buruta ye hejuru abandi. Yari yambaye imyenda ya umutambyi - umutamana n'ubw'umuhengeri umukanda zahabu ikamba Delphian, hose wasaga gikikijwe Amakoti n'abigishwa baryoherwa, na bano bwe byahumetswe abaturage bagenzi. Arahaguruka Leta cyubahiro ababyeyi be, akaba yashimye kumara mu buryo mbere, gutanga inkwano no gutegura ishyingiranwa ryiza kuko bo.
Urupfu
Ugereranyije EmPedocl yapfuye, hari abatari verisiyo bake - kuva mu rugo ngo Fantastic. Diogen Lanertsky bituma 2 bo. Nk'uko mbere, umufilozofe azwi cane bamuzanira ijuru muzima, kandi "bikwiye igitambo imana Imana." Nk'uko kabiri - Empedocl yahisemo kwiyahura: yumva uburyo urupfu, we ajyanwa ku ethna ikirunga. Yizihiza bize ivyerekeye urupfu rwiwe, kubona muringa tw'inkweto ze mu ivu.
Ariko, hari ibimenyetso mu nyandiko gihe, verisiyo bworoheje tuzisanga: birashoboka ko Empedocle agwa mu igare ko ajya mukuru mu Messen, arawumanyura y'ikibero na, abarwayi nyuma ko, arapfa. Ni kandi ko mu by'ukuri abaca agwa mu nyanja. Kuba nke afite umugabo, umufilozofe nta guhangana igitero rizungagizwa no barohamye.
Ni ibisobanuro ni ukuri kandi ko ari yo nyirabayazana y'urupfu, nta kwihenda uzwi. Abatohozakahise batumvikana ndetse mu bitekerezo, uko imyaka yari akandika mu gihe urupfu: 60, 77 cyangwa 109.
urubyaro mu vyubatswe e-musenyi statue in w'iwabo. Nyuma yaho, mu Baroma yimukiye ngo murwa yambara kare imbere ya Sena Building. Mu ABANTU sculptural ya filozofiya bariko yarazigamye kandi, nk'uko iryo umwe ashobora kuba bigereranywa Turavye isa.
Amagambo
A byinshi inzitizi byago ibihuri ku dooms toastful Hari ibitekerezo bidasobanutse mu mutima ku budapfa mu. Cosmos umwe, ariko Umwanya ntabwo bigize ibiriho, ariko. Impapuro gusa bamwe, agace gato w'ijuru, igice gisigaye ni bidafitanye kibazo. ntabwo kubaho kuva nta na kimwe gishobora kuba icyo ari urimbuka.Iburanisha
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