Ubuzima
Jean-Batista Lamarka ni uw'icyubahiro cy'Umuremyi w'icyiciro cya mbere cy'inyamaswa n'ibimera. Yakoze ibikorwa binini bya siyansi, ahubwo yabayeho ubuzima, urugamba rwuzuye nububabare. Nk'uko byatangajwe n'amategeko, umuhanga n'ubukene n'ubukene, kandi byatwaye igihe kinini kugirango urubyaro rushimire ibyo agezeho.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Mona, Chevalé de Lamarc, yavukiye mu mujyi wa Bashen-Le-Petit ku ya 1 Kanama 1744. Mu muryango yari akiri muto mu bana 11.
Babyeyi, nubwo bari abanyacyubahiro, bari abakene kandi ntibashoboraga gufasha umuhungu wabo kubaka umwuga wa gisirikare, yarose. Ahubwo, bohereje Jean ku ishuri ry'ubwo abadineri, nyuma yo kurangiza yagombaga kubona san.
Mu 1760, se wa Lamarki yarapfuye, kandi umusore w'imyaka 16, ajugunya ibitabo bya tewolojiya, yiyandikishije mu gisirikare. Imyaka 7 iri imbere yamaze mu ngabo ziriho maze yinjiza urwego rwa ofisiye, atandukanya intambara kurwanya abongereza mu gihe cy'intambara y'imyaka irindwi.
Siyanse
Inyungu nyayo muri kamere yabyutse mu bahanga ejo hazaza imyaka 25 gusa. Igihe impamyabumenyi ye yagumye igihe kirekire i Riviera, Jean-kitititita yahaye umwanya we wose ku buntu kugira ngo yige ibimera asanga bishimishije cyane. Bidatinze, yagombaga kureka ingabo ku buzima - ku rugamba rwa Lamarck yakomeretse bikomeye. Pansiyo y'umusirikare yari mike, no gukosora ibintu by'ubukungu, byabaye ngombwa ko abona umuyobozi wa leta.
Ukuri kwishimishije - Umusore yari umucuranzi ufite impano kandi akatiya, nicyo cyinzira igiye kurushaho - guhanga cyangwa siyanse. Ishyaka ry'ubutaka ryatsindiraga, nyuma yigihe gito, Lamarck yahawe umwanya umukozi mu busitani bwa cyami, aho yakuye icyegeranyo cyicyegeranyo kizwi cyibimera kandi bidahungabana.
Nyuma yimyaka 9, hashingiwe kuri iyi nama, Lamarck yanditse igitabo. Igikorwa cya Flora Ubufaransa, kirimo Umubumbe U 3 bwose, cyamuzaniye vuba icyamamare mu gihugu cye kavukire - icyo gihe Boteny yari mu moderi. Abahanga mu bya siyansi bamenye agaciro ka siyansi y'ibigize lamarca (birimo ibitekerezo bishya n'amahame ya sisitemu y'ibimera) kandi bamuha umunyamuryango mu ishuri ry'igifaransa.
Imyaka 2 iri imbere, umushakashatsi yakoresheje murugendo i Burayi. Muri kiriya gihe, yasuye inzego nyinshi z'amarezi n'ubusitani bwa botanika no kuzuza inteko yabo ifite umubare munini w'icyitegererezo gishya. Kugeza ku ya 1789, Lamarc yafashe umwanya w'umubyeyi mukuru w'umwami wo muri Hielberium, ariko umwuga watsinze umuhanga ukiri muto wahagaritse impinduramatwara. Iyo icyegeranyo cya siyansi gisanzwe cy'Umwami waretse kubaho, gutahura n'iherezo ry'imurikabikorwa, bigira ijambo ku nteko ishinga amategeko kandi ryemera gushinga inzu ndangamurage.
Muri kiriya gihe, imurikagurisha ntabwo ryihariye ryo gutegura cyane, ahubwo ni ugushyirwaho bidahwitse amabuye y'agaciro, ibimera n'inyamaswa zuzuye ntibyahuye na siyansi. Lamarc yashakaga gutandukanya ibintu mumatsinda, nayo, yarimo amabwiriza yo kuvuka numuryango. Kugenzura Leta imurika hamwe nuburyo bukomeye bwaho byagombaga guhabwa umukozi utandukanye.
Icyifuzo cyemejwe, kandi mu 1793 Inzu Ndangamurage y'igihugu y'amateka kamere yafunguye imiryango kubashyitsi. Lamarist Lamark yafashe umwanya woroheje wabati umurezi wa Hall wanduye, ashyira hano ibintu byiza byo gukusanya. Muri kiriya gihe, yakoraga mu gutegura inkoranyamagambo ya botical - kuva 1781 kugeza 1800 500 n'ibikoresho 900 birasohoka.
Bowany yari kure yishyaka ryonyine rya Lamarck. Muri kiriya gihe, umwihariko ufunganye ntiwari usanzwe mu bahanga, kandi abo mu gihe cye bizeraga ko umugabo wa siyansi agomba gutunga ubumenyi bwinshi mu mirima itandukanye. Jean-Batist yize cyane imiti (ndetse no kwakira uburezi bukwiye), Zoology, geologiya na fiziki.
Kugereranya ibintu byakiriwe, yaje kuvumbura ko hari ibishishwa byo kubaho byose bikikije umubumbe - ibinyabuzima. Ijambo ubwe, ryatangijwe ikinyejana nyuma ya Geolololow Geolog Edward Zyus, ariko imirimo ya Lamarc yahumekewe.
Akazi keza "filozofiya ya zoologiya" yavuye mu 1809. Muri yo, umushakashatsi ya mbere yagaragaje ibitekerezo bye ku nzego z'amoko, isano yo kubaho no kutabaho, ndetse no ku bintu byo hanze n'imbere bigira ingaruka ku mikorere y'ubwihindurize. Yazamuye burundu bihutirwa mu gice, avuga ko ibinyabuzima byatangiye gukura no guteza imbere imbaraga zimbere.
Lammark ni uw'igitekerezo cyo kugabanya inyamaswa ku gahato ndetse no kutabogama, bikoreshwa muri biologiya kugeza na n'ubu (by the way "iryo jambo" ryatumye werekane ko). Nyuma yo kurekura "filozofiya", umuhanga yitanze ku bushakashatsi bwibinyabuzima bworoshye, kandi kuva ku ya 1801 kugeza 1822 yanditse ku majwi 7 y'ibyimbitse kuri bo.
Siyanse feat ya Lamarka yari nini. Umusanzu we muri siyansi ntabwo ugarukira ku buzima bwibinyabuzima - Umuhanga ni uw'imirimo kuri Meteorologiya, hydrologiya na geologiya, ahubwo ni ikintu cy'ingenzi - yitondera ikintu mu iterambere ry'ubuzima.
Nubwo umuntu utwaye neza muri Lamarc atigeze akingura (yizeraga ko guharanira ibinyabuzima byo kwiteza imbere ni imbaraga nyamukuru), ibitekerezo bye byasuzumwe kandi ko hafatwa icyo gitekerezo cya Lamarrism, aho igitekerezo cya Darwin cyarazamutse nyuma.
Lamarc yari afite abatavuga rumwe na leta mubidukikije bya siyansi. By'umwihariko ntakibazo gitinyutse ni George Kuvier - umuhanga mu binyabuzima no kunegura, byasenyutse ku magambo abanziriza kuri buri gitabo ndetse no mu ncuro ya sinatiya ntiyashoboraga kurwanya ibitekerezo bityaye. Inyigisho ye bwite yo guhoraho k'ubwoko, kuvugurura ibintu bibaho gusa bitewe n'ibiza, kandi byafatwaga ukuri, kandi gusimburwa kw'ihindagurika byabaye vuba.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Lamarc ubuzima bwumuryango bwuzuye ibyago no gutakaza. Umugore wa mbere Marie-Anna-Rosalie Majoro yamushyikirije abahungu batatu - Antoine, Andre na Charles Rene, ariko barapfuye hakiri kare. Ubwa kabiri yagerageje gutunganya ubuzima bwihariye mu 1974. Abana bo ku mugore mushya Charlotte yahindutse. Nubwo uwo mwashakanye yari afite imyaka 30, yamukurikiye mu mva imbere ye, kandi Lamarck yongera kupfakazi.
Mu 1798, Jean-Batit yashakanye na Julie Mally. Yashyinguye umugore wa gatatu mu 1819. Umuntu umwe rukumbi wagumanye n'intiti mu busaza yabaye umukobwa we mu bukwe bwa nyuma bwa korneya (mu masoko amwe yavuze ko abakobwa babiri bamwitayeho, ariko izina ni rimwe).
Nta n'umwe mu bo mu gihe cy'abahanga wasize ibisobanuro birambuye byerekana ko Lamarc yagaragaye ya Lamarc, ntabwo yasobanuye imico ye bwite. Umurage ukize cyane wabaye wibagiwe, kandi dukwiye kwirengagizwa. Muburyo bwinshi, kubera abanywanyi, ibibazo byubukungu bwa Lamarck munsi yubuzima byari bibi. Ntiyabonye kwemerwa no kwemererwa Hejuru: Napoleon, uwo muhanga yatanze igitabo cye, niko kumuhitamo ko adashobora kurwanya amarira.
Urupfu
Mu myaka yashize, Lamartte Lamarc yarwaye indwara y'amaso, yatumye hakurya y'ubuhumyi bwuzuye. Ntiyavuye ku kazi ategeka inyandiko ye y'umukobwa we. Igitabo cye cya nyuma cyari "sisitemu yubumenyi", aho lamarck yagerageje gukoresha ibintu byose byari bimenyesheje ibinyabuzima, kandi bagerageza kumva icyo umuntu yiyemeje. Kubwamahirwe, mubuzima bwumwanditsi, igitabo nticyaburiwe.
Umuhanga yapfuye mu myaka 85. Impamvu z'urupfu rwe, kimwe n'aho imva, rwose ntizizwi, ariko inzandiko z'umuntu ku giti cye, ibintu n'ibitabo byatakaye. KURE SE, CORLENIYA yari mumwanya nkubu uzwi kuburyo yagombaga gushaka ubufasha mumashuri yigifaransa.
Mu 1909, kimwe nyuma yimyaka ijana nyuma yo kurekura "filozofiya ya zoologiya", urwibutso rwa Lamarka rwafunguwe i Paris. Kuruhuka-basiba, ibintu bikoraho bigaragazwa - umusaza uhumye, ubuzima bwacitse, yicaye ku ntebe, yunama umutwe. Hafi yerekana ishusho yumukobwa uyigizwe. Ku nyerezi, amagambo ya koréel yakuweho:
"Urubyaro ruzagusaba, bizakwihorera kwa Data!".Bibliografiya
- 1776 - "MemoyeIbijyanye na fenomena y'ibanze mu kirere"
- 1776 - "Kwiga ku bitera Ibintu Byingenzi Kumubiri"
- 1778 - "Flora Ubufaransa"
- 1801 - "Sisitemu yo kudahungabanya"
- 1802 - "Hydrogeology"
- 1803 - "Amateka y'ibimera Kamere"
- 1809 - "Filozofiya ya zoologiya"
- 1815-1822 - "Amateka karemano yo kutagira ubuzimagamye"
- 1820 - "Isesengura ryibikorwa byabantu Byumvikane