Ubuzima
Umuganga w'Abaroma wa Kalewudiyo Galen yagize uruhare runini mu iterambere rya siyanse. Mubuzima bwe, "ahantu hijimye", kandi kuva ku bufatanye bwarokotse cyane, ariko ntibibujije imyaka myinshi kugira ngo dusuzume ibyo tumaze kugeraho nka axioms. Ndetse n'amakosa atabishaka ya Galen, kugeza igihe renaissance, yabonaga ukuri kudashidikanywaho, kandi ibikorwa bye byagenwe n'iterambere ry'ubuvuzi bw'iburengerazuba mu binyejana bya 15 biri imbere.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Galen yavukiye mu 131 muri Perugamma, umujyi wo muri Malaya Aziya (ubu ni Turukiya Bergama), mu gihe cy'Inama y'Umwami Abamidror Adriana. Abashakashatsi bakunda umwanzuro ko Kalawudiyo atari izina bwite, ariko gushushanya nabi izina rya Clarissimusi ni "byiza", byongerewe ku izina ry'umwanditsi inyandiko zandikishijwe intoki mu kinyejana cyandikishijwe intoki.
Muganga uzaza yavukiye mumuryango ufite umutekano kandi wize. Se wa Nikon yumvise atekereza cyane kandi akantu gato k'imibare, nuko yitondera cyane inyigisho z'Umwana, kurota ko azakora filozofiya izwi cyane kumunsi umwe. Nk'uko umugani, hindura icyemezo kandi uhe galen kwiga imiti. Yamuteye guhatira inzozi z'ubuhanuzi - icyo gihe, Abanyaroma bahaye agaciro gakomeye ubuyobozi butari bwo ubuyobozi bushoboka kandi bugasuzume ibintu nk'ibi bigira uruhare.
Ubuvuzi n'imirimo ya siyansi
Umuti wa Galena wigishijwe abahanga ba Porgham bakomeye, harimo na Anatas Sair na Pathologue Strothothonik. Igihe se yapfaga, umusore yagiye mu rugendo i Smyrna gufata uburambe bw'abaganga baho. Agezeyo, yakomeje ubushakashatsi buyobowe na pelops izwi - Umwanditsi wigitekerezo cyumubano wubuhumekero no kuzenguruka amaraso. Ibyo byakoresheje bwa mbere ijambo "Aura" (kuva mu kigereki "umuyaga"), kwizera ko ibintu bitera imbere mu mubiri n'ibikoresho. Nyuma, Galen yasuye Korinti, aho yize siyanse y'ibiyobyabwenge na siyanse karemano, hanyuma muri Alegizandiriya, ari naho yinjiye mu bigishwa akomeza kuramuka ameklion.
Muri icyo gihe, Alegizandiriya yazamuye hagati ya siyanse y'ubuvuzi, kandi umuganga ukiri muto yarose kuvumbura ubumenyi bwihariye ndetse n'abigize inzego. Ariko rero, mu gihe Galen yagezeyo, Amategeko arasohoka, abuza gutegura imibiri y'abantu, kandi anatomy yagombaga kwigwa ku nguge n'andi matungo.
Galen yasubiye mu rugo. Amaze imyaka 6 agenda imyaka 6, yatuye mu mpu zivuka. Mugihe umuganga yari afite imyaka 29. Yinjiye mu kigero cy'umuganga ubaga ishuri rya Glaniotor nimyaka 4 iri imbere yashinze ubuhanga bwo kuganduka, kudoda imivurungano. Akazi kari katoroshye, kagereranywa no kubaga buri munsi abaganga-mu murima, gusa bidafite ibikoresho bigezweho, imiti na anesthesia.
Scece Scen yari ikwiye nyuma yo kwerekana ubushobozi bwe bwo gukorera ku murambo w'inguge. Imiterere yubuzima bwimirereri yahawe icyegeranyo cyane: Imvune umuganga yise "Windows yumubiri", yatanze amahirwe yo kwakira igitekerezo cya anatomiya. Mu kazi ke, gladiator 5 gusa ni bo bapfuye, mu gihe uwamubanjirije yashyinguwe 60.
Igihe mu 164, imyigaragambyo yatangiwe mu mujyi, umuganga w'imyaka 33 yimukiye mu murwa mukuru. Agezeyo, yahise abona ibyamamare, atari nkumuganga, ahubwo no nkamashuri yiboneye. Ahanini yategekwaga cyane cyane muri filozofiya Evdem - Yakijije ko kuva ku burwayi bukomeye, kandi batekereza gushimira bamwiyeguriye i Roma nk'umuganga w'umuhanga.
Bidatinze, Galen yagejeje ku mwamiperi Mariko Arenie maze ategeka ko hagira ikiganiro kuri anatomiya mu rusengero rw'isi. Aya masomo ntiyasuwe n'abaganga gusa, ahubwo yanashishikajwe no gusa ku baganga, harimo n'abahagarariye inkubi y'umutwe muremure, urugero, konseye mu majyaruguru n'abavandimwe b'Umwami Barbar.
Nubwo intsinzi yo hanze, Galen i Roma yabayeho bigoye, mbere ya byose kubera kamere ye. Yari umuntu ukora kandi mwiza, ahantu hose yashakaga kwitondera wenyine, kubera ibyo abanyamashyango ishyari kandi bari byoroshye. Amaherezo, iyo badakunda abo mukorana ku "nyenyeri" ntibyari kwihanganira, Galen ava i Roma ajya gutembera mu Butaliyani.
Yagarutse nyuma yimyaka 2 gusa kumuhamagaro wumwami. Mark Aureliy yamutegetse kwitaba inkambi ya gisirikare ari mu burozi no kwiteranya, ariko muganga ashoboye kumvisha umwami kugira ngo amureke mu rugo. Icyo gihe, gutinya abanzi byabaye muri Galen bikabije: yahinduye ubudasiba yahinduye aho atuye kandi abaho ubwoba buri gihe.
Kubera iyo mpamvu, yatuye mu ngoro nk'umuganga bwite w'umwami. Yashimye cyane - Galen atamufashaga gutsinda ikibabaje cyane, ariko kandi yishimisha ibiganiro bya filozofiya. Hea na Commona, samuragwa wo muri Mark Aurelia, icyo gihe warishwe bitewe n'ubugambanyi bw'urukiko.
Imyumvire yo hejuru no gutinya abanzi (cyane cyane abizimu) muriki gihe cyose nticyasize GALEN. Duhereye ku bahanganye, ashima mugenzi umwe gusa. Asclepad Vhyphic, wiganye kuri Cleofoni kandi wabaga muri Atenayi, yari azwiho impano n'inyigisho kandi ashaka kurandura burundu imigenzo y'izuba ndetse n'igitsina kimwe cyagaragaye ko ari ingana.
Icyorezo kizwi cyane nacyo gifitanye isano n'izina rya muganga, ryitwa Chuma Galen, hanyuma Antoninovsky Chuma (ukurikije izina ry'umwami w'abami. Inyandiko zandikishijwe intoki zanditseho igihe kirekire kidasanzwe cyo gukwirakwiza indwara.
Ibitekerezo by'abashakashatsi kubyemera ubuzima runaka byafashe icyorezo, butandukanye - imibare ivugwa kuva kuri 7% kugeza kuri 50%. Inyandiko zo kugabura n'imiterere yindwara ngufi kandi ntizimise, ariko mubyukuri kuba Galen byanditse, birashobora gufatwa ko uburyohe bwa virusi ya OSE, ntabwo ari icyorezo.
Gallen yerekanye ibitekerezo byabo nibitekerezo birambuye muri reastraleses, ibyamamare bifatwa nkibyo "anatomy" na "ku ishyirwaho ryibice byumubiri wumuntu". Ameri muri ako kazi yari abitswe mu rusengero rw'isi kandi ikibabaje, cyatwitse mu muriro wo mu isomero rya Palatiya.
Umusanzu wacyo uzwi muri siyansi wari ishingiro ryamakuru. Galen kugabanywamo ibyiciro bazwi gihe ndwara, yavuze kandi systematized zitera yabo (agabanya bintu ngo bigumye, bigaragara, amazi, n'ibindi), kandi yabigaragaje isano ingaruka pathogenic na bamerewe umubiri - nk'uko Kuri muganga, impamvu zimbere "zateguye ubutaka» kugirango yiteze indwara.
Galen yabaye umwe mu ba mbere batangiye gukoresha uburyo bwo kugerageza muri biologiya. Ubuvuzi buzwi cyane bwakozwe muburyo butandukanye, uburambe bwinyamaswa, byateje imbere ikoranabuhanga ryo gufungura. Ubuvumbuzi bwingenzi bwari kuvumburwa no gusobanura umutiba ufite ubwoba n'umugongo. Ukuri gushimishije - abahanga benshi bemeza ko kubera amategeko babuza galen imyitozo yose, ntibakoze autopsie imwe yumubiri wumuntu.
Ubumenyi bwe muri anatomy bwari bugarukira gusa ku makuru yabonetse kubera gufungura imirambo y'inka, inkende n'ingurube, kandi kubera amakosa akunze kubaho. Yatahuye imipaka yubunararibonye bwe, yerekeza kuri records.
Umubare wandikishijwe intoki za Galen zegereye hafi 400, nubwo kimwe cya kabiri cyabo gusa ari ubuvuzi - kugeza nyuma, yagumanye ishyaka rya filozofiya no gutekereza ku bushake ingingo ku ngingo zidasubirwaho. Kugeza ubu amakuru agera ku 100 yarazigamwe kugeza kuri uyu munsi, ayahe mazina mashya yimibiri, amagufwa nibindi bitekerezo bya anatomique byashushanijwe. Mu nyandiko ze, Galen yasimbuye ibisanzwe, ariko amazina y'izina rya GIPPOcrat hamwe n'amagambo yabo na bo mu gihe.
Umuganga w'Abaroma na we afatwa na se wa farmacology. Bimwe mubisubizo byasobanuwe, nka Raddkrem, witwa "Galenic yitegura" ikoreshwa mubuvuzi na cosmetologiya kugeza na nubu.
Ahantu wa Galen mubuvuzi bimaze igihe kinini cyagumye ntagereranywa. Icyubahiro cye cyari kinini cyane kugeza mu kinyejana cya 14, kandi ibitekerezo byagumije ubutware kugeza mu gihe cyo hagati, korora cyane Galenasm, yategekaga mu bahanga kandi yashoboye n'itorero. Gusa mugihe cya Renaissance, hari umuntu wahisemo kutiyandikisha ibitekerezo bya kera no kugerwaho no kwerekana ko atabishaka kubitekerezo bizima - bari paragece.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Ijambo ridabitswe kubyerekeye umugore we nabana ba muganga ukomeye. Ahari mubyitoroshye, ukize mubyabaye kandi azerera, iherezo ntibyabonye umwanya wubuzima bwite, ariko birashoboka ko abo mu gihe babuze gusa aya makuru nkubusa.
Galen yiyejeje ko ari umuntu w'imyitwarire cyane kandi akamagana cyane ku mugaragaro mu baganga b'Abaroma, akabigereranya n'abajura kandi batekereza ko itandukaniro riri hagati yabo rigizwe nibyaha byakorewe mu misozi, mu gihe abandi bari mu murwa mukuru.
Ati: "Ubwenge bw'abaganga benshi ntabwo buyobowe na siyansi, atari ku nyirabayazana w'ingirakamaro, yaranditse arakaye. - LowelElubie ituma bashoboye gukora nyuma. "Urupfu
Hamwe na hamwe, umuganga uzwi cyane yasubiye mu gihugu cye muri Pegami kwitangira gukora ku nyandiko zandikishijwe intoki. Yapfuye mu bihe by'ingoma ya Septimiya yo mu majyaruguru. Impamvu nyayo y'urupfu ntizwi, ariko mugihe umuhanga yari asanzwe ashaje - akurikije ibigereranyo bitandukanye, icyo gihe yari 70, yaba afite imyaka 87.