Ubuzima
Gregor Mendel ni umuhanga ufite umumonaki n'umushakashatsi wihaye Imana, umuntu w'indashyikirwa, washoboye Abbot, kugira ngo yinjire mu mateka ya "se" w'abaturage. Mubuzima bwe, imirimo ye ntiyigeze yemera abo mu gihe, ariko abakomoka ku ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya makumyabiri bize, bagaragaje bidasubirwaho, bagaragaje umutekano mu binyabuzima-Augustin nk'abashyikirana ibitekerezo byose muriki gice.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Hafi yimyaka yambere mumibereho yumuhanga azi bike. Yavutse ku ya 20 Nyakanga 1822 muri Heinzirf, akarere ko amateka ya Silesiya, yabanje kuba mu Bwami bwa Otirishiya (ubu - Ginchice, Repubulika ya Ceki). Akenshi ahagana amaso agaragaza aho kuba isabukuru, umubatizo w'ejo hazaza - 22 Nyakanga, yibeshye.
Umwana wa kabiri mu muryango w'abahinzi ba Anton na Rosina, aho abakobwa ba Veronika na Tereza bavutse. Yari afite imizi y'Abadage-glavic. Igihugu umuryango wabaga, cyari uw'ikinyejana cyavuzwe haruguru. Uyu munsi, inzu ya Se rw'umuhanga yahindutse inzu ndangamurage.
Gukunda kamere byerekanwe bakiri bato. Yatwaye umurimyi ashishikaye, kuba umuhungu, yakoraga ubuvumvu. Gasahiza umwana ufite intege nke - mu masomo ye mu gihe yabuze amezi ahitwa kubera indwara. Yigeze arangiza ashingiye ku ishuri ryo mu cyaro, yinjiye muri Tropnauim Troptau (ubu, umujyi wa Opawa wa OPSAWA), aho yize amasomo 6.
Noneho, imyaka 3, yize filozofiya ifatika na filectique hamwe na physique mu kigo cya Olmyisks (ubu noneho wa kaminuza ya palatsky muri Olomouc). Ukuri gushimishije kubona icyarimwe ishami ryamateka karemano na Johann Karl Nestler, washishikajwe no kwiga ibimenyetso byerekana ko umurage yibyemera ninyamaswa, nkintama.
Mendel yimuwe cyane bidahuye, kuko atashoboraga kwishyura amashuri. Kugira ngo umuvandimwe yize kurushaho, Teresisa yatanze inkwano ye. Nyuma, Gregor yateje umwenda, ashyigikira abashywa batatu - abahungu ba bashiki bacu. Babiri mu basore bari munsi y'urumuri rwe nyuma babaye abaganga.
Mu 1843, mehendel yahisemo kwinjira mu modoka. Kuri urugero, iki cyemezo kidateganijwe ku rubavu rw'umuhungu w'umurima, ahubwo ni uko abantu bo mu mwuka bahawe uburezi kubuntu. Ku bwe, ubuzima bw'amanangire bwakijijwe "guhangayikishwa n'iteka ku mibereho." Nyuma yo gufata umwanya mu kigo cy'abihaye Imana ya Kawone cya Mutagatifu muri Brynne (ubu Ceki Brno), Gregor, Gregor Johann Mendel, ahita atangira kwiga mu kigo cya Bogoslovsky. Afite imyaka 25 yakiriye umutambyi mukuru.
Siyanse
Mendel, mu kamera kandi icyarimwe igishusho cy'amadini, ishusho idasanzwe. Igipfuko cyibibazo cyongerera ko agace kaze mugihe kizaza cyatanze intangiriro ya siyanse, ashyiraho igitekerezo cyo gushushanya kwimana ku rugero. Umurizo wa Gregor kubumenyi Byerekeza. Muri rusange, nasomye ingano yubuvanganzo bwa siyansi, yasimbuye abigisha mumasomo ku ishuri ryaho. Umugabo yarose kohereza ikizamini kuri mwarimu, ariko ananirwa kuri geologiya na biologiya.
Mu 1849-1851, yigishije abanyeshuri bo mu ndimi za Znom Gymnasium n'imibare. Nyuma yaje kwimukira i Vienne, ahari mbere yuko 1853 we ubwe yize amateka karemano muri kaminuza ya Vienna ayoboye kandi kimwe muri cytologiste ya Efuniyend na fiziki kuva mu gipimo cya gikristo kizwi cya gikristo.
Bagarutse i Bunnne, izi disipuline yigishijwe mwishuri ryukuri, nubwo atari inzobere murangije. Mu 1856, yongeye kugerageza gutsinda ibizamini kuri mwarimu, ariko yongeye gutsinda ibinyabuzima. Muri uwo mwaka, Mendel yishimiye cyane uburambe bwa siyansi n'ibimera, inyungu mu nvange yacyo yerekanwe i Vienne. Kumyaka 7, kugeza 1863, Gregor yagerageje amashaza mu busitani bw'abihayiri maze afungura muri iyi myaka.
Akora ku nva ku mavuta yakozwe mbere yuko Mendel, ariko yashoboye kuzana imiterere kandi akaba ihindura ibikorwa by'ibanze byakazi ko gukora mu kinyejana cya 70.
Mu bushakashatsi burenga ibihumbi 10, ubwoko burenga 20 bwamamaza, indabyo zishingiye ku bitsina n'imbuto zagize uruhare. Igikorwa cya Titanic, ukurikije ko buri mashaza akeneye kugenzurwa intoki. Kubwo kwanduza muburyo bwambutse, gusa "ikintu kimwe gusa" Gregor "warebaga hafi amashaza ibihumbi 7, kandi mu mirimo hari ibimenyetso 7 nk'ibi.
Ubumenyi bwungutse bwari bushingiye ku nyigisho zerekeye kurakara, aho genetika ishingiye. Mu 1865, yasohoye raporo ya siyansi "Ubushakashatsi ku nvange y'ibimera" muri kariya rwego rwumuryango wa siyanse isanzwe ya Bunnian, aho bagize amategeko akomeye yo kuzungura, harimo mu mateka nk'uko amategeko ya Mendel.
Amakuru yakiriwe numubikira ni aya akurikira:
- Igisekuru cya mbere cyivanga ni kimwe kandi kigatwara ikimenyetso cyiganje cyumwe mubabyeyi. Kurugero, kwambuka amashaza nindabyo zizuru kandi zitukura, urubyaro rwavutse gusa hamwe na inflorescence itukura.
- Igisekuru cya kabiri cyivanze, ni ukuvuga, bagabanijwemo ibimenyetso byiganje kubabyeyi, kandi abakiriye nabi batameze ku mahirwe, ariko mu mibanire y'imibare.
- Ibiranga byombi biboneka muburyo butandukanye kandi bibaho ukundi, hamwe na Hybrid hamwe nikimenyetso cyiganje gishobora kuba umutwara utwara ibijyanye no kubitsa kubitsa kandi, muburyo buzerekanwa mubisekuru bikurikira.
- Imikino y'abagabo n'abagore bahujwe n'amahirwe, ntabwo bakurikije abitsa batwara.
Gregori yari afite icyizere ko ibyagezweho bifite akamaro k'ibanze kugira ngo ntera imbere siyanse, ku buryo nategetse akazi kenshi ko kwandikira no koherezwa kwa Nerds ikomeye y'icyo gihe. Yoo, abo mu gihe ntibyari byita ku gitangaza. Umwarimu wa kaminuza i Munich Karl von Nemeley yagiriye inama yo kugerageza ibitekerezo ku yandi moko.
Mendel yakoze ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwo kwambuka ibindi bimera n'udukoko - ibyo akunda biva mu nzuki. Kubwamahirwe, Gregor yari ategereje gutenguha. Muguhuza ibihe nuburyo bwigihingwa, kandi inzuki zari zifite ibiranga inzira ifumbire kandi zishobora kugwira na Parthenogeneziya - "Inzira Yisugi." Kubera iyo mpamvu, amakuru yabonetse ku bushakashatsi n'amashaza ntabwo yemejwe.
Umusanzu we muri siyansi wasuzumwe nyuma - mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya makumyabiri, igihe mu 1900 abahanga mu bya siyansi batari benshi banditswe mu buryo bwigenga, amatora akomoka muri Mendel aracyari mu kinyejana cya mbere. Uyu mwaka ukorwa kugirango werekane umwaka w'amavuko wa genetiki. Uruhare rwa Mendelamin muri Ni runini.
Abasoviyeti Geetics Boris Astuurov yasobanuye ubuhanga bwa siyansi ya Gregor nka:
"Iherezo ry'imirimo ya kera ya Mendel irashirwaho kandi ntabwo ari umunyamahanga ku kinamico. Nubwo bavumbuwe, biragaragara neza kandi bigaragara cyane namategeko rusange yo kuragwa, biologiya yicyo gihe ntirahingwa kugirango tumenye ishingiro ryabo.Gregor Mendel ubwe, kandi atangaje ubushishozi foresaw kwihangana rusange biboneka ku mashaza. Indi myaka mike irashize, ava mu buzima, ntabwo ava mu kiganiro, ni irihe tandukaniro rizarakara mu izina rye n'icyo cyubahiro kizaba gitwikiriwe. "
Iyobokamana
Mendel yemeye kwitondera Monastique kuri 21 kubwimpamvu zijyanye nigisubizo cyingorane zumubiri no kubona ubumenyi. Kubera kubuzwa n'inzira yatoranijwe, bafata uburemere, kandi igitekerezo cyubuzima bwite kidahari kuri we. Mu muco gakondo Gatolika, abantu bo mu mwuka bakomeza kubahira ubuseribateri rero, umugore wa Mendel ntiyari afite, ndetse n'abana.
Mu 25, yabaye umupadiri mu kigo cy'abihaye Imana ya Kanamastini wa Mutagatifu, wari ikigo cy'umuco n'ubumenyi bw'akarere. Abbot Cyril yashishikarije abavandimwe be bashishikarije inyungu z'abavandimwe, abihayimana bagenzuraga uburezi bw'abanyeshuri biga mu turere tuzengurutse. Mendel yakundaga kandi abana bishimye kandi yari umwarimu ukunda. Mu busitani bw'abihaye Imana, akora ubushakashatsi ku kirere kizwi.
Mu 1868, nyuma y'urupfu rw'umujyanama wo mu mwuka, Mendel afite umwanya wa Abbot Starobrnensky (Augustinky) Monasiteri. Kuva muri uwo mwaka, ubushakashatsi bunini-bwa siyansi bwarangiye, asiga ahantu h'ibibazo ku mwanya wera. Gregor yishora mu mirimo y'ubuyobozi, yinjiye mu mpaka n'imbaraga z'isi yo gutangiza imisoro y'ibigo by'idini. Kohereza bigaruwe kugeza ubuzima bwarangiye.
Urupfu
Abbot Mendel yapfuye mu 1884 kubera akajagari ka kantu, mu myaka 61. Aha hantu hawe abbey, yakorewe hafi imyaka 40, nyuma akingura inzu ndangamurage y'izina rye. Imva iri muri Brno. Yambitswe ikamba n'irwibutso n'amagambo y'abamoki:"Igihe cyanjye kizaza."Bibliografiya
- 1866 - "Ubushakashatsi ku nvange y'ibimera"