Ubuzima
Umufilozofe w'Uburusiya-Ukopist Nikolai ChernShevsky, umuhungu wa Saratov cyane cyane, ariko yagombaga gukora umwuga mwiza wo mu mwuka, ariko yagombaga gukora umwuga mwiza wo mu mwuka, ariko imyaka yo kwiga mu iseminari na kaminuza bahinduye umutima we. Kubera iyo mpamvu, yabaye demonasi ikomeye y'ubutabi.
Umugozi wubusa watwaye umwanditsi arahenze: nta Kakona ari muto wamwambuye imbaraga, ubuzima, kuvugana numuryango we n'amahirwe yo gukora, ariko ubuzima bwe bwabaye isoko yo guterana ibisekuru bishya, na Imirimo ishyiraho ikimenyetso kinini mu iterambere rya filsophefiya n'ibitabo.
Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Nikolai yavukiye muri Saratov 12 (24) yo mu 1828. Se Gavril Chryryshevsky yari umupadiri kandi muri iyo myaka umuntu wize cyane ushaka kwemeza abana be ejo hazaza heza. Mu bwana kolya yakoresheje hejuru y'ibitabo. Imyiteguro n'uwakorewe mu muhungu ntabwo yatangajwe na bagenzi be gusa, ariko kandi inshuti zabakuze za Data.
Mu 1842, umuto wa cherthershevsky winjiye mu iseminari yo mu mwuka. Ubwiza bw'inyigisho mu kigo cy'uburezi ntabwo bwamukwiriye, maze umusore amwishyure, yiga geografiya, ibitabo, ikibonezamvugo n'indimi. Nyuma yo kwiga imyaka 4 mu iseminari, Nikolai yatanze inyandiko muri kaminuza ya St. Petersburg mu Ishami ry'amateka na plalogiya.
Ibikorwa byubuvanganzo n'ibitabo
Mu munyeshuri, isi yose ivuga ku mpinduramatwara izaza yarakozwe. Yatangiye kwitegura mu mirimo y'uburezi atangira kwandika ibihangano. Nubwo Nikolai yize mbere mu kigo cy'uburezi cyo mu mwuka ndetse na rusange yari iyobowe n'umuryango w'idini, inyigisho ya orotodogisi yemewe yanze yitamye.
Nyuma yimyaka 2, Chernshevsky, hamwe numugore ukiri muto, basubiye i Petersburg. Yahawe umwanya wa mwarimu mu murambo wa Cadet, kandi yishimiye cyane ko bishoboka kwamamaza ibitekerezo bye. Umwarimu Nikolai Gavrilovich ntabwo yari mibi, nubwo ari indahemuka, ahubwo ni hamwe na bagenzi be, atigeze akomeza umubano we: mwarimu arareka.
Mu 1853, Chernshevsky yatangiye gutangazwa mu "zindi zo mu gihugu" na "St. Petersburg Vedosti". Guhera ku bisobanuro bigufi, buhoro buhoro yagiye kwimukira muri gahunda. Umwaka umwe, umwanditsi yagiye kuri "iki gihe". Nubwo ibitekerezo by'impimbano, Nikolai Gavrilovich aracyashaka guhindura imiti ihagaze akaga muri kiriya gihe cyibitekerezo no kuri ubu butaka yaretse abanditsi w'ubuntu annenkov, Druzhinin, Turgenev na BowGene.
Imbonerahamwe ya Filozofiya no muri politiki
Mu 1855, Chernshevsky yarwanije uburyo bwe bweguriwe isano yimyitwarire yubuhanzi kuri phenomena yisi nyayo. Imvugo ye yateje imvururu rusange, kubera ko kunegura gukabije kw'ibitekerezo ndetse no mu nyigisho z '"yera", byacitse kubera ukuri kw'ubuhanzi, benshi bafatwaga nk'ubuhanga no kugerageza kwangiza urufatiro gakondo.
Abahagarariye abayobozi na bo ntibakunze umwanya w'umuhanga ukiri muto: A. S. Norov, icyo gihe wari Minisitiri wo kumurikirwa, yarwanyije igihembo cya siyansi ya Cherryshevsky. Nikolai Gavrilovich yakiriye izina ry'Ubutabo mu Burusiya nyuma yimyaka 3 gusa, ubwo norova yamenyesheje E. P. Kovalevsky.
Muri icyo gihe, umwanditsi yerekeje ikinyamakuru "Icyegeranyo cya Gisirikare". Gukuma kwera byo guhindura igitabo ntabwo byari impanuka: Chernshevsky yatumiwe mu bikorwa byo kuyobora muri iyi nyandiko, kuko, muri gahunda y'Uwiteka, ingabo zagombaga kuba imbaraga nyamukuru z'impinduka ziri imbere. Ngaho Chetheryshevsky yamenyereye Ogarev na Herzen. Bose hamwe babaye abaherekeranye n'abaturage kandi bashinze umuryango w'ibanga "isi kandi ubushake".
Gutabwa muri yombi no kwerekanwa
Mu 1861, Nikolai Gavrilovich yita kuri Polisi cyane, kandi hashyizweho ibanga. Umuyobozi w '"Icyegeranyo cya Gisirikare" n'umwanditsi w' "mu gihe" yakesweye gukusanya ubujurire bw'impinduramatwara no gutangiza inoti ya none (ibyo birego byanditswe mu nyandiko nyamukuru yakozwe na Gendarme Dolvalukov). Byongeye kandi, Chryyshevsky yakesweye kugira uruhare mu muriro wabereye i St. Petersburg mu 1862.
Bidatinze, "iki gihe" yarafunzwe, kandi mu kwezi kwa Nikolai Gavrilovich yatawe muri yombi, mu kwezi kwa Petropavlovich, ashyira igihome cya peteroli mu cyumba kimwe. Impamvu nyamukuru yo gutabwa muri yombi ni ibaruwa ya Herzen muri solovyovich yepfo, ivugwa ko yateguye gutegura imirimo y'ejo hazaza "mu Bwongereza" mu Bwongereza. Byongeye kandi, Nikolay Gavrilovich yashinjwaga gukora ubucuruzi busaba amagereza ku myigaragambyo irwanya nyir'ubutaka.
Iperereza ku bijyanye n'impinduramatwara ryamaze imyaka 1.5. Komisiyo yo kwemeza icyaha cya Cheryshevsky yakoresheje uburyo butemewe - ubuhamya bw'abatangabuhamya b'ibinyoma, inyandiko z'impimbano. Gukurura ibitekerezo n'akarengane, imfungwa yatangaje igitero cy'ishobariza n'umunsi 9, ariko ntibyafashije.
Ndetse no muri gereza, umuhanga yakomeje gukora yandika impapuro zirenga 200. Mu gukingura, arangije igitabo "Niki?". Ukuri kwishimishije - umurimo wemewe kandi watangajwe, nubwo wanditse umwanditsi we.
Mu 1864, Nikolay Gavrilovich yatangaje igihano: Katorga w'imyaka 14 muri Siberiya no gutura ubuzima bwabo bwose. Nk'uko byifuzo by'umwami ku giti cye, igihe cya kalendari cyakubye kabiri, ariko kubwibyo, umwanditsi yakoze ihuza 19 afite umwaka urenga. Igihano mbonezamubano cya Ceryshevsky ni igihano giteye isoni mu rwego rwo gufunga rubanda ku nzego zose z'akarere ka bose - zabaye ku ya 19 Gicurasi 1864 ku kibanza cy'amafaranga ya St. Petersburg.
Imfungwa yambutse kuri Katedrali ya Nerchinsky, nyuma ibaho muri Vlyuisk. Nyuma yimyaka 10, Chernshevsky yasabye kumubabarira imbabazi, ariko aranga. Amaherezo ku ruziga rw'impinduramatwara yagerageje kubohora, ariko Saratov yamaze yasubiye muri Saratov vuba aha.
Amaherezo, inshuti n'abavandimwe bashoboye kwemeza ko yimuriwe muri Siberiya yerekeza i Astrakhan. Umwami yakomeje iyi ntambwe kubera gutinya imvururu nshya, kubera ko "isi na Volia" bahise bigaragarira nk'umuryango uteje akaga, kandi ntibashakaga guca ibintu.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Umwanditsi yarashatse. Olga skitovna vasilyeva, bashakanye mu 1853 babaye umutware we. Umugore yumvise umuntu wambere, kandi guhitamo Cherthershevsky ntabwo byemewe byose: Orga yashinjwaga cyane umurimo wuwo mwashakanye, ariko Nikolai Gavrilovich ubwe yarishimye. Urukundo yakundaga umugore we rwabaye impumyi, kandi yabonaga ko bashakanye mu buryo bwo kugerageza ibitekerezo bishya, agerageza kubaka umubano ushya wo kurandura ubucakara no gukandamizwa kw'abagore bo mu muryango.
Mugihe uhuye na Cheryshevsky ivugisha ukuri ko yakundaga "ibintu bihumura nka gare", ariko OYA ntiyigeze ayihagarika. Umwanditsi yemeye gushyingirwa, umwanditsi yerekeje "ikarita y'umubano wanjye n'uwo atuma umunezero wanjye" atangira kugereranya ibitekerezo bye by'impinduramatwara mu buzima bw'umuryango.
Amahembe yavugaga ko abashakanye bombi bangana nuburenganzira ninshingano, icyo gihe byari umwanya ushize amanga. Mu bashakanye, yatangaga umudendezo wuzuye, kugira ngo ahinduke, yizera ko afite uburenganzira bwo kwijugunya, kimwe n'ibyifuzo. Umugore yatangiranye n'iki gitabo n'incuti y'umuryango Ivan Savitsky, yamusabye kumurwanya. Yamuteye kumureka, yize neza ko nta cyifuzo nk'ibyishimo bye. OKga, yishimira ubuntu nk'ubwo, yahisemo kugumana n'umugabo we.
Ubunararibonye bwumuntu Cheryshevsky nyuma shyira umurongo wibanze wagati "Niki?", Hamwe nubusabane bwumugore umwe nabagabo babiri basobanuye ko bagumye mubuvanganzo bwiburengerazuba bita "Ubugereki bwakarere k'Uburusiya."
Abavandimwe ba Nikolai Gavrilovich bareba ku batowe "kosos", no mu mayeri ye kavukire yerekeye ubuzima bwe bwite bw'abashakanye bahora bagenda amazi n'ibihuha. Guhaguruka y'umuryango ukiri muto muri St. Petersburg cyane cyane guhunga urwikekwe n'abasaza. Amavuta yo mu muriro yasutse ko ubukwe bwabereye vuba - bidatinze, Nikolai Gavrilovich yapfuye, Nikolai Gavrilovich yapfuye, Nikolai Gavrilovich apfa, ariko, yanze kwihanganira icyunamo cyashyizwe.
Twese hamwe, Chernshevsky yabayeho imyaka 9, ariko ibizaba byatoranije nkimyaka 20 yibyishimo mumuryango. Kuva mu mikino ya Siberiya, umuhanga mu bya sibelopher yanditse umugore we amabaruwa 300, ariko nyuma agahagarika inzandiko, ahitamo ko Olga arushaho kumwibagirwa, ibyiza.
Igihe cye cyo kugenda, abashakanye bari bamaze gukura abahungu batatu - Mikhail, Victor na Alegizandere, baragumaho badafite umugabo na se, umuryango wize ibikenewe. Olga yagombaga gukorana n'umuyoboro no kuboha. Mu 1866, yajyanye umwana muto, ajya gusura uwo bashakanye. Inzira yafashe amezi atandatu, ariko bashoboye kumarana iminsi 4 gusa. Nikolai Gavrilovich yinginze Olga kumurwa no kongera gushaka, ariko ntiyigeze ashaka kubikora.
Urupfu
Kubera ibibazo bya Rodney Chernyshevsksksk muri Kamena 1889, basubiye i Saratov, ariko ntibyari biteganijwe ko batuje iminsi ye mu mujyi yavukiyemo. Imirimo ikomeye yamennye ubuzima, kandi mu myaka 55 n'umwanditsi yari umusaza ufite intege nke.
Mu gatasi ko muri uwo mwaka, yararwaye malariya apfa giturumbuka. Impamvu y'urupfu yarumvaga ubwonko.
Imva ya Nikolai Gavrilovich Cheryshevsky iherereye ku irimbi ry'izuka rya Saratov.
Ibintu bishimishije
- Mu gitabo "Icyo gukora iki?" Yavuzwe aluminium yitwa "icyuma cy'ejo hazaza". Muri kiriya gihe, yakoresheje bike, ariko hasezeranijwe kuri Cherthershevsky ku bijyanye no gukoresha cyane mu nganda rwose byabaye impamo.
- Mu bwana, inshuti zasenyaga umwanditsi na Bibliographer, kandi inshuti ze zitwaga kunywa ibitabo - inyota yubumenyi yari ikubabaje.
- Mu bihe by'Abasoviyeti, igitabo "Icyo gukora iki?" Byari Byamamaye bidasanzwe kubera Isubiramo ryiza rya Lenin.
- Gukunda umugore we Cherthershevsky yagumanye ubuzima bwe bwose kandi ntiyahwemye kumutekereza no mumyaka yakagari cyane. Kuzigama igiceri kiva mu nyungu zito, yashoboye kugura imbwebwe y'imbogo y'imbaho no kohereza impano kuri Petersburg.
Amagambo
Ibikorwa byabantu ni ubusa kandi bidafite akamaro mugihe atari igitekerezo nigitekerezo. Uburenganzira bwo kubaho no kwishima - ikimenyetso cyubusa kumuntu udafite uburyo bwo gutondeka mubyukuri ko ubwoko Mu buruhukiro biroroshye kandi biramushimisha. Kwigira noneho bitanga ukuri mugihe utatekereza ku ngaruka.Bibliografiya
- 1862-1863 - "Icyo gukora iki?"
- 1863 - "Alfriev"
- 1883 - "Inyandiko kuri Nekrasov"
- 1854 - "Kunegura Ibitekerezo bya Aesthes"
- 1855 - "Imyumvire yubuhanzi kubwukuri"
- 1855 - "Sublime na comic"
- 1855 - "Imiterere yubumenyi bwabantu"
- 1858 - "Kunegura urwikekwe rwa filozofiya kwirinda nyiruganda"
- 1860 - "Ihame rya antropropologi muri filozofiya"
- 1888 - "Inkomoko y'Igitekerezo cy'Ingirakamaro y'urugamba rw'Uwiteka"