Ubuzima
Inkuru idasanzwe yerekeye ubuzima bwa sanoureate yigihembo cyitiriwe Nobel mu gitabo cya John Steinbeck atavuga ko hatabayeho guhaguruka no kugaragara muri ibyo bihe byose byo mu gitabo - Ingero nziza z'Ubuvanganzo bw'Abanyamerika, aho Ubuzima bwabatuye muri Amerika mu mbaraga za makumyabiri cyubuhanzi bugaragazwa nimbaraga nini zubuhanzi, hamwe nibibazo byayo byose hamwe na sophors.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Hariho verisiyo zitari nke za biografiya ya John Steinbeck. Muri Amerika, hariho n'umuryango w'abafana, gusesengura witonze umurage w'umwanditsi no gukusanya neza amakuru mato kuri we. Ibisobanuro bye byinshi byubuzima ni impapuro 1.100.
John Ernst Steinbeck yavutse ku ya 27 Gashyantare i Salinas (Californiya). Yasonkeye imizi y'Ikidage na Irlande yashyizweho umukono na Grosfaryststaineinbeck (amutema nyuma yo kwimukira muri Amerika), nyina aba muri Irilande.
Se wa John yakoraga nk'umubitsi, Mama - umwarimu ku ishuri. Ibitabo byombi byo gukundwa kandi bigishijwe gusoma abana babo bane bose. Naho amafaranga, ubanza umuryango wabaga neza - bari bafite amazu yagutse muri Salina ninzu yikiruhuko ku nkombe z'inyanja, ariko igihe cyagenwe cyo kwishyura uburezi bw'abana bakuru, ibibazo by'amafaranga byatangiye.
Mu ci, ababyeyi bakoze ku nzego zegereye, bakurura umuryango wose. Yohani yavuye mu rubyiruko, John yamenyereye umurimo ukomeye ku mubiri kandi yiga byinshi kuri kamere n'ubuhinzi, nyuma byagaragaye mu mirimo ye.
Nyuma yo kurangiza amashuri yisumbuye mu 1919, Steinbeck yabaye umunyeshuri wa kaminuza ya kaminuza, ariko aramwirukana, kandi atabimenyereye. Inzozi z'abana z'umusore ni umwuga w'abanditsi, kandi ntiyigeze amutandukanya nubwo umubwiriza umwe umwe yo kumwoherereza yanze. Mu busore bwe, John yahagaritswe kubera kwinjiza amafaranga asanzwe, akora nk'umuzamu, abayobora, abakozi, ariko ntibatsimbarare "mumeza".
Ibitabo
Ibintu byarahindutse mu 1930, igihe se wa Yohani ahisemo gutunga Umwana we, amuture mu kazu ke ndetse anatanga impapuro zo kwandika. Steinbeck Jr. yajugunye akazi kandi yibanda ku mirimo mishya, amaherezo yatangiye kwera imbuto. Imirimo 3 yambere ni ibitabo "igikombe cya zahabu" n "" imana itazwi ", kimwe no gukusanya inkuru" - yatangajwe kuzenguruka cyane, mu mafaranga atarenze kopi z'ibihumbi 3.
Gusa akazi gakurikira kashyizwe kurutonde rwa bestsiller - "igihembwe cya tortilla-iringaniye", inkuru isetse kubyerekeye ibyago byimirwano. Yahawe ibihembo bya Leta, kandi amafaranga yishyuwe umuryango wa Steinbeck yari ahagije kubaka inzu ye i Los Gatosa. Kwemera kwa nyuma mu bihe byanditsi babigize umwuga byazanye John igitabo "ku mibembe n'abantu".
Umuco "Umujinya w'uburakari" wabaye umurimo wa 10 wa Steinbeck, kandi irekurwa ryabo ryateguwe n'inzu y'izasohoro ry'amategeko yose - ibihumbi 10 gusa z'amadozi yakoreshejwe mu byamamaza bya mbere bya Jaudov bifite ishingiro. Ibiteganijwe byose: Abafana baramutera amagambo, kandi gukundwa bikwirakwira kure muri Californiya.
Ijwi rinenga ry "Greave Uburakari" ryari hafi y'abasomyi basanzwe barwaye ikibazo cy'ubukungu. Igitabo cya Steinbek cyanditse gishingiye ku bikoresho bizima byakusanyirijwe mu rugendo ibereye mu gihe cye kavukire.
Filime "Grave Umujinya", kurasa mu 1940, wakiriye igihembo 2 cya Oscar. Kurasa byabereye rwihishwa, nkuko umuyobozi yatakajwe ko ubuyobozi bwa Texas na Oklahoma budashobora kwemerera kwerekana uturere twabo muri sinema. Muri Usssr, iyo filime yabujijwe kubera ko abahinzi b'Abanyamerika, ndetse bangiritse, basaga naho batera imbere cyane ugereranije n'abahinzi b'Abasoviyeti.
Nyuma y'iki gitabo, umwanya w'umwanditsi mu bitabo Abanyamerika yahisemo Hanyuma - intwari ze zari zihagarariye Sosiyete, intego y'imirimo ni imyigaragambyo y'imibereho, n'uburyo bwa kera nta bushakashatsi bugoye bufite ifishi kandi umugambi.
Politiki n'ibikorwa by'imibereho
Mu 1940, Yohana n'umugore we ku butumire bw'incuti bwagiye mu rugendo ruzengurutse Californiya. Nyuma yaje kuvuga uru rugendo mu kidodo "mu nyanja". Mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, Steinbeck yinjiye mu mucyo wagiranye n'ingabo kandi yitabira imikorere ya Douglas Fairbenx kugeza mu mucanga wa Jurior. Mu 1944, yagiye muri Afurika y'Amajyaruguru, aho yakomerekejwe, kuba hafi y'ahantu hatuje mu bubiko bw'amasasu.
Ubuzima bukomeye, umwanditsi yatashye. Imyaka ya nyuma yintambara yari iyo igihe cyera Steinbeck - ni yo mpamvu yanditse igitabo cy'amaguru "guhangayikishwa n'itumanaho", nyuma yigihembo cyitiriwe ubwa kabiri mu bitabo byakiriwe.
Mu 1947, umwanditsi w'umunyamerika yasuye USSR. Isosiyete yamuhaye umufotozi uzwi cyane Robert Kapa, hamwe abo yasuye imigi 5 ikomeye. Nurugendo rwa mbere runini rwabanyamerika kubumwe kuva impinduramatwara. Yohana yanditse ibitekerezo bye muri "Diary yo mu Burusiya", ifoto yerekana amashusho ya Kapa. Nyuma yuwamamaza iki gitabo, yakiriye ubutumire bwo kuba umunyamuryango wa Americademy y'Abanyamerika n'ubuvanganzo.
Muri uwo mwaka, inkuru "Isaro" yanditswe, yabanje gusama nkibintu. Nyuma yacyo, umwanditsi yatangiye ikibazo cyihariye. Kuva muri Californiya, byaje ku makuru ko inshuti ndende ya Steinbeck, Ed Ricketto, yakomeretse bikabije mu mpanuka y'imodoka.
John yihutiye kujya mu gihugu cye, ariko ntagisanga ari muzima - ed yapfuye mu isaha imwe gusa mbere yo kuhagera. Ububabare bwo kubura uwo wakundaga bwakongejwe ibibazo byo mu muryango we, kandi umwanditsi yinjizwa mu bwihebe, azamuka afite ikibazo.
Ku iherezo rya Steinbeck yongeye gufata icyemezo cyo kugira ingaruka ku ntambara y'intambara n'isi. Umuhungu we bombi barwaniye muri Vietnam, kandi ingingo za politiki zikarishye za Steinbeck zakubise ibisobanuro n'ubugome uko byagenze. Icyakora, igihe yamaranye amezi 1.5 ku giti cye, yateguye raporo za raporo, yashyigikiraga mu ntambara kuruta gutungurwa n'abantu. Ikinyamakuru New York Post cyitwa guhindura imyanya ya Steinbekhemu.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Mubuzima bwihariye bwumwanditsi harimo gushyingirwa 3. Ubwa mbere yashakanye na Karol Henning mu 1930. Hamwe na hamwe babayeho imyaka 11, ariko byose birangiye no gutandukana. Umugore wa kabiri Gwendolen yamuhaye abahungu babiri - Tomasi na Yohana. Ubukwe bwahindutse kuba igihe gito, imyaka 5, nyuma yo mu 1948 batandukana na gahunda ya Gwen ubwe. Umwanditsi weguriwe abana be mu burasirazuba bwa paradizo, wabonaga ibyiza mu kazi ke (mu 1981 yamutwaye umwanditsi).
Steinbeck yahangayikishijwe cyane no gutandukana, cyane cyane ko yahuriranye nurupfu rwinshuti kandi akusanya ibibazo byihariye, ariko bidatinze kwigunga yashushanyijeho umukobwa mushya - Umuyobozi Elaine Scott. Hamwe na hamwe babaga kugeza gupfa. Ntibari bafite abana basanzwe.
Urupfu
Nyuma yo gusubira muri Vietnam, ubuzima bwatangiye kuzana umwanditsi. Mu 1967, Steinbeck yagize uruhare rutoroshye, nyuma ya 2 infrct 2 ikurikiranye.
Ku ya 20 Ukuboza 1968, yarapfuye, icyateye urupfu rwatsinzwe n'umutima. Umwanditsi uzwi icyo gihe yari afite imyaka 66. Yapfiriye i New York, ariko umubiri wo gushyingura wajyanywe muri Californiya ye kavukire.
Amagambo
Smoloda asa nkaho ahagije mubuzima igihumbi, ariko kumuntu wImana kugirango ube umwe ubeho. Abagore n'abana ntibari bazi neza: niba ataravunitse abantu . Biragoye gutandukana nubuzima bushingiye nubwo wanga ubu buzima.Bibliografiya
- 1929 - "Igikombe cya Zahabu"
- 1933 - "Mana itazwi"
- 1935 - "Igihembwe cya Tortilla Flat"
- 1936 - "Kandi urugamba rwatakaye"
- 1939 - "Kumena Wrave"
- 1945 - "Umurongo wa Canning"
- 1947 - "Yatakaye Bus"
- 1952 - "Iburasirazuba bwa Edeni"
- 1954 - "Mugisha Ku wa kane"
- 1957 - "Inama ngufi ya Pipine IV"
- 1961 - "INTUMWA CYARIWE"