Ubuzima
Ubuzima bw'umuyobozi w'ishyaka ry'Abasoviyeti Nikolai Bukharin arihariye kandi ahanini arababaje. Ntabwo yari "usanzwe" Bolshevik, ntabwo yatsinze intambara y'abenegihugu, ariko icyarimwe yashoboye kuba umwe mu mpinduramatwara akomeye. Bukharin yari afite indimi nyinshi kandi yari ifite ubumenyi bw'agateganyo, yari umunyamakuru w'inararibonye akaba n'umutware wo guhamwa, ariko kuvuga ko imvugo ntiyigeze amufasha kumvisha bagenzi be mu kuba umwere.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin yavukiye i Zamoskvvorechye, ku ya 27 Nzeri (9 Ukwakira) yo mu 1888. Ababyeyi be bakoraga nk'abarimu bo mu mashuri abanza ku ishuri. Mu 1893, umuryango wimukiye muri Chisinau, Padiri Ivan Gavrilovich yakiriye umwanya w'umugenzuzi ukoreshwa, ariko nyuma yimyaka 4 asubira mu murwa mukuru.
Umuto wa Kohl yize neza kandi siporo yarangije hamwe numudari wa zahabu. Nyuma y'ishuri, yabaye umunyeshuri w'ishami ry'ubutegetsi bwa kaminuza ya Moscou. Icyo gihe, Bukharin yari asanzwe ashishikajwe na politiki ndetse anashoboye kwinjira mu ishyaka rya Bolsheviks, ubwo rero ubushakashatsi bwagombaga guhuzwa nakazi mu mashyirahamwe y'abakozi. Igihe yateguraga inama y'urubyiruko mu murwa mukuru, ateganya kugenda kwa Kombemal, yari afite imyaka 19.
Umwuga n'ibikorwa by'ishyaka
Ifatwa rya mbere ryabaye mu 1909. Uru rubanza kandi 2 rukora cyane kuri Bukharin ntiyigeze ruhindukira, ariko kwihangana k'abayobozi byari binaniwe, mu 1911 yoherejwe i Moscou kugera mu ntara ya ArkHengelsk. Nyuma y'amezi make, abifashijwemo n'incuti, yahunze aho yerekezaga mu mahanga - mbere muri Hannover, hanyuma yerekeza muri Otirishiya. Aho niho yahuye na Vladimir Lenin na Joseph Stalin.
Nikolai Ivanovich yakomeje kwimuka kandi akomeza kwitanga kandi yiga yize neza imirimo ya Svopiriste ndetse na kera ya Marxism. Igihe intambara ya mbere y'isi yose yatangiraga, abayobozi ba Otirishiya-Hongiriya yihutiye gukuraho amatako ashobora no koherezwa Bukharin mu Busuwisi. Nyuma yibyo, umunyapolitiki yahinduye byinshi imigi myinshi y'i Burayi, ariko ntiyari ahuye na we, nuko njya muri Amerika.
Mu Kwakira 1916, i New York, Bukharin yazanye abantu baziranye na lvomsky. Bose hamwe bakoraga muguhindura ikinyamakuru "isi nshya". Igikorwa cya mbere cyingenzi cya Nikolai Ivanovich - "Ubukungu ku isi no ku Ingoma" - byanditswe mu 1915. Lenin yarayisomye yitonze kandi muri rusange, ariko rero birukana umwanditsi wo kwishyira ukizana.
Igihe impinduramatwara ya Gashyantare yabereye mu Burusiya, Bukharin yashakaga gusubira mu gihugu cye, ariko yari ku murwa mukuru muri Gicurasi, abinyujije ku ifasi yagarutse, hanyuma i Vladivostok yo kwibasirwa muri Abasare n'abasirikare.
Mu 1917, yabaye umunyamuryango wa komite nkuru ya RSDLP, yafashe umwanya wibumoso kandi atangira gukora ibikorwa bya poropagande. Kuva i Afto Nikolai Ivanovich, kugira imyitozo myiza y'abanyamakuru, bityo rero yabaye uwashinze akaba n'umuyobozi mukuru w'ikinyamakuru cya Pravda, nyuma - igitabo "cy'Abakomunisiti".
Iki gihe cyera cyane kubikorwa byo guhanga. Bukharin yahise ahinduka umwe mu bakomeye b'Abakomunisiti b'Abakomunisiti bo mu gihe: muri gahunda ye y'Abakomunikazi (BolSheviks "), ubukungu bw'Abakomunisiti" bwatsindishirije umurimo w'abakozi, inzira yo guhindura igihugu Ubukungu bwasesenguwe, inzira zo gukemura ibibazo bya societe kuva mumyanya ya Marxism.
Lenin yubashye ubushakashatsi bwa mugenzi we mugenzi wawe, ariko umwanya wa Bukharin kubibazo bimwe na bimwe byari biteye ubwoba. Yamututse mu rwego rwo hejuru n'ishyaka n'amagambo y'amahanga, kandi abstract yarwaga mu bitabo ifatwa nk '"atari Marxis".
Mu 1919, Bukharin yababajwe n'igitero cy'iterabwoba cyateguwe na anarchiste - abagizi ba nabi bajugunye igisasu mu birori muri Leontyevsky Lane. Ibikomere byari bikomeye, ariko yashoboye gukira no gukomeza akazi.
Mu 1923, Nikolai Ivanovich yashyigikiye Lenin mu kurwanya Trotsky. Urupfu rw'Umuyobozi muri Mutarama 1924 rwabaye ingaruka zikomeye zo mu mwuka - yamfataga inshuti ye magara, ndetse n'icyaha mu myaka yashize aramwita na gato. Mu Isezerano rye ", Vladimir ilich yavuze ko Bukhariin ari umuntu w'agaciro, n'amategeko, ariryo umutwe w'amatungo ukunda.
Kwita ku musanyi ukomeye bamurega ahantu hayobowe n'Ishyaka - Muri uwo mwaka Nikolai Ivanovich yabaye umunyamuryango wa Politiki. Muri iki gihe, umubano we w'inshuti na Stalin washimangiwe, ariko mu 1928 bari barakemuye. Bukharin yagerageje kumvisha bagenzi bacu badashinyagurira "Kulakov" ku mubiri, ariko buhoro buhoro anganya neza uburenganzira n'abandi bo mu mudugudu.
Joseph Vissarionovich yavugiye cyane, maze nyuma y'umwaka, itsinda rya Bukharin ryatsinzwe na Plenum itaha, kandi we ubwe yambuwe inyandiko zose. Nyuma y'icyumweru, kwegura k'umunyapolitiki hemeye kumenya ku mugaragaro "amakosa", bityo rero yongeye kwemererwa kuyobora, ariko iki gihe mu rwego rwa siyansi na tekiniki.
Mu 1932, Bukharin yerekejwe n'ibiyobyabwenge by'ibiyobyabwenge by'inganda zikomeye za USSR. Bifitanye isano, yishora mu gusohora maze atangiza ishyirwaho rya "Excclopedia nini y'Abasoviyeti". Nubwo byavuzwe n'ijwi rirenga, umunyapolitiki ntabwo yavuye mu byiringiro kuri demokarasi, kubera ko igitugu cya Stalin kitemewe. Nikolai Ivanovich yishimiye ishyirwaho ry'itegeko Nshinga rya USSR, utazi ko ingingo nyinshi zayo zizakomeza kwandikwa ku mpapuro.
Gukandamiza no gusoza
Mu 1936, amashyaka yabanje gushyiraho ubushinjacyaha agerageza gukora "guhagarika iburyo" hamwe na Rykov na Tomsk. Muri kiriya gihe, iperereza ryahagaritswe n'impamvu zidahimwe, ariko mu mwaka umwe gusa, Bukharin yongeye gukekwa muri gahunda z'ubumuga. Umunyapolitiki yashimangiye ko ari umwere, yanditse amabaruwa ye, ndetse atangazwa ko ari intago y'inzara, ariko ntiyamfashije - yatawe muri yombi ku ya 27 Gashyantare 1937.
Muri gereza y'imbere kuri Lubyanka nikolai ivanovich yakoraga ku bitabo "Abaratezoli ba Filozofiya", "ibihe" by'Abaroma n'ikusanyirizo ry'ibisigo. Yamenye igice nta cyaha adakora ku gice runaka, no ku ijambo ryanyuma yongeye kugerageza gutangaza ko ari umwere.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Ubuzima bwihariye bw'umuyobozi w'ishyaka bwari butangaje. Abahambiriye bose, bagategereza ibyago n'urupfu. Nikolai Bukharin yashakanye inshuro eshatu, uwo bashakanye wa mbere wa Nadezhda Lukina na we yari afite mubyara. Bashyingiwe mu 1911 kandi babana imyaka irenga 10. Ntibari bafite abana basanzwe - umugore yarwaye indwara yumugongo kandi ntashobora kugenda adafite corset idasanzwe.
Ndetse na nyuma yo gutandukana, yakomeje umubano wa gicuti na Bukharin: Igihe yari mu 1938 cyafashwe, ahari aherutse guhakana ko ariho nta cyaha kandi yemera imigambi mibi y'uwahoze ari umugabo. Ibibazo bibabaza byamaze imyaka 2, nyuma ya Lukin yarashwe.
Umugore wa kabiri wa Esphyra wa Gurwech yabaye umugore wa kabiri. Ubuzima bwabo buhuriweho bwamaze imyaka 8, amuha umukobwa wa Svetlana. Mu gihe cya mbere cya Moscow, umuryango wahise ureka Bukharin, ariko ibyo ntibyakijijwe - nyina bombi, maze umukobwa wabo yinjira mu nkambi arabasiga nyuma y'urupfu rwa Stalin.
Ubukwe bwa gatatu, bwahindutse kuba mugufi, Bukhariin yashoje mu 1934. Yatoye harimo Anna Larina, umukobwa wa mugenzi wa mugenzi we mu birori, nyuma yo kwica umugabo yagiye kumurongo. Bavutsa umuhungu wa Yuri, yarakuze, nta kindi uzi ku babyeyi. Nyuma yafashwe kandi yakiriye izina rya nyina w'uwakira - Gusman. Umwuzukuru Bukharin, Nikolay Lark, yabaye umutoza w'umupira w'amaguru kandi ayoboye ishuri ry'imikino y'abana i Moscou.
Hamwe na Lunacharsky na Lenin, Bukharin yafatwaga nk'umwe mu bahagarariye ubwenge mu Ishyaka. Yiba afite indimi 3, yumvise umuvugizi mwiza kandi yari azwiho ubushobozi bwo kubona vuba ururimi rusanzwe numuntu uwo ari we wese.
Byongeye kandi, Nikolai Ivanovich yari ikarito nziza, nashakaga kubushake ku makarito ku birori ndetse no kwamamaza akazi kumpapuro za Pravda. Ni iy'amashusho yonyine ya Stalin, yanditswe muri kamere, ntabwo ari kumwe nifoto.
Yashyigikiye abanditsi benshi - Maxim Gorky, Boris Paspak, Osipam ya Mandelstam. Hamwe na Sergey Yesenin, Bukharina yari afite umubano utoroshye - igihe kimwe yabonaga ko ari "umwanditsi wangiza umwanditsi wumwanditsi wimurikiriza ingeso mbi, ariko nyuma yo kwiyahura k'umusizi, yoroheje amagambo rusange yerekeye we.
Urupfu
Ku ya 13 Werurwe 1938, uwahoze ari umuhango yakatiwe urwo gupfa. Uwahamwe n'icyaha mu mabaruwa yinginze kumuzanira igikombe cya moffiya, "gusinzira no kudakanguka," ariko mu rupfu rworoheje. Politiki yajyanywe mu mudugudu w'umuryango w'Abakomu arasa, umubiri watwitse hafi aha hantu.
Ukuri kwishimishije - Urupfu rwa bagenzi bacu rwahanuwe na Nikolay Ivanovich mu busore bwe. Umudage Clairvoyant mu 1918 yamumenyesheje ko azicwa mu gihugu cye cyavubya, kandi we urota mu guhindura Uburusiya kandi akagira icyamamare cy'impinduramatwara, yaratangaye cyane.
Politiki yitangiye politiki ya firime nyinshi - Amashusho ya documentaire "Nikolai Bukharin - Ingwate ya sisitemu" na "kuruta urukundo" (yeguriwe urukundo rwa Anna Laristi), kimwe na kaseti yubuhanzi "umwanzi wa Abantu Bukharin ", aho Alegizandere Romandtov yagize uruhare runini.
Iburanisha
- 1914 - "Amahirwe ya politiki. Igitekerezo cy'indangagaciro n'ishuri rya Otirishiya rya Otirishiya "
- 1923 - "Ubukungu bw'isi n'Ubuhigisi"
- 1918 - "Gahunda y'Abakomunisiti (Bolsheviks)"
- 1919 - "Urugamba rwo mucyiciro na Revolution"
- 1919 - "ABC by'ubukomunisiti: Ibisobanuro byamamaye kuri gahunda y'ibirori by'Abakomunisiti by'Uburusiya (Bolsheviks)"
- 1920 - "Ubukungu bwinzibacyuho"
- 1923 - "Ikibazo Cyikibazo cya Calean n'Umutwe w'abakomunisiti"
- 1924 - "Twebwe Ibikoresho by'amateka"
- 1928 - "ICYITONDERWA CY'UBUYOBOZI"
- 1932 - "Goethe n'amateka ye afite ubusobanuro"
- 1932 - "Darwinism na Marxism"
- 2008 - "Imfungwa Lubyanka. Gereri ya Gereza Nikolai Bukharina "