Ubuzima
Muri korari ibabaje y'amajwi, yirukana amahano y'inkambi za Stalin, Vamlam Shalamov akora umwe mu baburanyi ba mbere. Abobiographical "Kolya" ivuga ibizamini bya kimure byaguye kumugabane wibisekuru byose. Umwanditsi amaze kuzenguruka uruziga rw'ikuzimu, yababujije kubwo gushikama kw'igihangano cy'igitugu kandi ahagarara mu majwi menshi yubuvanganzo bwuburusiya bwikinyejana cya 20.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Vamlam Tikhonovich ShaLomov yavukiye mu nda vologda ku ya 5 Kamena 1907. Yaturutse mu muryango w'abapadiri. Se, sekuru na nyirarume, yari umwungeri w'itorero rya orotodogisi mu Burusiya. Tikhon NikoLyevich yakoraga mu bumisiyonari, abwiriza akoresheje imiryango y'Abaleutian ku birwa bya kure (ubu akarere ka Alaska) kandi yari azi icyongereza neza. Nyina w'umwanditsi yishora mu kurera abana, kandi mu myaka ya nyuma y'ubuzima yakoraga ku ishuri. Varlam yari umwana wa gatanu mumuryango.
Umuhungu yize gusoma mu myaka 3 aragira umururumba yakiriye ibintu byose byahuye nisomero ryumuryango. Ibiyobyabwenge byubuvanganzo hamwe nimyaka byaragoye: Yanyuze mu byifuzo bya filozofiya. Umwanditsi w'ejo hazaza yari afite uburyohe bworoshye bwubuhanzi, gutekereza no kwifuza ubutabera. Bayobowe nibitabo muri IT, biba hafi yabantu baremwe hakiri kare.
Usanzwe mubana, varlam yandika ibisigo byambere. Mfite imyaka 7, umuhungu yahawe imikino ngororamubiri, ariko uburezi buhagarikwa na revolution, nuko azarangiza amashuri mu 1924. Uburambe bw'umwanditsi w'abana n'urubyiruko bavuga muri make muri "Vologda ya kane" - inkuru ivuga imyaka ya mbere y'ubuzima.
Nyuma yo kurangiza amashuri, umusore yagiye i Moscou no gutemba mu ntera ya Metropolitan Proleriat: Yagiye mu gihingwa n'imyaka 2 asenya ubuhanga bw'umukoresha mu musaruro. Kuva mu 1926 kugeza 1928, ubwe yahawe amashuri makuru muri kaminuza ya Leta ya Moscou, yiga Amategeko y'Abasoviyeti. Ariko muri kaminuza, ntibisanzwe, kuba byize abanyeshuri bigana kuva kwamagana "inkomoko. Imodoka rero yo gukandamiza yabanje gutera ubuzima bwumwanditsi.
Mu myaka yabanyeshuri, Shalamov yasuye uruziga rw'ubuvanganzo rwateguwe n'ikinyamakuru "Lef nshya", aho amenyera kandi avugana no kwandika urubyiruko rutera imbere.
Ifatwa n'imyanzuro
Mu 1927, Shalamov agira uruhare mu migabane y'imyigaragambyo yeguriwe kwizihiza isabukuru ya cumi yo mu mpinduramatwara ya cumi yo mu Kwakira. Mu rwego rw'itsinda rya TrotskisTristov, hagarara hamwe n'amagambo "hepfo na Stalin!" Kandi ahamagarira amasezerano ya ILYich. Mu 1929, kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by'Itsinda rya Trotskyist, Vamlam Shalamov yajyanywe mu buroko bwa mbere kandi "nta rubanza" amababi imyaka 3 mu nkambi zikosora nk '"ikintu cyangiza cyane".
Kuva icyo gihe, Mitarikiya ye ya Artarantia, yafashwe kugeza 1951 atangirira. Umwanditsi wa mbere Umwanditsi akorera muri Vishaga, aho muri Mata 1929 azanye na Gereza ya Butyrsk. Mu majyaruguru ya URALS, imfungwa zitangira ahantu henshi yubaka gahunda yimyaka itanu yambere - Igihingwa cyimiti cyagaciro-mubumwe muri Berezniki.
Yarekuwe mu 1932, Shalamov asubira muri Moscou no kwibeshaho kwandika imirimo, afatanya n'ibinyamakuru byo ku musaruro n'ibinyamakuru. Ariko, mu 1936, umugabo yongeye kwibuka "umwanda wa Trotskyst" kandi ushinjwa kurwanya ibikorwa bya impinduramatwara. Iki gihe aracirwaho iteka imyaka 5 kandi mu 1937 boherezwa mu Magadani Stern ku kazi katoroshye - Inkunga ya Zahabu.
Iyi nteruro yarangiye mu 1942, ariko imfungwa zanze gukora umusaruro kugeza igihe intambara ikomeye yo gukunda igihugu. Byongeye kandi, shalamov yahoraga "yadoda" amagambo mashya mu ngingo zitandukanye: Dore ingando "y'abavoka", na "itangazo rya Anti-Soviet". Kubera iyo mpamvu, manda yumwanditsi yakuze kugeza ku myaka 10.
Mu myaka yashize, yashoboye guhindura ibirombe bitanu byo mu nkambi ya Krymsky, yinjiye mu midugudu n'ibirombe nk'uwashizeho, Logger na ubucukuzi. Yagize amahirwe yo kuryama mu kigo cy'ubuvuzi nk "igitambaro", kitagishoboye akazi k'umubiri. Mu 1945, umunaniro wo kunaniza ibintu bitagereranywa, hamwe n'itsinda ry'imfungwa bagerageza gutoroka, ariko bikabangamira uko ibintu bimeze n'ibihano bigenwa mu gihano.
Na none mu bitaro, Shalamov akomeza kuba umufasha aho, hanyuma amaze kubona icyerekezo cyamasomo yinkeragutera. Nyuma yo guhabwa impamyabumenyi kuva mu 1946, Vellam Tikhonovich kugeza igihe cyo gufungwa kirangiye mu bitaro by'ingando byo mu burasirazuba bwa kure. Amaze kwibohora, ariko akibazwa mu burenganzira, umwanditsi akorera undi mwaka n'igice muri Yakutia no gufata amafaranga ku itike yandikiye Moscou, gusa.
Kurema
Kugenda manda ya mbere yo gusoza, Shalamov akora nk'umunyamakuru mu bitabo by'ubumwe bw'ibihugu by'umukozi wa Moscou. Mu 1936 inkuru ye y'ubuhanzi ya mbere y'ubuhanzi yasohotse ku rupapuro rwo mu Kwakira. Igihe cy'imyaka 20 yirukanye umurimo w'umwanditsi, nubwo mu nkambi adasize agerageza kwandika ibisigo bye bizagize ishingiro ry'inatsi ya kolma.
Inkuru za Kolma zifatwa nkibikorwa bya Shalamov. Iki cyegeranyo cyeguriwe imyaka yahohotewe cy'inkambi za Stalin ku rugero rw'ubuzima bw'imfungwa za Sevvostlak kandi zigizwe n'inziga z'isi ("Ibiti by'isi", "Inyandiko z'isi", n'ibindi).
Muri yo, umuhanzi asobanura uburambe bwubuzima bwabantu bavunitse na sisitemu. Umudendezo usobanurwa, ushyigikiwe n'ibyiringiro, inzara yananiye, umurimo ukonje kandi utishoboye, umuntu watakaje mu maso n'ubumuntu bwemeje cyane. Mwebwe, ubushobozi bwubucuti, impuhwe no kubahana, mugihe ikibazo cyo kubaho kizima gikurikiraho.
Bitandukanye n'umwanditsi wa "Gulamov yari azi neza ko inkambi ari ishuri riteye ishozi kuri buri wese kandi buri wese, kandi akenshi ryashubije kuri Solzhenitsyn mu rufunguzo rubi, yiyemeza ku ngingo y'inkambi.
Shalamov yarwanyije ku gitabo cy '"inkuru za kolma" n'ikinyamakuru gitandukanye, kandi mu nama yuzuye basohotse mu Burusiya nyuma yo gusa. Hashingiwe ku kazi mu 2005, film yarashwe.
Mu 1960-70, Vamlam Tikhonovich akora ibyegeranyo, yibuka kwibuka mu bwana (inkuru "Vologda ya kane") n'uburambe bw'umusobe wa mbere (Vishera Antiyoman).
Inzitizi ya nyuma yibigo irasohoka muri 1977.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Iherezo ry'uwaharanira icyaha cyose ntibubujije umwanditsi kubaka ubuzima bwite. Numugore we wa mbere Galina Ignatievna Goodz Shalamov amenya mu nkambi ya Vishero. Ngaho, nk'uko avuga ati: "Mukubise" n'undi mwana, uwo mukobwa waje gusura. Mu 1934, abashakanye barashyingiwe, nyuma y'umwaka, umukobwa wa Elena aravuka.
Ukoresheje ifatwa rya kabiri ry'umwanditsi, umudugudu watewe ubwoba: Umudugudu wa kure wa Turukimenisitani, aho yari atuye kugeza mu 1946. Umuryango uhura na hamwe gusa mu 1953 gusa, igihe Shalamov agarutse mu midugudu irenze iburasirazuba yerekeza muri Moscou, ariko mu 1954 abo bashakanye barwanywa.
Umugore wa kabiri wa Vellam Tikhonovich yari Olga Sergeevna Nekludova, umwe mu bagize ubumwe bw'abanditsi b'Abasoviyeti. Shalamov yabaye uwa kane akaba umugabo we wa nyuma. Ubukwe bwamaze imyaka 10, nta bana bahari.
Nyuma yo gutandukana mu 1966 kugeza igihe umwanditsi apfiriye akomeza kwigunga.
Urupfu
Mu myaka yashize, ubuzima bw'ubuzima bw'umwanditsi bwari bugoye cyane. Imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo inaniza kumupaka wabantu ntabwo byabaye impfabusa. Mu mpera z'imyaka ya 1950, yimura ibitero bikomeye by'indwara za meniere, kandi mu iburanisha rya 70 na werekezo bigenda byamburwa.
Umugabo ntashobora guhuza ingemba ye no kugendana bigoye, no mu 1979, inshuti na bagenzi babo bamujyana munzu yabafite ubumuga. Kugerageza ingorane hamwe nimvugo no guhuza, shalamov ntagerageza kwandika ibisigo.
Mu 1981, umwanditsi yari afite ubwonko, nyuma hafashwe icyemezo cyo kumwohereza mu bwana ku bwana ku bantu barwaye indwara zo mu mutwe. Agezeyo, apfa ku ya 17 Mutarama 1982, icyateye urupfu ni inkoni ya Bruboral y'ibihaha.
Umuhungu wa padiri, Shalamov yahoraga atekereza ko abatizera, ariko yoherejwe akurikije imihango ya orotodogisi kandi ishyingurwa mu irimbi rya Kundevsky rya Moscowky. Amafoto yazigamye avuye gushyingura umwanditsi.
Yiswe Shalamov yeguriwe ingoro ndangamurage n'ibisobanuro biherereye mu bice bitandukanye by'igihugu: Muri Vologda, mu gihugu gito cy'umwanditsi, kuri Kolyma, muri Yakitia, muri Yakutia, muri Yakutia, aho yakoraga, aho yakoraga iminsi ya nyuma y'ubuhungiro .
Bibliografiya
- 1936 - "Batatu Urupfu rwa Dr. Austio"
- 1949-1954 - "Ikaye ya Kolma"
- 1954-1973 - "Inkuru Zlym"
- 1961 - "Igorofa"
- 1964 - "Amababi ya Rued"
- 1967 - "Umuhanda na FATE"
- 1971 - "Vologda ya Kane"
- 1972 - "Ibicu bya Moscou"
- 1973 - "Vishera"
- 1973 - "Fromar Raskolnikov"
- 1977 - "Ingingo yo Guteka"