Ubuzima
Charles Babbage - Mathematiyani yo mu Bwongereza, filozofiya, uwahimbye na injeniyeri, Umuremyi w'igitekerezo cya mudasobwa ya digitale. Murakoze ubumenyi burondesha no gukora muburyo butandukanye bwa siyansi, abana bari mubakomeye muri polymates yabantu muri XIX.
Charles Babbage yavutse ku ya 26 Ukuboza 1791 i Londres, mu muryango wa Benyamini Babbidja na Elizabeth (ubwoko bwa Betsy). Mu muryango, usibye umuhungu, haracyari abana batatu. Mu 1808, Babimi yimukiye mu burasirazuba bwa TINGMOUT.
Se wumuhanga uzaza yari ahagije kugirango yemeze ko igihe umuhungu yujuje imyaka 8, kumwohereza mwishuri ryigenga muri Alfington. Umupadiri wasezeranye mu burezi bw'umuhungu, ntiyabibajije ko ntaremerera umwana: mu bwana, Charles akenshi bahanganye, kandi ababyeyi bahisemo icyaro kugira ngo bafashe umuhungu wabo guhangana n'ingaruka z'iminyage ikomeye.
Nyuma, Charles yitabiriye imikino ngororamubiri muri Tones mu majyepfo ya Avon, ariko intege nke ntahwema kutigera kugaruka ngo asubire mu barimukira bigisha baturutse abigisha bigenga. Nyuma yo guhabwa amashuri yishuri, Babbage yinjiye mu ishuri rya Enfield. Muri ubu burezi habaye isomero ryagutse, tubikesha uwo musore yashishikajwe n'imibare. Nyuma, Charles yongeye kwiga mu barimu bigenga kugira ngo agere ku bumenyi bihagije kugirango yinjire cambridge.
Mu 1810, Babbage yabaye umunyeshuri wa kaminuza y'Ubutatu, ariko gahunda yo gutandukanyaga bidatinze umusore - yari afite ubumenyi bukomeye kuruta mwarimu. Hamwe n'inshuti mu 1812, Charles yashinze societe isesengura, hanyuma yimurirwa muri irindi kaminuza ya Cambridge, Peterhouse, aho yarangije mu 1814, nta suzuma yakiriye impamyabumenyi ihanitse.
Imibare n'ibikorwa byavumbuwe
Murakoze ku izina rya rimwe mu barangije neza, Charles yahise agera ku ntsinzi mu murima wa siyansi. Mu 1815, yarisuzumye mu kigo cya cyami, maze mu 1816 abaye umwe mu bagize umuryango w'ibwami. Hamwe na kariyeri, ariko, ntabwo yahuye, kandi, avuga imyanya yo kwigisha, yakiriye inshuro nyinshi. Kubwibyo, kugeza 1827, umugabo yari atunzwe nubukungu na we kandi yahawe amafaranga mugihe cye nyuma y'urupfu rwe.
Charles Babbage yari umuhanga wagize uruhare mu bumenyi bwinshi bwuzuye, kuva mu bukungu mu bukungu. Ariko umurage uzwi cyane wacyo niwo murimo mugutezimbere ibikoresho byo kubara, utegereze mudasobwa na mudasobwa zigezweho.
Umushinga wambere nkuyu mu bitsina gabo byari imashini nini itandukaniro. Igitekerezo cyibyo yaremye cyagaragaye muri Charles mu 1822. Ibikoresho kuri icyo gitekerezo ni ugufasha abantu mu kubara bakeneye inyenyeri no kugenda, icyo gihe cyakoraga igihe kinini kandi ko bahujwe n'ibyago by'amakosa byemewe n'umuntu.
Mu 1823, umuhanga mu bya siyansi yahawe ishyirwaho ry'ibikoresho, kuva societe ya cyami, kandi idafite ubumenyi bw'ikinyoma ishyaka ryifashishije igitekerezo cya Babbja. Ariko, Charles yananiwe kubara neza umwanya cyangwa uburyo. Imyaka 3 hamwe nabahawe amanota 1.500 ntabwo byari bihagije.
Kugeza mu 1827, amafaranga akoreshwa yazutse inshuro zirenga 2, kandi amafaranga menshi ya Babija yagombaga kuryama mu mufuka. Akazi kagombaga kugenda, nyuma y'ibyago bwite, Charles ntabwo yashoboraga gukomeza ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi, kandi umuhanga yashoboye gusubira mu mashini itandukaniro mu 1828. Amafaranga icyo gihe yarangiye, no kubona inkunga yinyongera kuri leta yababwababyeyi gusa mu 1830.
Nyuma yimyaka 4, akazi kongeye guhaguruka, nubwo hari byinshi byamaze kumara kubishushanyo mbonera. £ 17. Guhabwa ibyaremwe by'imashini itandukanijwe, Leta, indi £ 6-7. Yashoye umuhanga ubwe. Kugeza mu 1842, abayobozi bahisemo niba bazakomeza gushora imari muri uwo mushinga, kandi kubera ko byanze. Mugihe cyubuzima bwa Charles, igikoresho nticyigeze gikora dodel. Mu mpera za 1840, umugabo yasubiye mu gitekerezo cy'imashini itandukaniro kandi atwite kugira ngo akore verisiyo iteye imbere, ariko iki kigeragezo nticyatsinzwe n'itsinzi.
Umurimo utoroshye kandi udasubiza ufite imashini itandukaniro ntabwo wahagaritse indege yibitekerezo bya Charles, kandi mu 1833 igitekerezo gishya cyaje kumutwe - kugirango gikore imashini isesengura, igikoresho gishobora gutegurwa. Bitandukanye nimashini itandukanijwe, yashoboraga gukemura imirimo myinshi igoye.
Mu 1834, Babbage yatangiye gukora imashini isesengura, abayibanjirije mudasobwa ya digitale zamuhaye icyubahiro, nubwo nyuma y'urupfu. Igishushanyo mbonera cyagenewe kuba hari ububiko (ububiko), urusyo (gutunganya analog), kugenzura nigikoresho cyo kwinjiza no gusohoka amakuru. Mu gishushanyo hari ikindi kintu cyageneye urutonde rwibikorwa, gisabana na "Ububiko" kandi nsoma amakuru avuye kumukubita.
Muri uwo mushinga, Charles yakoze mu bwigenge, kandi umuntu wenyine wabonye ubushobozi bwuzuye bwibitekerezo byari ikuzimu, umugore uyumunsi afatwa nkumuyobozi wambere. Imirimo yacyo, ishingiye ku mushinga w'imashini isesengura, ifatwa nk'imirimo ya mbere mu rwego rwa siyanse ya mudasobwa.
Nubwo ubumenyi bwa siyansi bwerekanye ko ashishikajwe nimashini kubara imashini isesengura, nayo, kimwe nimashini itandukaniro, ntabwo yarangiye. Mu 1851, umuhanga yanditse ko bishoboka, cyane cyane ubukungu, ntibihagije guhagarika akazi.
Imirimo ya Charles nyuma y'urupfu rw'umuhanga rwakomeje umuhungu we Henry. Mu 1888, yashoboye gukora inteko nkuru y'imashini isesengura, no mu 1906, abifashijwemo na sosiyete ya Monro, umutako wa Babir yagizwe icyitegererezo cyuzuye kandi cyiza.
Charles akorera mu gace k'imashini itandukanijwe na byo kandi yari igifuniko: mu bishushanyo byayo, ibikoresho byinshi mu 1854 byasohotse muri Suwede. Hanyuma Martin Vieberg yitangiriye mu mode yo kunoza, nyuma yakoresheje imashini yo kubara mu murima w'amazi ya Logitorimic.
Igice cyimpamvu yo kunanirwa ni ugushaka cyane babbej. Yishyuye umwanya munini mubindi bice bya siyansi, kandi nitsinzi. Inyungu kuri gari ya moshi yateje ko Charles yahimbye umuvuduko kandi aba umwe mu bagize tachometer. Hariho ikintu cyo gushimira siyansi no gukora ibyuma: Imashini zihangayika zashizeho babbeck, kimwe nuburyo bwo gukora ibiziga.
Igikorwa cyingenzi cyubuzima bwa siyansi cyabaye umurimo wubwikungu bwikoranabuhanga no gukora. Ingingo yavuzwe mu gitabo uyu munsi yitwa "ibikorwa byubushakashatsi". Nyuma yo gutangazwa, akazi kari kugurishwa neza kandi muri 1836 hamaze gusubiramo 4. Nyuma yaho, John Mis yahumetswe na Charles mu bukungu, kandi ubudahemuka bw'inzira ya Babanja mu kugabana imirimo yabonetse na Carl Marx.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Ku ya 25 Nyakanga 1814, mu itorero ryigituni rya mutagatifu Michael Charles Bashles yahujije ishyingiranwa na Jeworujiya Whitmore. Mu ikubitiro, abashakanye babaga i Shropshire, hanyuma mu 1815 bimukiye mu muhanda wa Devanshire ujya London.
Mu bashakanye muri Charles n'Abanya Jeworujiya, abana 8 bavutse, ariko Benyamini wane gusa, Georjiana, Dughad na Henry barokotse. Igihe gikomeye mubuzima bwihariye cya Charles cyari 1827, se, umugore n'abahungu babiri b'umuhanga barapfuye.
Ukuri kwishimishije: Kubwicyubahiro, Babija yahawe Baron na Knight Heads, ariko kubera ibitekerezo byabo bya politiki yanze kandi avuye kurundi.
Urupfu
Charles Babbage yapfiriye ku ya 18 Ukwakira 1871 mu myaka 79. Impamvu y'urupfu niyo yatsinzwe no kuzura byatewe no kwandura uruziga. Umuhanga yashyinguwe ku irimbi rya Green Censal (ni irimbi rya douche zose).
Ibyakozwe na siyansi no kuvuka kwa Babbja mu murima wibikoresho byo kubara byamenyekanye nyuma y'urupfu rwa Charles gusa. Mu mwaka wa 2011, abashakashatsi b'Abongereza batangiye umushinga-miliyoni "umugambi 28", washizweho kugirango ukore imashini isesengura rya Babja. Igikoresho kigomba kugira kwibuka 675 bytes no gukora kuri metero 7 hz. Harategurwa kurangiza umurimo w'abakunzi bitarenze 2021, igihe cyo kubaka imodoka mu isabukuru yimyaka 150 za Charles Babja.
Kubera guhuza umuhanga hamwe na tornes mu 2007, Igishushanyo cye cyagaragaye kuri inoti hamwe nijambo rya 5 Londton Pound, ifaranga ryaho.