Ubuzima
Thomas Gobbs ni umuhanga wicyongereza kandi utekereza mu kinyejana cya XVII, wafatwaga nk'umukoresha wa politiki kandi yagize uruhare muri siyansi nk'amateka, Leta ya tewolojiya na geometrie. Igikorwa kizwi cyane cya Hobses cyabaye "Gebyiafan", kamenyekanye ko ari rumwe mu ngero za mbere kandi zikomeye z'igitekerezo cy'amasezerano rusange.Iherezo
Thomas Gobbs yavukiye mu mujyi wa Westport, ubu yitwa Malmsbury, 5 Mata 1588. Umuhungu yitiriwe kwa se, Tomasi-mukuru wabaye vicaria muri Charlton na Westport. Igihe abana ba Hobbs bari bato, ababyeyi bazanye abatutsi baho bava i Londres, basize umuryango wo kwita ku muvandimwe mukuru, umucuruzi ukize kandi wenyine. Izina n'imiterere y'amasomo ya nyina ntiwakomeje.
Nkumwana, filozofiya izaza yitabiriye ishuri ryitorero ryaho, hanyuma akanama gahoro. Mu 1603, Thomas yabaye umunyeshuri wa kaminuza Magdalen, wakubanjirije Oxford Hatford. Amahugurwa kuri gahunda kugiti cye, Gobbs yakiriye impamyabumenyi ihanitse kandi, abisangira umwe mu barimu, yabonye umujyanama mu muryango wa Caventis.
Tomasi yabaye inshuti y'urubyiruko Baron William, naho ku 1610, abasore bagiye mu ruzinduko mu Burayi, aho bahurira mu bumenyi bwa siyansi kandi bakomeye, batandukaniye mu nyigisho z'ishuri. Ubuhanga bw'ejo hazaza bwo Gusoma abanditsi ba kera b'Abagereki na Latin kandi bahinduye imirimo yabo mu rurimi kavukire. Mu mirimo y'iki gihe, uzwi cyane ni uguhuza "amateka y'intambara ya Peloponnesian" Fukidid.
Mugenzi wa Hobyes apfuye azize icyorezo mu 1628, umujyanama yagombaga gushaka ahantu hashya. Mu gihe runaka yari hafi y'umusizi na Dripury Ben Johnson, hanyuma bakora nk'umunyamabanga wa filozofiya w'icyongereza na politiki ya Francis bacon. Muri iki gihe, abahanga b'ejo hazaza batwawe na Geometrie kandi bize byimazeyo Euclida Euclida, yize mu buryo bw'igitabo cyo gushinga amashuri no gutanga ibimenyetso.
Kugeza ku ya 1631, Thomas yabaye umurezi watanzwe na Baronet ya Yevesifon, hanyuma asubira mu nzu ya cavendish kugira ngo azamure umuhungu mukuru w'umunyeshuri we wahozeho. Imyaka mike ikurikira Hbbs yaguye ubumenyi mu murima wa filozofiya kandi yazamuye ubuhanga bw'amakimbirane. Mu 1634, yongeye kujya i Burayi, aho yinjiye mu Burayi uruziga rwa Maren Mersen kandi buri gihe yitabira impaka za filozofiya na René Descar na Pierre Gassendi.
Tomasi avuga ko mu 1636, Thomas yasuye Ubutaliyani maze ahura na Galilaya nini ya Galileo, isabwa ibitekerezo bya filozofiya mu buzima busanzwe.
Impinduramatwara y'Icyongereza 1640 - 1653 Hobbes yahatiwe kuva mu gihugu cyabo kuva kera kandi ike i Paris. Ngaho, kuyobowe n'abanyamuryango, mug wa Mersenna, wa filozofiya yaje gukora uburyo bwo kureba ku bibazo by'ibanze by'umuntu.
Muri iki gihe, abo bakundaga bakoraga nk'umwarimu w'imibare y'umusore wa Prince Wales, waje mu Bufaransa ava mu kirwa cya Jersey. Asubira i Londres mu 1651, umuhanga yasohoye imirimo yanditswe kandi bidatinze arangije kubaka sisitemu ye ya filozofiya, yamaze imyaka 20.
Mu 1666, inzu y'abaturage yashyikirije umushinga w'itegeko ry'ihohoterwa ridateza kandi gutukwa, n'ibitabo bya hobbes, byaguye munsi y'ubuyobe bwerekeye ubuyobe, bakurura abategetsi ba hafi. Kubera gutinya gutotezwa, yatwitse impapuro zitose, ariko aracyatakaza uburenganzira bwo gutangaza akazi mu Bwongereza. Igikorwa cya nyuma cyumuhanga cyari autobiography, cyanditswe mumirongo, no guhindura icyongereza cya Kigereki cya kera "Odysseus" ya Homer.
Ubuzima bwihariye bwumufilozofiya buzwi cyane. Birashoboka ko yabayeho wenyine, nta mugore cyangwa abana. Nk'uko abo mu gihe cyasangaga, Gobbs yahisemo gukora mu mwijima hamwe na buji, nuko umwenda mu nzu wahoraga uvaho. Yagiye muri byinshi kandi aho gusoma ibitabo, yavuganye n'abantu b'ubwenge kandi bize.
Hobs yarwaye indwara y'inkari, mu ya 1679 yatumye habaho ubwonko bwamugaye, bwatumye urupfu rwa filozofiya ku ya 4 Ukuboza 1679.
Filozofiya
Filozofiya ya HBBS yari umuhanga mu barwayi wanze kubaho mu mwuka urwaye umwuka kandi asama gahunda ye yo gutekereza ku muntu n'isi n'ijuru. Mu gitabo cya mbere, umuhanga yafataga umubiri uko ushishikajwe n'ubukanishi, yizera ko imyigaragambyo yihariye y'umubiri igira uruhare mu gutanga ibintu byihariye, nko kumva, ubumenyi, kumenya imikoranire y'abantu n'uburere ya sosiyete.
Mu ntangiriro za 1640, Thomas yatangaga amahitamo yandikishijwe intoki "yatangiye amategeko, abasanzwe na politiki", yagabanijwemo ibice 2 igihe yatangazwaga kandi yitwa "kamere muntu." Muri uyu murimo, umuhanga ku nshuro ya mbere yakoze ku ngingo y'imbaraga kandi itegura amahame ya wenyine Segaba umwe yari akwiye gukora. Mu 1642, Hobbes yanditse umurimo witwa "ku muturage", wari urwabanjirije gucapirwa ku kilatini, kandi igitabo cy'icyongereza cyagaragaye nyuma yimyaka 11.
Iki gikorwa cyaje kuba igice cya gatatu cya "shingiro rya filozofiya", kigizwe nubuvuzi "," kubyerekeye umuntu "na" kumuturage ", aho umuhanga yasobanuye imiterere yumuntu usaba ishyirwaho y'itegeko rihamye, rikora imyumvire ya politiki na tewolojiya. Bwa mbere, amagambo yerekeye "intambara ya bose muri bose" yagaragaye, nyuma yatunganijwe na hobyes muri Leviathan yinjira mu cyegeranyo cyo gutanganwa.
Ifatika "Ifishi n'imbaraga z'igihugu cy'Itorero n'Abasivili", bizwi ku izina rya Bibiliya mu Burengerazuba bujyanye n'ubuyobozi bwa Leta n'urugero rugaragara rw'amasezerano rusange.
Muri iki gikorwa, umuhanga mu bya filozofiya yasobanuye ishusho yumuntu, ugereranije nacyo nikibazo, cyakomeje kugenda, nta gukwirakwiza ubugingo budafatika hamwe nigitekerezo gikwiye cyibitekerezo. Gutongana ku Byiza n'ikibi, Gobbs yavuze ko aribyo byifuzo by'abantu cyangwa imitekerereze yo kumugana cyangwa kuri we.
Umuvugizi uhakana w'ibyiza byinshi, umuhanga yemeye ko habaho ikibi gikomeye, cyagaragajwe mu gutinya urupfu rukabije kandi rugashyigikira imbaraga za Leta. Kubona umuntu birenze ihuriro rya politiki, byanze bikunze byayoboye leta ya anarchic, intambara ikomeye yo kurwanya abantu bose.
Gobbs yizeraga ko uko ibintu bimeze nk'ibyo bihatira abantu kureka uburenganzira busanzwe no kugira amasezerano yagengwa na sosiyete iyobowe n'igikorwa cyo gukoresha imbaraga za "Leta". Ukurikije uwatanze inyungu z'umuntu mu rwego rw'amasezerano rusange, ibyo akunda igihugu cya Leta: Mowarchy, demokarasi na baristoba, byari bitandukanye cyane kandi bujuje ubuziranenge.
Umuhanga amaze guhitamo ko ubutunzi, imbaraga n'icyubahiro by'umutegetsi wenyine bitandukanya n'imibereho, imbaraga n'icyubahiro by'ibyo kibazo, kandi mu gihe cya demokarasi cyangwa mu buryo bwa demokarasi cyangwa mu buryo bwa demokarasi cyangwa mu buryo bw'ibishushanyo nk'iki ntibishoboka.
I Leviathan, Gobbs ntanu yatangaje ko umutegetsi cyangwa umutegetsi agomba kurwanya umusivili, igisirikare, cy'ubucamanza no mu itorero kandi akuyeho burundu amahirwe yo gutandukana n'imbaraga za leta. Ibi bintu byabyaye imyigaragambyo yazanye intwaro.
Isomo ryasohotse bwa mbere mu 1651 ushyira gushushanya kurupapuro rwumutwe hamwe nigishushanyo cyingenzi mu mpeta yumubiri muto wabantu, acuranga imisozi n'ibibaya. Kandi Hobbs yatangiye guhimbaza no kunegura ibirenze kimwe mu bitekerezo bitangaje muri kiriya gihe. Abafilozofe bato bato batoye ibitekerezo byumwanditsi kuri leta, byateje imbere mubikorwa byabo. Umwe mu bayoboke bazwi cyane bya Hobbes yabaye umuhanga Icyongereza-Kwitegura Umutunzi John Lopke.
Leviathan, Gobbs yatangaje "amabaruwa ashingiye ku mudendezo n'ibikenewe" kandi "ibibazo bijyanye n'umudendezo, abakeneye," aho inyigisho z'umwimerere zerekeye uburenganzira nyabwo, ubwoba, ubwisanzure n'ubwisanzure n'amategeko n'ubwisanzure, ubwisanzure n'amategeko asanzwe byateye imbere.
Umuhanga yashyize mu bikorwa ibikorwa by'agateganyo kandi atabishaka, abibuta urukurikirane rw'ibyifuzo, n'ubwisanzure byasobanuwe nko kubura inzitizi z'imbere n'imbogamizi zo gufata. Umuhangaya yemera ko ibyabaye byose byakorwaga mu gutabara umukozi wo hanze kandi ntibishobora kubaho ubwabyo.
Imirimo ya Gobbs yabaye filozofiya ya politiki ya kera kandi igahindurwa mu ndimi zamahanga. Nyuma y'urupfu rw'umushakashatsi mu Bwongereza, ibiganiro hagati ya filozofiya n'umunyeshuri w'amategeko rusange y'Ubwongereza na Behemoti, cyangwa Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ndende, yanditse mu 1666 na 1668.
Amagambo
"Uburenganzira busanzwe ni umudendezo wo gukora ibyo aribyo byose, ku gusobanukirwa umuntu, nicyo kibereye kubungabunga ubuzima bwe." "Amategeko asanzwe ni uko buri muntu agomba gushaka amahoro; Niba adashobora kubigeraho, arashobora gukoresha amafaranga aha inyungu mu ntambara. "" Ukuri kandi ni ibinyoma ku mico yimvugo, ntabwo ari ibintu. Aho nta jambo rihari, nta kuri, nta kinyoma. "Bibliografiya
- 1640 - "Ibigize Amategeko, Kamere na Politiki"
- 1650 - "Kwiyandikisha kuri Kamere muntu"
- 1651 - "Rudilozofiya ijyanye na Guverinoma na Sosiyete"
- 1642-1655 - Trilogy "Ishingiro rya Filozofiya"
- 1651 - "Lewliafan, cyangwa Ikibazo, Ifishi n'imbaraga z'igihugu cy'Itorero n'Abasivili"
- 1654 - "Inyuguti zerekeye ubwisanzure n'ibikenewe"
- 1656 - "Ibibazo bijyanye n'umudendezo, ukeneye amahirwe"