Ubuzima
Javaharlal Nehru yari umuyobozi w'imigo mu rugamba rwo guhangana n'umudendezo n'ubwigenge bw'Ubuhinde ndetse n'ubwinjiriro akomeye mu buzima bwa politiki n'imibereho myiza y'igihugu ndetse n'imibereho y'igihugu. Umuyobozi wa Kongere, wabaye Minisitiri w'intebe wa mbere w'abantu batangaje, ni umusimbura w'imigenzo ya Mahatma Gandhi n'uwanditseho ivugurura ry'ubukungu, imibereho myiza n'ingingo rigamije kuva mu nshuro ya koloni kuva muri guverinoma y'abakoloni kuri republika.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Javaharlal Nehru yavukiye mu ntara yo mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'Ubuhinde bw'Abakoloni ku ya 14 Ugushyingo 1889. Padiri Modilal Nehru yari umunyamategeko ukize wari uw'umuryango wa Kashmir Panditov, maze aba perezida Kongere y'igihugu y'Ubuhinde. Nyina wa Savroup Rai yakomokaga ku bahagarariye amafaranga ya bramboni, bari baherereye ku butaka bwa Pakisitani.
Kuba umwana mukuru mu muryango, Jawahar yakuriye muri bashiki bacu - Vidzha Lakshmi, wabaye umugore wa mbere w'umuryango wa Loni, akaba ejo hazaza khoteving.
Ubwana Nehru yanyuze mu mwuka ubwumvikane n'umutuzo, ufite umutekano n'umwanya wo hejuru w'ababyeyi. Umuhungu yiganye murugo ayobowe nubuyobozi nabatanga, bwerekanye ubushobozi bwo kudashobora siyanse, bakunda tewosofiya. Javahar yasomye ibyanditswe by'Ababuda n'Ihindu bw'Abahindu, byahaye imbaraga iterambere ryubwenge nyuma yaje gutekereza mu gitabo "Gufungura Ubuhinde", byanditswe muri gereza mu 1944.
Ibyabaye mu Burusiya-Ikiyapani n'Intambara ya Anglo-interineti yagize ingaruka ku ishyirwaho ry'ibitekerezo by'urubyiruko rukiri muto. Yatangiye gutekereza ku bwisanzure bwo mu bucakara bw'Uburayi maze aba atera Yarym ashyigikiye gukunda igihugu. Amaze kwiga mu ishuri ryigenga ry'Ubwongereza rya Harrow, umusore yahuye n'amateka ya Giuse Galibaldi n'ibitekerezo byegereje ku rugamba rwo kwigenga.
Mu 1907, Nehru yinjiye muri kaminuza y'Ubutatu ya Cambridge mu ishami ry'ubumenyi bwa kamere, ababana ugereranije nize ubukungu na siyanse ya politiki. Amaze kubona impamyabumenyi ya bachelor, Jawahar yimukiye i Londres maze yinjira mu muryango w'icyubahiro w'urusengero rw'imbere, yemerewe gufata umwanya mu kibaho cy'amategeko.
Yagarutse mu gihugu cye mu mpeshyi yo mu 1912, Nehru yabaye umwunganira mu Rukiko rw'Ikirenga rwa Allahaba, ariko ntiyigeze yishimira ibikorwa byemewe n'amategeko. Yatangiye gushimishwa cyane na politiki kandi bidatinze yabaye umwe mu bagize inama ngarukamwaka ya Kongere y'igihugu y'Ubuhinde, yabereye i Patney.
Politiki
Mu 1912, uwo musore yemeye gukora mu ishyaka rya Mahatma Gandhi, rishyigikiraga ikigo cy'igihugu "gishinzwe gukusanya amafaranga akenewe mu bikorwa bya politiki. Nyuma, Jawahar yarwanyije ibikorwa byo kugenzura, gukoresha imirimo yahawe akazi ndetse nibindi bigaragarira ivangura ribitsinda mu bukoloni bw'icyongereza bahuye nabyo.
Intambara ya mbere y'isi yose irangiye, Nehru, wagize ibitekerezo bya politiki bibi, yavuzwe ku mugaragaro gufatanya ku nzego z'ubuyobozi bw'Ubwami kandi bavugana cyane n'abahagarariye abantu b'igihanga mu rwego rwo kwiyobora.
Mu 1916, Jawahar yabaye umunyamabanga w'umuryango w'imiterere y'imiterere y'ubutegetsi bw'Ubwami, kandi nyuma yimyaka 4, umunyapolitiki ukiri muto, yerekeje kuba umunyapolitiki ukiri muto, ayobora ubufatanye "kubera ko yanze ubufatanye." Ibikorwa nk'ibi bihanwa cyane n'abayobozi, kandi Neura yatawe muri yombi azira gutangaza.
Nyuma yo kubohora gereza ya Javahar, yashakaga urufatiro rw'indege kandi ashyiraho itumanaho n'amahanga yo kwigenga na demokarasi. Mu 1927, abarwanashyaka b'Abahinde batumiwe muri kongere y'abanyamuryango bakandamijwe mu murwa mukuru w'Ububiligi, bashizweho muri gahunda no kugaruka ku rugamba.
Nehru yabaye umwe mu bayobozi ba mbere basabwe gufata umwanzuro ku mibanire yanyuma hamwe ningango y'Ubwongereza. Umwanzuro we wemejwe ku nama ya Madrasian ya Kongere mu 1927, nubwo yanenze Gandhi. Abaharanira inyungu basabye ko ari bongereza batanga uko imyaka 2 ameze ku myaka 2, iyo badahuje igihe ntarengwa, Nehru yateye ubwoba n'imvururu z'igihugu no kwigomeka.
Guverinoma yanze ibirego by'abakoloni, maze mu ntangiriro za 1929 i Lahore hamwe na cluck ya mu karere ka Nehru, umututsi wa mu Buhinde, watangajwe n'amatangazo y'ubwigenge. Nyuma y'ibyo, Javaharlal yateguye inyigisho ya politiki kandi yita ubwisanzure bw'amadini nk'igitego cy'ibanze, uburenganzira bwo gushyiraho inkomoko, uburinganire ku mashyirahamwe, uburinganire ku mategeko, kurinda amadini, kurengera indimi n'imigenzo y'ubutaka, bikuraho yo kutagaragara, gutandukanya igihugu inganda nubusosiyalisiti.
Nehru yatowe kuba umuyobozi w'ishyaka, kandi bidatinze umunyapolitiki w'umuhinde yashoboye kumenya byinshi mu ngamba zabatangaje. Mu 1936, Jawahal yafashe urugendo anyura mu Burayi, aho yatwarwa cyane na Marxism. Kwiga amahame yiyi nyenyeri ya filozofiya ya Nehru yakomeje muri gereza, aho abagize komite ishinzwe ubuko bwa kongere yinyeshyamba zatewe.
Mu 1947, Ubwongereza Amaherezo yemeye gutanga ubwigenge bwa koloni yo muri Aziya y'Amajyepfo, kandi Nehru yerekeje guverinoma yigihe gito yo mu Buhinde, aba Minisitiri w'intebe wa mbere w'igihugu cy'ubuntu. Urupfu rwa Mahatma Gandhi ku ya 30 Mutarama 1948 rwabaye ibyago by'igihugu byafashije gushimangira imyanya ya guverinoma nshya. Kongere yagenzuraga cyane kwerekana intimba no guhagarika disikuru z'imitwe y'igihugu, yatawe muri yombi abantu bagera ku bihumbi 200.
Mu 1952, ishyaka riyobowe na Jawaharlala ryahawe ubusumbatoye mu matora kandi ritangira imyanya ya mbere mu myaka 10 iri imbere. Mu bukungu, Nehru yashyigikiye ubwoko buvanze, aho umurenge wa Leta wagenzurwa na guverinoma ihujwe na par hamwe n'ibigo byigenga.
Inganda za Kongere ziyoboye, umuyobozi wa Kongere yagize uruhare mu iterambere ry'icyuma, Fortallurgical, amakara n'ingufu. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, Ubuhinde bwakomeje inyuma y'ibindi bihugu bitewe no kugenzura leta n'amabwiriza yabujije gukura kwa GDP. Ivugurura ry'ubuhinzi ry'Ubuhinzi, rigamije gusohora ibyo atunzwe n'ubutaka, byatsinzwe.
Mubucuruzi bwimibereho, byari byiza: amashuri nibigo byita muburezi bubatswe, aho abana bo mumiryango ikennye bashobora gukora. Kumenyekanisha imirire yubusa mumashuri no gufungura ibigo byuburezi nigikorwa cyumuco kubantu bakuru byagezeho.
Kugana Ubuhinde Kuva 1947 kugeza 1964, umuyobozi wa Kongere yatumye igihugu gitabera abitabiriye isi muri Commonwealth y'amahanga, hamwe nabandi bahoze ari abakoloni. Mu kibuga mpuzamahanga, Minisitiri w'intebe w'Ubuhinde yamenyekanye ku munyamabanga n'umunyamahoro, wagumanye kutabogama mu ntambara y'ubutita kandi avuga umuhuza mu buryo bwo gukemura ibyo mutumvikanaho hagati yububasha bwa gikomunisiti hamwe nuburengerazuba.
Kubwamahirwe, Nehru yananiwe kwirinda amakimbirane yitwaje intwaro mu gihugu cye. Nyuma y'igitero cy'abashinwa mu majyaruguru y'ubushinwa mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba bw'Ubuhinde, igihugu cyatakaje intara zimwe na zimwe, kandi Nehru yanenze icyifuzo cyo kwita ku kurengera.
Mu gihe cy'amakimbirane, Jawahar yandika amabaruwa Perezida w'umunyamerika John Kennedy asaba gutanga indege ku mirwano ku muturanyi wa Aziya. Amerika yanze, kandi umubano hagati y'ibihugu wakonje. Muri iki gihe, Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti zaje gufasha mu Buhinde, zifite inkunga y'ubukungu mu bukungu. Kuva muri ako kanya, igihugu cyagize amasomo yo gutakaza no gushyiraho umubano w'ubukungu, politiki n'imibavu, byakomeje n'umukobwa wa Minisitiri w'intebe w'Ubuhinde Gandhi.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Mu 1916, Nehru yashakanye n'ubwiza nyabwo witwa Kamala Caul, nyuma y'umwaka, umukobwa wabo w'ikinege wonyine wa Indira agaragara ku isi, acira urubanza ku ifoto, asa na Data cyane. Javahar yakundaga abikuye ku mutima kandi arota, ku buryo yabaye umuntu ukomeye, wize, watandukanijwe no kubona amateka y'isi avugwa mu gitabo cy'amagambo ya epinymo.
Mu myaka ya za 1930, Kamala yabonye igituntu kirwaye kandi gisigaye kuvurwa mu Burayi. Nehru yasuye uwo bashakanye muri Sanatori mu Busuwisi kugeza apfuye mu 1936.
Nyuma yibyo, undi mugore yagaragaye mubuzima bwite bwumuyobozi wa leta yigenga, guverineri wumwami wa Edwin Morebeten. Umubano wabo watanze amabaruwa yatangajwe muri Archives ya Minisitiri w'intebe w'Ubuhinde.
Urupfu
Nyuma ya 1962, ubuzima bw'umunya Nehru bwatangiye kwangirika. Abashakashatsi bamwe bahuza imiterere ya Minisitiri w'intebe hakubayeho ibyavuye ku byavuye mu ntambara y'intambara ya Sino-Ubuhinde, yabonaga ko ari ubuhemu.
Ku ya 26 Gicurasi 1964, Jawahar yumva akababaro mu mugongo ahindukirira abaganga. Mu gusobanura ibimenyetso, umunyapolitiki yatakaje ubwenge n'umunsi umwe. Impamvu y'urupfu rwa Nehru, abahanga babara mu buryo bwimbuto zibera umutima.
Nyuma yimihango gakondo, umurambo wa minisitiri wintebe wapfunyitse mubendera y'igihugu yo mu Buhinde kandi wihatire abantu bose basubiramo. Ku ya 28 Gicurasi 1964, yumishijwe hakurikijwe imihango y'Abahindu mu kibaya cy'umukara, kandi umukungugu uva ku ruzi rwa Jamna.
Isabukuru ya politiki yo mu miseno yabaye ibiruhuko by'igihugu cy'Ubuhinde, izwi ku munsi wo kurengera abana, kandi izina rya Nehru ryahawe inzego nyinshi za Leta n'umuco ku isi. Mu rugo rwabaye umuryango w'umuyobozi w'ishyaka, akimara gupfa gufungura inzu ndangamurage y'Urwibutso, maze mu myaka mike urwibutso rwashyizwe ahagaragara i Delhi.
Bibliografiya
- 1928 - Umusoviyeti Russia
- 1928 - "INGINGO ZA Data kugeza Umukobwa"
- 1935 - "Autobiography"
- 1944 - "Gufungura Ubuhinde"
- 1949 - "Reba amateka yisi"