Ubuzima
Ikinyejana cya XX n'intambara n'imvugo ye, ihungabintu n'ubuvuzi n'ubuvuzi byari ibintu by'ubwenge byashizeho ibikure kandi impano ikigega cyihariye cy'umuco, umurage utagereranywa. Umwe muri aba baremwe yari umusizi w'Ubudage, umwanditsi na Playwardright Bertold brecht, babaye ibya kera bya reater yisi yose. "Shakespeare yo mu kinyejana cya 20" - Rero yo mu gihe cya brecht abo mu gihe, atanga isuzuma ryinshi ry'igitekerezo cye cya "Epic Theatre".Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Ohgan Bertring (Bertold) Brecht yavutse ku ya 10 Gashyantare 1898 i Kanama, mu Budage. Padiri Bertrich Friedrich Brecht yatsinze inzira yumwuga kuva mu mukozi w'ubucuruzi ku muyobozi w'uruganda. Umubyeyi wa Sofiya Sofiya - Umukobwa wumutwe wuruganda rwa gari ya moshi. Ohiz yabaye couple yimfura.
Chet Brecht yari umwe mubakire cyane muri uyu mujyi muto wa Bavariya. Umuhungu arakura muri iyo myaka muri iyo myaka yo mu kirere cya Burugeois: Ababyeyi bari bafite umugaragu, mubana - Nanny, Nshuti Noheri hamwe n'abarimu beza bo murugo. Nyuma gato, Oygen yagiye mu ishuri rya rubanda ry'amashuri ya Franciscan, hanyuma yinjira muri Gymnasium y'Umwamikazi ya Bavariya.
Icyakora, uburezi bwabaye abajura, bameze cyane yinjiye muri uyu uregwa Meshchansky. Amakimbirane n'ababyeyi bidatinze yahindutse imvururu nyayo, nyuma umusore yatandukanijwe rwose n'umuryango maze aba yitiriwe. Iyi myuka yose yibyiyumvo yabonye inzira yo guhanga ibisigo. Ibisigo byambere, inyandiko ninkuru zijyanye no guhangayikishwa ikigirwamana Frank Kuekinga Umusore yatangiye kwandika no gucapa mubinyamakuru byaho muri 1913-1914.
Mu 1917, Haume yarangije imikino ngororamubiri maze yinjira mu ishami ry'ubuvuzi rya kaminuza ya Munsich, ariko nyuma y'umwaka ku mwaka ahamagawe kujya mu gisirikare. Kugira ngo ntarekuye umuhungu imbere kubera ubuzima budakomeye, se wa Srecht yashenye umwanya w'ikibi mu bitambo bya gisirikare kuri we.
Umusizi ubonye kandi yumvise (mu nkuru z'intwari zabakomeretse) mu buryo butangaje bwo mu "umugani wo mu musirikare wapfuye", aho mu buryo bwo gucika intege buvuga ibyabaye mu mavuko yize kuri Imva zemewe nubuyobozi bwubuvuzi bukwiye serivisi hanyuma basubira kurugamba. Mukibazo cyiminsi, igisigo kibamenyekana no gutandukana na cote.
Kurema
Bidatinze, brecht asubira muri kaminuza, ariko ahindura mu ishami rya filozofiya, aho yize imyaka 2 gusa kandi ntiyakuweho kubera ko adafite isura. Impamvu yimyitwarire nkiyi yari ishyaka rye rishya - ikinamico. Ubu akenshi akunda cafonaranira ubuvanganzo nubuhanzi kandi ubwe akina kurwego rwa Wil Beney Theatre.
Muri iyi myaka, ikinamico ya mbere ya Bertold Brecht yavutse (umwanditsi asanzwe akora ubukwe bwa Meshhanskaya "". Noneho pilwworight yagiye kwica urubozo muri Berlin, ariko mu murwa mukuru iraseswa kandi ikonje.
Ibintu byahinduye kwivanga kw'ibipimo bizwi bya Berlin bya Corbert. Kubera isubiramo ryiza ryerekeye ikinamico ya brecht, ikipe ye yatangiye kwambara amashusho ya Munich, Berlin n'indi mijyi, bigatera kunegura no kutanyurwa n'abayobozi.
Muri iki gihe, Scocht yongeza ubushakashatsi bwa filozofiya muri kaminuza ya Berlin, kandi anakora ku murima w'igisigo, akora icyegeranyo cy'ibisigo "(1927), akorera muri theatre yindirimbo, aho ahuza stange.
Mu 1928, umuyobozi mushya w'ikinamico kuri Schifbarauerdamm Joseph AFRICHT yategetse ko blokt gutunganya icyongereza kizwi cyane "Jan Gay Gay, cyanditswe mu kinyejana cya XVIII. Bertold hamwe nubushyuhe bwafashwe kumurimo arimo kugerageza guhindura umugambi, ariko akina gusa gusobanura amashusho no kumenyekanisha inyuguti nshya.
Ubusobanuro bwa Libretto mu kidage bwashyize mu bikorwa Elizabeth Hauptman. Ikinamico, cyitwa "Opera eshatu-Grechy", shyira inshuti magara ya Breht - iyobowe na ENOR Engel kumuziki wa Kurt uraboroga. Byari intsinzi yambere yumwanditsi.
Kugeza mu ntangiriro ya za 1930, Breht na Engel bakorana, bagerageza guteza imbere byimazeyo icyo bita igitekerezo cya "Epic Theatre" yakozwe na PlayWoty. Bisobanura guhuza ibikorwa hamwe nibisobanuro bya epic muburyo bwumuntu cyangwa indi mico itabogamye. Na none, uburyo bwo kwitondera uhereye kubwambere no kunyeganyega kwa theare ya kera no kwinjiza mugihe cyimikorere yo gushyikirana nabareba.
Iyi nnono zose zabanje ntabwo yakuye ku makinamico y'Ubudage. Kandi nyuma ya 40 gusa hashyirwaho imikino ye bwite, amaherezo, kugirango bahindure byimazeyo ivugurura ryamabere, hanyuma umuryango wumukino wisi uzatorwa.
Ubuhungiro
Mu 1935, abasosiyalisiti, baje ku butegetsi mu Budage, berekeje na Adolf Hitler, wambuwe n'ubwenegihugu bw'Ubudage, yibuka gutangaza imirimo irwanya abantu barwanya.
Ariko, hashize imyaka 2, umukinyi wavuye mu gihugu, amaze kugendana n'umugore we n'abana be i Vienne, hanyuma i Zurich. Mu Busuwisi, ubwenge ntibukwiriye kandi butangira gushaka ubuhungiro aho yashoboraga kubaho mu bwisanzure no gukora. Mu 1933, igihe yari mu Budage, abasinzi batwitse ibitabo bye, Erich Mary Remarik, Abagore ba Henry Marx, yimukiye i Danimari, yimukira mu mudugudu w'uburobyi bwitaruye.
Hano mu bihe bibi, ariko kamere nziza ya Scandinavian, umwanditsi yanditse nk'ibikorwa bidasanzwe nk "" ubwoba no kwiheba mu bwami bwa gatatu "," amakarine n'abana be ", kandi arangije ubutwari bwa mbere y'ubuzima bwa Galilaya . Kuva muri Danimarike, Amababi ya Belcht mu 1939 kubera gutotezwa kw'abahanga: Umwami wa Christian X yarwanyaga ikiganza cye cyo kurwanya intambara.
Igituba by'agateganyo mu Busuwisi, umwanditsi ategereje viza y'Abanyamerika, ariko, amaze kubona kwanga, igihe iki gihugu cyinjiye mu ihuriro rya Hitler mu 1941, ibyo kurya byacitsemo ibice no kurimbuka kwayo. Muri kiriya gihe Amerika yamuhaye visa, kandi asiga Uburayi imyaka igera kuri 6. Muri kiriya gihe, umwanditsi yandika "umuntu mwiza wo muri Seyita", "mu guhamagara Caucase".
Guhagera
Kugaruka kujya mu Ntambara y'Ubudage mu 1947, umukinyi wahisemo umukinamico GDR. Yabonye umwanya wo gukora atabitayeho, ibibujijwe nibitotezo. Ikintu cya mbere akora ni ugukora ikinamico "berliner ensemble". Imikorere ya mbere "Mome Ubutwari nabana be" birangwa nigihembo cyigihugu cya GDR.
Iterambere ry'ikindi gitabo ntiryari ritoroshye, Brecht yashinjwaga "umurego", hanyuma muri "Cosmopolianism" na "Pacifism". Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, mu 1950, Brecht yabaye umunyamuryango wemewe mu ishuri rya GDR, maze mu 1954 yari visi perezida. Muri uwo mwaka, yahawe igihembo mpuzamahanga cya Stalinist "ku isi ikomeza hagati y'abantu". Mugihe kimwe yandika akazi kanyuma - ikinamico "murandot".
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Ubuzima bwihariye bwumugore uzwi cyane ni ingingo yo kwiga itandukanye kuba biografiya benshi. Uyu murimo wiyeguriye Encolman John Fueji na Rurusiya Yuri Oklasky (igitabo "Garem Bertold Brecht"). Kurugero, umwanditsi wa mbere azana ibintu bishimishije biva kuri biografiya yumukinamico, avuga ko nyirabuja benshi ba Shoret bafata abanditsi b'imirimo ye, umuntu urenze urugero.
Nk'uko ibyo yavuze, "Opera" Ubushinwa "ni 85% byanditswe n'umusemuzi Elizabeth Hauptman, wafashije kuri Siyami Simoni Mashar.
Ibyo ari byo byose, ibimenyetso bya documentaire byiyi myitwarire ntibibaho, ariko kuba umwanditsi yari umuntu wurukundo kandi hafi yabagore benshi - Nibyo. Muri icyo gihe, yabaga mu ishyingiranwa ryemewe ubuzima bwe bwose.
Uwo mwashakanye wa mbere mu 1922 yari Umukinnyi n'umuririmbyi Marianna Tsoff. Kuba afite imyaka 5, umugore yagose umugabo we ubushyuhe no kumwitaho. Mu 1923, babyaranye umukobwa wa Hana, na we waje kuba umukinnyi wa filime.
Impamvu yo gutandukana na Marianna yari ishyaka rishya ryikinyiki - Umukinnyi ukiri muto wa Waygel. Yabyaye umuhungu Brechtu umuhungu mu 1924, kandi abashakanye bashyingirwa ku mugaragaro mu 1929. Umwaka utaha, umukobwa wabo Barbara yavutse, na we yagiye mu kirenge cya nyina.
Undi mwana Bertold Brecht, umuhungu Frank ni umuntu utagira umuhango. Yavutse mu 1919 avuye i Paula Basholzeli, abakobwa bo mu rukundo bakundana cyane.
Urupfu
Dukurikije ibibi Byemewe, tumaze kumenya igihe cyari gitegerejwe igihe kirekire, umwanditsi w'indashyikirwa n'umugore bakomeye batangira gutakaza ubuzima, bimaze guterwa ubuzima, bimaze guterwa mu myaka yimuka. Mu mpeshyi yo mu 1956, ikora ku musaruro wa "Galilay" mu nzu ye, yateye umutima. Amaze kumwakira kubera malase asanzwe, ntabwo yahindukiriye kwa muganga.
Umugabo yagiye mu biruhuko gito atangira kongera gukora, ariko muri Kanama ko yangiritse cyane. Abaganga basuzumye igitero kinini cy'umutima, niyo mpamvu cyateye urupfu rwe ku ya 14 Kanama 1956.
Umuyobozi wa Watrical yashyinguye irimbi rya Doroteensk. Brecht yarazenguye kuvuga mu mva yafashwe amajwi n'amagambo. Nta foto, amatariki na Retaliya ku rubuga rw'umwanditsi, iyi ni gray yoroshye yijwi riva aho izina rye ryabitswe gusa. Nukuri guhagarara neza hafi - Iyi ni imva ya muse wa muse watanze Vaigel, akaba na nyuma y'urupfu atashakaga gutandukana na sinusi ye.
Akazi
- 1928 - "TRIGRIROSSHOVA"
- 1938 - "Mama Ubutwari n'abana be"
- 1939 - "Ubwoba no Kwiheba mu Bwami bwa gatatu"
- 1939 - "Ubuzima bwa Galilaya"
- 1943 - "Umugabo mwiza wo muri Seushana"
- 1944 - "Umuzingi wo guhamagara"
- 1954 - "Turandot"