Ubuzima
Uyu munsi, berekeje kuri St. Petersburg kugera Moscou, abagenzi bakurikiranwe n'intego, gusa ntabwo ari ukubura amategeko ya Leta ya Unfair. Ntibyari ngombwa, Alexandre Radishchev, washyize inzira yerekanaga ishingiye ku gitabo cy'icyamamare, na we ubwe yakomeretse bikabije. Umwanditsi yarokotse mu kinyejana cye cya cyami atigeze asaba no kubabarira maze aba umwe mu mibare iboneye cyane yo kumurikirwa k'Uburusiya.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Alexander Nikolaevich Radishchev yavutse mu 1749, ku ngoma ya Elizabeti Petrovna. Ababyeyi bari ba nyir'inzuki bakize kandi babaga mu mudugudu wa Abyazovo, bita izina rya sekuru mukuru w'umwanditsi. Mu 1952, gutura byahinduwe na Radishchevo.
Nikolay Afashevich, se wumuhungu, yari uwumuryango wa Nemtssovo hafi ya Kaluga, kandi hariya igice cyuwaya filozofiya kizaza ari igice. Nyina wa Fekla Savvichna yabaye mu bwoko bwa banyacyubahiro ba Moscou ba Argamakov. Umuryango wari munini, urugwiro, urusaku, 11 wavukiyemo. Bayoboye ubuzima bwa rustic bustic, ariko ababyeyi bitondera amashuri yabo.
Alexandre muto, ku ruhande rumwe, yambarwa n'umuvura nyirarume Petero Mammontov, wabwiye umuhungu w'abatari abaturage, maze yiga abafaransa kumunyamahanga. Ku myaka 7 y'amavuko, umwana yoherejwe i Moscou na nyirarume ku kibaho. Mu nzu ya Argamakov, waje kuri bene wa kaminuza magara, umuyobozi wa kaminuza ya Moscou, umuhungu yagize amahirwe yo gushaka ubwenge.
Muri icyo gihe, hamwe na mubyara na bashiki bacu, yakuye ku masomo abarimu bakomeye, kandi Gutener w'igifaransa yishora mu burere bw'abana bahunze igihugu cye kubera impamvu za politiki. Abarimu b'ubuntu bashizeho urufatiro mu musore no gushaka kwigaragambya ku karengane.
Mu 1762, Catherine wa II, II, yafashe intebe kandi yegera Alegizandere w'imyaka 13 mu mubare w'amapaki y'imiryango. Yize mu rupapuro rw'imigozi kandi akorera Umutegetsi mu bwato ndetse n'ibyabaye ku isi. Ubuzima mu Rukiko bwuzuye mu Buhungiro ntabwo bwahuye nibitekerezo byubwisanzure, umurimo kandi tutitabiriwe, tubona ko abakiri bato bava mubarimu batera imbere.
Mu 1766, Radishchev yaje ku mubare w'abasore batowe batewe icyubahiro cyo kujya mu mahugurwa muri kaminuza ya Leipzig. Abayobozi batandatu bamaze imyaka 5 mubudage, bahabwa uburezi mu by'amategeko no gukoresha ibintu byateye imbere kuri epoch yo kumurikirwa.
Abanyeshuri babaga nabi, ariko umururumbazi ubumenyi bwa filozofiya, siyanse karemano, ubuvanganzo n'amateka. Radishchev, usibye, hafi kubona impamyabumenyi yubuvuzi. Kugaruka mu Burusiya mu 1771, urubyiruko rwuzuye ibyiringiro ko gukorera igihugu batekereza.
Ubuvanganzo
Ibikorwa byubuvanganzo bya Radishchev byatangiye kwiga i Leipzig. Yatangiranye nubuhinduzi bwimirimo yasaga nkugaciro kuva mumibereho myiza na filozofiya. Muri St. Petersburg, umusore ahura numwanditsi Nikolai Novokiya kandi asohora atazwi mu kinyamakuru cye "barangisho" inyandiko.
Inkuru ihinduka prototype ya shebuja w'umwanditsi akavuga urugendo. Hano umwanditsi ashushanya ishusho idashoboka yumudugudu wu Burusiya, yakingiwe nubucakara. Igitabo cyateje ibintu byinshi kandi binegura "hejuru." Ariko, radishchev ikomeje kwandika, harimo nubusobanuro, irabasoma mubitekerezo byabo.
Uwa mbere yatangajwe igitabo cya mbere cya Alexander Nikolaevich nacyo cyera atazwi. Ubu ni "Ubuzima bwa FYIDOR Vasilyevich USHAKOI hamwe no gutangiza bimwe mu nyandiko ze", byasohotse mu 1789. Igitabo cyeguriwe imfura ya kaminuza ya kaminuza ya Leipzig, wahumekeye imyifatire y'itsinda ryabanyeshuri. Igitabo cyagenze neza, yavugaga, avuga, ariko, akaga ko ibitekerezo byagaragajwe.
"Genda uva St. Petersburg kugera Moscou" ntabwo yanditse umwaka umwe. Ibitekerezo by'umwanditsi byahinduwe, ubumenyi bwatunganijwe, bugira uruhare mu buryo butaziguye inyandiko n'ubuzima bwayo. Mu 1789, Radishchev yatakambiye gutanga inyandiko zandikishijwe intoki. Igitangaje, kugenzura kwabuze akazi ko guteza akaga, kuba naramwemeye kubuyobozi busanzwe kandi ntabangamiranya kwandikira ibirimo.
Icyakora, nta biro bishinzwe gusohora byafashwe ku gitabo, hanyuma umwanditsi abifashijwemo n'inshuti bateguye tipografiya murugo. Ngaho muri 1790 rwacapishijwe kopi 600 yigitabo nigice cyashyizwe kugurishwa. Umubumbe wa mbere watatanye ako kanya, kandi "urugendo" rwatangiye kubisaba. Urusaku rukabije rwateje ko igitabo cyatanzwe ku bundingo. Ta Soma igitabo, Kugaragaza cyane cyane amagambo ateye ubwoba. Nyuma yubucuruzi bwo hejuru, kuzenguruka byuzuye byafashwe bikatwikwa.
Igitabo kizwi na Cramolete kandi gitezimbere rusange, hamwe nigihe, cyanenzwe kuva abonye agaciro k'ubuhanzi. By'umwihariko, Alexander Pushkin yavuze ko yajyanye na Zhemunna, kandi ibibazo biri muri byo byarandumiwe, kandi bisobanurwa igitabo nk "akazi ka Lidiocre cyane, tutibagiwe n'umutwe wa barbarki."
Muri sateshchev yakomeje kwishora mu guhanga. Muri disikuru "ku muntu, urupfu rwe no kudapfa", umwanditsi yimuka ku bibazo by'imibereho akavuga filozofiya. Umwanditsi ashakisha ibice bya kamere muntu, ubumwe bwubugingo numubiri, ashimangira uruhare runini. Mu myaka yashize, umugabo akora imivugo. Ibisigo bishya hamwe nintwari ya bova "umugongo" bova "wongeyeho mbere na" kubohoza ".
Ibikorwa mbonezamubano na LINK
Mbere yuko urubanza ruterwa n'ibitabo "Urugendo kuva St. Petersburg kugera Moscou", Radishchev, yakoraga umuyobozi muri serivisi zitandukanye za St. Petersburg. Mu myaka itari mike, umugabo yakoraga mu ishami ry'ubucuruzi n'inganda, hanyuma yimukira i gasutamo, aho yimukiye mu mutwe w'umukuru.
Icyakora, ku ya 30 Kamena 1790, yarangije afite ingoma: Mu cyemezo cya Catherine II Alexander Nikolayevich, arangije ifatwa, asoza muri yombi muri Pawulo na Paul.
Radishchev ntiyahakanye icyaha, ariko aratangara amenye ko yatewe ubwoba n'igihano cy'urupfu. Umwanditsi yashinjwaga nk'umugambimuriza, umuhemu wa Leta na Buntingman "nabi pugacheva". Umugabo yashinjwaga "kugerageza ku buzima bwigenga." Duhereye ku gihano cya Radishchev, hafashwe icyemezo kidasanzwe cy'Ubukongoma cyakijijwe, cyakemuwe kandi gisimbuzwa igihano cy'umwaka 10 kivuga muri Siberiya. Umuhuza w'abaturage yoherejwe muri Nzeri 1790 kugera i Silumsk Irkutsk.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Mubuzima bwite bwa Alexandre Radishchev hari abagore babiri. Hamwe n'umugore wa mbere, yamenyesheje mugenzi we Kaminuza ya Leipzig Andrei Rubanovsky, Anna Rubanovskaya yagombaga kuba mwene wabo. Alegizandere na Anna bashakanye mu 1775, kandi imfura yagaragaye mu mwaka nyuma y'umwaka. Muri rusange, abashakanye bavutse abana batandatu, ariko abakobwa babiri bapfuye bakiri bato.
Vasily, Nikolai, Ekaterina na Pawulo babuze nyina mu 1783. Umugore yapfuye afite imyaka 31, yaka umuhungu muto.
Abana bagumye bitawe mushikiwabo muto Anna Vasilyevna - Elizabeth Rubanovskaya. Ibyo byabatwaye, iyo bikurikiwe na Radishchev kumurongo. Dukurikije kanone z'itorero, kurongora n'umugore we byafatwaga nk'ibitemewe kandi bihwanye cyane. Kubwibyo, ubumwe ubwo bumwe ntabwo bwanditswe. I ILIMSK, Radishchev hamwe na Elizabeti Vasilyilyevna bavutse barenze abana batatu: Anna, Fekla na Athanasius.
Mu 1797, Alexandere Nikolaevich yaba yarapfuye ku nshuro ya kabiri: Bamaze kubyuka, umugore we yarapfuye, ntabwo yigeze asubira i Peterburg kuva ahabigenewe. Ikigaragara gishimishije gishobora gufatwa ko se wa Radishcheya yanze kumenya abuzukuru bato, abita. Umusaza yubashye Itorero kandi ahitamo ko Umwana yashakanye nigihome, aho guceceka.
Imyaka Yanyuma nurupfu
Reba Radishchev yarangiye kare kurenza igihe cyagenwe. Mu 1796, Pawulo nazamutse mu ntebe y'ubwami no mu mpinga ya Mama yibohoye umwanditsi wa Optocrian. Yimukiye mu kugenda kwa se Nemtsovo, imbabazi zuzuye no gukira muburenganzira bwakiriwe munsi ya Alexandre i mu 1801. Kuva icyo gihe, Radishchev yabaga i St. Petersburg, mu gihe akirinda amategeko muri komisiyo idasanzwe.
Alexander Nikolaevich yapfuye ku ya 12 Nzeri 1802, ibyumviro bitandukanye byagiye impamvu y'urupfu. Bavuze ko umugabo w'imyaka 53 yiyahuye, anywa uburozi. Ariko, ntibihuye nukuri ko yangirika kandi agashyingurwa mu ruzitiro rw'itorero ry'i irimbi rya Volkovsky, kozaga kwiyahura byambuwe na Canon orotodogisi. Inyandiko yemewe irerekana ko icyateye urupfu cyahindutse char.
Amagambo
Ati: "Umutuge wa kamere y'abantu uhamye ... kandi abantu bafite uburenganzira bufite umwami-kwiheba kugira ngo babone umuntu mu kindi." "Icyo gihe uzahinduka umuntu iyo wize Mubisanzwe, ntakintu na kimwe kimwe nuwacu, ariko mubyukuri, ntakintu gitangaje, ntakintu cyiza cyane nkimvugo yacu. "" "Ibyiza ndahamagara ubuhanga bwibikorwa, ibyiza byingirakamaro."Bibliografiya
- 1772 - "Urugendo rwurugendo muri *** na *** t ***"
- 1773 - "Imyitozo ya Ofisiye"
- 1783 - "Willy"
- 1789 - "Ubuzima bwa FYIDOR Vasilyevich Unyakov hamwe no gutangiza bimwe mubyo yanditse"
- 1790 - "Ibaruwa yandikiwe Inshuti, Umuturage wo muri Tobolsk, ku mwenda w'icyubahiro cye"
- 1790 - "Ingendo kuva St. Petersburg kugera Moscou"
- 1790 - "Ikiganiro kivuga ko hariho Umwana wa Seland"
- 1792 - "Ibaruwa yerekeye guhahirana kw'Abashinwa"
- 1792 - "Ibyerekeye Umugabo, Urupfu rwe no kudapfa"
- 1799 - "Bova"
- 1801 - "Umuvugo"