Ubuzima
Peter Kapites ni umuhanga mu Bumenyi bw'Abasoviyeti, umushakashatsi n'ubushakashatsi. Umwanditsi we ni uw'umubiri wa Feum n'ubuhanga buke bw'ubushyuhe, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki na plasma. Yateje imbere uburyo bwo gutanga umusaruro wo gukora imirima ikomeye. Peter Leonidovich wahimbwe kandi asubiramo kubera gukonjesha, ahimba uburyo bwo kwirinda umwuka binyuze mu rwego rwo kwirinda no mu gitutu gito. Umusanzu kuri siyanse wazanywe nabahanga biragoye kurenga.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Umuhanga wa fiziki yavukiye i KronsAdt ku ya 8 Nyakanga 1894. Se yakoraga nk'umutungo wa gisirikare kandi akora mu kubaka ibihome by'imijyi. Mama yize ibitabo bya rubanda nubuvanganzo bwabana. Petero yagiye ku ishuri afite imyaka 11, abaye siporo. Ikilatini yari iyo umunyeshuri runaka. Porogaramu yari igoye, nyuma yumwaka uvuye muri siporo nagombaga kugenda.
Kubona Kaptesa yagiye mwishuri rya KronsAdt. Imanza zakoze, kandi umusore arangije kwiga hamwe n'icyubahiro, yarekuwe mu 1912. Mu mizo ya mbere, yashakaga kuba umunyeshuri w'ishami ry'abarimu b'imiryango n'imibare y'umubiri muri St. Petersburg, ariko amarushanwa yo gusaba ntabwo yatsinze.
Hanyuma yerekeje ibitekerezo ku kigo cya Poltechnic, aho yinjiye mu ishami rya electromencs. Kuva mu mezi ya mbere, umunyeshuri ufite impano yakuyeho inyungu za Porofeseri Abresm IoF. Umwarimu yahisemo gukurura Kaptitsa gukora muri laboratoire ye.
Umujyanama yagize uruhare mu iterambere ry'ubwoba kandi afasha kujya muri Scotland mu mpeshyi ya 1914. Ngaho, umusore wabonye intambara ya mbere y'isi yose, kubera ko yavuye ku gusubira mu gihugu cye.
Kaptwitsa yari mu Burusiya mu Gushyingo 1914. Umwaka umwe, yitangiye kandi agirwa umushoferi wo gutwara isuku. Mu 1916, Peter yahise asengera, maze umunyeshuri asubira i Petersburg, aho yahise yishora mu bikorwa ku bushakashatsi n'amahugurwa. Kugeza ubu, ingingo ya mbere y'umushakashatsi ni.
Ibikorwa bya siyansi
Korana nimpamyabumenyi muri IoFF watanze igitekerezo cya Kaptwitwi na mbere yo kurinda impamyabumenyi. Inzobere ya Nouvice yatumiwe mu kigo cya X-ray na radiyo. Ibikorwa bya pdagoge rero byatangiye. Porofeseri yagize uruhare mu kugenda kwa Kaptitsa mu mahanga kugira ngo abone ubumenyi bushya. Ariko ntibyari byoroshye.
Ku mupaka, byaragaragaye gusa ubifashijwemo na Maxim Gorky mu 1921. Kaptwitsa yoherejwe mu Bwongereza. Yabaye umukozi wa laboratoire ya cavendish maze yinjira mu kujugunya Ernest Reznenford. Nyuma y'amezi abiri, Peter Leonidovich yari asanzwe ari umukozi wa Cambridge.
Hano yatsindiye kwizerwa no kubahana. Yatangiye kwiga ku mirima idasanzwe ya magnetike kandi ashyira ubushakashatsi bwa mbere muri kano karere. Mubikorwa byambere, Kapwitsa yaje kuba ubushakashatsi hamwe na Nikolai Segonov, byeguriwe kwiga umwanya wa magneti ya atom muri magnetic field. Ubushakashatsi bwatumye uburambe bwo gucika intege - Gerlacha.
Mu 1922, yarwaniye impamyabumenyi ye ya dogiteri, maze mu 1925 asenga Umuyobozi wungirije wa laboratoire ku bushakashatsi bwa Magnetike. Nyuma yimyaka 4, abashakashatsi bashyizeho umwe mu bagize umuryango wa cyami wa Londres. Akanama ke kateye inkunga yo kurema laboratoire idasanzwe kubahanga. Ubuvumbuzi bwabaye mu 1933.
Icyerekezo nyamukuru cyakazi muri iki gihe cya Kaptitwi ni ubushakashatsi bwo guhindura impinduka za Nuclei na radiyo. Itezimbere ibikoresho byo gutegura imirima ikomeye ya magneti kandi igera ku bisubizo bitigeze bibaho, kumena amateka yubushakashatsi bwabanje inshuro nyinshi. Ibyiza n'ibikorwa bye byagezweho.
Gukomeza ubushakashatsi, umurwa mukuru wasabwaga gusubira mu gihugu cyabo, nkuko bikenewe kugirango wige simsics nkeya. Guverinoma y'Abasoviyeti, yasabwe buri gihe n'umuhanga aho atuye, yari yiteguye gufata umwarimu. Ariko yerekanye imiterere: kuva mu mahanga icyifuzo cye kandi igihe icyo ari cyo cyose.
Mu 1934, Peter Leonidovich n'umugore we basuye igihugu cye, ariko bahita bamenya ko viza ye y'Ubwongereza yavanyweho. Nyuma yaho, uwo mwashakanye yamerewe kuva ku bana afite imiterere y'igisubizo. Kwemeza bagenzi b'Icyongereza ntabwo byakoze kuri guverinoma y'Abasoviyeti. Umurwa mukuru wagombaga kuguma muri USSR.
Mu 1935, umuhanga mu bya fiziki yerekeje mu kigo cy'ibibazo by'umubiri mu ishuri ry'ubumenyi bw'Uburusiya. Abashakashatsi bakundaga siyanse cyane ko gutenguha bitanyemereye kureka ikibazo cyubuzima. Yasabye ibikoresho yakoraga mu Bwongereza. Rutherford wemejwe nibibera byahatiwe kugurisha tekinike ya USSR.
Kaptwitsa yakomeje kwiga imirima ikomeye ya magneti ifatanije na bagenzi bacu bo muri Cambridge. Ubushakashatsi bwamaze imyaka myinshi. Ibikorwa byishyuwe: Peter Leonidovich yagejejweho turbine yo kwishyiriraho, kandi umwuka wo mu kirere warushijeho gukora neza.
HELIM yahise akonje muri klight. Ibikoresho nkibi bikoreshwa mumusaruro ugezweho mubihugu byose byisi. Ariko kuvumburwa nyamukuru byahindutse ikintu cyingenzi muburyo bwa fiziki no muri siyanse byari ibintu bya sideli. Kubura vicositity yibintu ku bushyuhe bushyikiriho dogere 2.elsius yabaye umwanzuro utunguranye. Firmsics rero yibinyabuzima byamafaranga byagaragaye.
Muri iki gihe, Kaptitsa yari umwanditsi wibitabo byinshi numuhanga uzwi cyane. Guverinoma yabizirikanye iyo umushinga w'ikimasaro ya Atome utangizwa kandi giteganijwe gukurura Peter Leonidovich mu bufatanye. Ariko yaranze akurwa ku kazi. Igihano cyabaye igifungo cyo mu rugo imyaka igera ku 8.
Umurwa mukuru wabujijwe gukomeza gushyikirana na bagenzi bawe, ariko ibi ntibyamubujije gukora laboratoire nshya kuri dacha ye. Hariho ibizamini byari bishimishije ubushakashatsi bukoreshwa cyane. Kaptwitsa yize imbaraga za intermalluclear. Ubushakashatsi mu rukuta rwa laboratwari y'umwuga byarabonye ko ari we mu 1955, nyuma y'urupfu rwa Stalin no kugarura igituza.
Muri iyo myaka, ubushakashatsi bwa mbere bwahujwe nubushakashatsi bwubushyuhe bukabije. Ibyavuye mu bahanga byatangaga ishingiro ryo gukora reactor ya thermonuclear. Muganga yize imitungo yumurabyo na fluid hydrodynamics. Ariko inyungu zikomeye zabaye microwave generator na plasma.
Mu 1965, ku byagezweho muri siyanse, Kapite yakiriye umudari wa Niels Bora mu birori bikomeye muri Danimarike. Nyuma yimyaka 4, yagize amahirwe yo gusura Amerika, kandi mu 1978 yamenye ko yabaye umusinzi wicyubahiro. Niels Bor yahayedatisa ya Petero Leonidovich kandi mbere yaho: mu 1948.1956 na 1960. Icyakora, amakimbirane muri komite ya EXurity ntabwo yatangaga amahirwe yo kubona igihembo gikwiye.
Impamvu yo kwerekana kwayo imaze igihe kirekire. Ukuri kwishimishije: Umuhanga yakiriye igihembo cyingenzi kitari gifite imyaka irenga 30, nubushakashatsi bwe bwa ThermonUclear icyo gihe bwari bushimishije. Kubwibyo, gusoma inyigisho, uwatsinze igihembo cyemerewe guhindura insanganyamatsiko.
Izina rya Peter Kaptwi ryahawe "pendulum ya Kaptwitsa." Ubu ni ikintu cya mashini cyerekana ituze hanze yimiterere iringaniye. Ingaruka z'ingofero ya Dirak yerekana gutatanya kwa electron mu mwanya wa electromagnetic.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Bwa mbere, Peter Kaptitsa yashakanye nshyuye urubyiruko rwe, mu 1916. Se w'umutware w'ibyiringiro by'abakunzi be yari umunyamuryango wa komite nkuru yishyaka rya Cadet hamwe na Dema wa Leta ya Duma. Mu 1917, umugore we yibarutse umuhungu w'umuhanga Jerome, no mu 1920 - Ibyiringiro by'umukobwa. Byasaga naho ubuzima bwihariye bwabaganga bwishimye niba atari ikintu kibabaje: uwo mwashakanye hamwe nabana bapfuye gitunguranye. Impamvu y'urupfu yari icyesipanyoli. Gutakaza Kaptwitwi byari bihangayitse kandi byashoboye gutsinda intimba gusa turakoze kubifashijwemo na nyina.Mu 1926, Alexey Krylov, Inshuti na mugenzi na mugenzi wabo, bamenyera Kaptitwi n'umukobwa we Anna Krylov. Ubukwe bwabaye nyuma y'umwaka. Mu muryango mushya wa fiziki, Sergei na Andrei bahungu bavutse. Bombi babaye abahanga. Ubukwe bwa kabiri bwa Kaptwitwi bwarishimye. Hamwe numugore we, babaga imyaka 57. Anna yafashaga gukora ku nyandiko zandikishijwe intoki, kandi nyuma y'urupfu rw'umushakashatsi wakoze inzu ndangamurage mu nzu ye.
Peter Leonidovich yakundaga gukoresha umwanya we wubusa wo gukina chess. Ifite amatsiko yo gukora, gukorera mu Bwongereza, yatsindiye Shampiyona ya Cambridgeshire kuri uyu mukino wa desktop. Umuhanga ntiyababaje akazi n'amaboko ye: Yakundaga gukora ibintu byo mu nzu na ibikoresho byo mu rugo, yakundaga amasaha menshi. Peter Kapwitsa yubahirije uburyo bwaje kuryoherwa mubwongereza. Yakundaga kurya itabi, yambara imyambarire ya se8 kandi yabaga mu kazu yubatswe muburyo bw'icyongereza.
Peter Kapitsa yari agizwe n'umubano utoroshye na guverinoma y'Abasoviyeti, ariko yakundaga guhora ku byabaye mu murima wa politiki kandi yari inyangamugayo mu magambo. Kurengera ibitekerezo n'icyubahiro by'imfungwa z'abahanga, mu 1934-1983 yahise andikira guverinoma amabaruwa. Ndabashimira, imibare imwe na siyansi irasohoka.
Urupfu
Umuhanga ntabwo yabayeho amezi make ku isabukuru yimyaka 90. Yapfuye ku ya 8 Mata 1984. Imva iherereye ku irimbi rya Novodevichy.
Peter Kaptitsa yakundaga kujya mu kigo cy'ishuri ry'ubumenyi bwa siyansi ya abahanga bakomeye ba Ssics, yagize uruhare mu gushyiraho ikigo cya siyansi hafi ya Novosibinsk n'ikigo cya Physics n'ikoranabuhanga. Ibikorwa byahimbwe mu nganda zikoreshwa mu nganda, kandi ubushakashatsi bufitanye isano no gukuramo umwuka w'amazi byateye imbere cyane umusaruro w'ibyuma muri USSR.
Kaptwitsa yarwanyije kubaka uruganda rukuru n'impapuro hafi yikiyaga cya Baikal. Umuhanga yari igizwe na Komite ishinzwe ingendo y'abana kugira ngo amahoro n'ibijugunye, ashyigikira ihunga ry'abahanga bo muri Ussr na Amerika.
Kubwibyo dukwiye mumwanya wa siyansi kubyerekeye documentaire shingiro. Muri 2017, firime zaje kuri ecran kubyerekeye fiziki "uburambe bwubwisanzure bwubwisanzure". Ifoto ye uyumunsi ishyirwa mubitabo.
Bibliografiya
- 1966 - "Inshingano z'umubiri"
- 1968 - "Urumva fiziki?"
- 1981 - "Igeragezwa. Igitekerezo. Imyitozo "
- 1989 - "Inyuguti zerekeye siyanse"
Awards nigihembo
- 1941,1943 - Igihembo cya Stalin
- 1943 - Umudari wa Faraya
- 1944 - Umudari wa Franklin
- 1945,1974 - Intwari yumurimo wasosiyalisi
- 1959 - Umudari wa Zahabu. Lomonosov Ishuri rya Siyanse ya Usssr
- 1965 - Niels Bora Umudari
- 1966 - Umudari wa Rutherford
- 1968 - Umudari witwa NYUMA YO GUHINDUKA-ONSnesis
- 1978 - Igihembo cya Nobel muri Fiziki