Ubuzima
FuroOf Nansen - Umushakashatsi wo muri Noruveje akaba n'umugenzi, umuhanga n'umubare rusange. Yinjiye mu Nama mpuzamahanga yo muri Copenhagen yo kwiga Inyanja kandi ahabwa igihembo cyamahoro yitiriwe Nobel. Nansen yazanye ikoranabuhanga yo kubara igipimo cyo gukusanya icyombo muri drift, yateje imbere intera na barometero. Yayoboye ibikorwa byimibereho kandi yari mubatabazi bo mukarere k'inzara mu 1921. Ku ya 1938 yashinze ikigo cyimpunzi i Geneve, mu 1938 cyahawe igihembo cyitiriwe isi.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Umunya Noruveje uzwi cyane yavukiye hafi yibi Oslo ku ya 10 Ukwakira 1861. Umujyi witwa Cristia. Imizi yo mu muryango we igiti cyumuryango cye kiganisha kuri Dane. Mu kinyejana cya 17, abakurambere ba Nansen bimukiye muri Noruveje. Nkumwana, umuhungu yabaga muri manor ya Data Fren. Umubyeyi we yari umunyamategeko watsinze. Abana batatu barezwe mu muryango: Alexandre na Einar barumunawe na mushikiwabo sigrid.
Nansenov yari afite indero n'igiciro mu giciro. Gukunda siporo byahawe Umwana kuva mu bwana, cyane cyane nyina yagize uruhare muri ibi. Kuva mu myaka 2, furoof yamaze gusiganwa ku maguru, maze mu 15 aba yitabiriye amarushanwa yuzuye kandi ahoraho. Ukuri gushimishije: Mu 1877, Nansen yashyize isi mumaguru ya jand kuri kilometero ya 1. Umwaka umwe, yabaye nyampinga w'igihugu mu gusiganwa kuri ski. Inyuma yigitugu umukinnyi ufite imyaka 12.
Uburezi bwo hagati Nansen yakiriwe muri siporo. Data yashakaga ko umuhungu ahitamo umwuga ukomeye, wenda, akomeza urubanza rwe. Noneho, yashimangiye furo yohereza ibyangombwa mwishuri rya gisirikare. Kugira ngo uhangane neza, umusore yakundaga gushushanya, ariko siyanse ye yarakuruwe. Ntiyagiye kuri se, ajyana ishuri ku ishuri maze yinjira muri kaminuza ya gikristo, ahitamo kwiga ibihangange by'Abapfumu.
Ibiryo byakundaga kumenya isi, rero nimyaka 20 inyuma yigitugu cyurubyiruko rwavuzwe rwagize koga amezi 4 yo koga mu nyanja ya Arctique. Mu rwego rw'imyitozo kuri biologiya, Furofo yagendaga ku kikoresho cya viking muri urubura, kwiga kashe.
Gushimisha ibitabo n'ubuhanzi bya Nansen byakomeje: Soma udukino ya Henric Ibben n'ibisigo bya Nyagasani Baironi. Umusore yari azi icyongereza, igifaransa n'Ibidage. Yatangiye kandi gufata amasomo yo gushushanya.
Urugendo n'ubushakashatsi
Urugendo rwa mbere rwahaye inyungu mu kuvumbura ahantu hashya mu mushakashatsi no kohereza ibikorwa byayo mu buriri yahise aboneka. Mu 1883, FroOOON yakiriye impamyabumenyi kandi ishyirwaho mu nzu ndangamurage ya Bergena, aho yabaye curat of ishami rya zoologiya. Yari afite imyaka 21. Mu 1884, Nansen yakoze umusaraba umwe mu misozi kuva Bergen yerekeza muri Christia, hanyuma atsindira Shampiyona yo gusimbuka i Husyusbu. Umwaka umwe, umushakashatsi ufite inyungu zidasanzwe zakiriye umudari uhagaze kumurimo kuri eretologiya na anatomiya ya myssomid.
Kuva mu 1885 kugeza 1886, Nanden yakoraga muri kaminuza ya Parma, ndetse no mu byaro bya Naples ku biro bya mbere by'iburayi. Umusore yari ahabwa umudari wa zahabu w'isomo ry'umwami w'ishuri ry'ubumenyi bw'ubushakashatsi, abiyobora yiga ku byifuzo by'imiti. Bidatinze, umuhanga wa Nevice yakiriye impamyabumenyi y'ibidufu kuri uyu murimo.
Imwe mu ntego nyamukuru z'umushakashatsi muri iki gihe ni inzibacyuho binyuze muri Greenland ice Plateau no mu mahanga y'ubutaka buva iburasirazuba ugana iburengerazuba. Byari binyuranye nibyo dusanzwe byo ku ruhande rw'iburengerazuba, bwafashwe. Itangazamakuru ryajyanywe muri Peres, kandi Nansen yapakishijwe ibikoresho, akusanya urugendo. Hariho umuterankunga, watanze inkunga mike yo kwiyamamaza. Kandi igice cyibiciro byishyuwe umudari wa zahabu wagurishijwe, gusimbuza byari kwigana umuringa.
Ku mutwe w'ikirere wabizaga. Yaratumiye na we Otto Sverdruup, inzobere inararibonye no kurokoka, kimwe no gusiganwa kwa Olaf Ditrichson na Trana ya Gikristo, umugabo w'impongo na Caiura Saml ballat. Intwari eshanu zagiye mu rugendo unyuze muri otcosse, hanyuma iceland.
Igihe kimwe mu burasirazuba bwa Greenland, itsinda ryageze ku ice ireremba 20 Km kuva ku nkombe. Ubutaka inzira yari iyo itizwe, kandi abantu bagombaga gukurura kwihamba ubwabo. Abagenzi bafashwe, aho ubushyuhe bwagabanutseho - 40 C. kugenda munzira yagenwe ku ya 17 Nyakanga 1888, itsinda ryageze aho ryerekeza ku ya 3 Ukwakira.
Abagenzi batsinze km 660 ya Greenland. Babaye abambere muri iki kibazo, bakusanya amakuru yubumenyi nibikorwa by'imihindagurikire y'ikirere. Mu 1890 na 1891, Nanden yatanze ibitabo 2 byerekeranye n'urugendo rwayo: "Hasimbuka binyuze muri Greenland" na "ubuzima bwa Eskimos."
Igitekerezo gikurikira cya Furofofa cyagaragaye ko kigora cyane. Umushakashatsi yahisemo gutegurira inzira yerekeza muri Pole y'Amajyaruguru. Nansen yigenga yateguye ubwato bwitwa "Fram". Ubwato bwari buteganijwe kwiyegurira mugihe cyo gukonjesha no kwikuramo urubura, anyura mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba bwa novosibirk, maze itsinda ryagendaga mu bwato.
Umuryango wa Royal ufite Ubwongereza yanenze gahunda yo gutembera. Inteko ishinga amategeko ya Noruveje yageneye inkunga y'imbaga ibihumbi 250, itegeka Nansen gukusanya itsinda rya Noruveje. Igice cyakoreshejwe cyakoresheje abakiriya: Oscar Dickson yatanze ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi, kwinjiza ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi, hateguwe ibishingwe bifasha mu birwa bya Novosibirsk. Kujugunywa itsinda ryibasiye imbwa 35 zo gutwara. Abaterankunga b'ubukangurambaga bw'ikigo "Kedbury" na "Knor", ibicuruzwa byabo ikipe yagumye mbere yo koherezwa.
Ku ya 24 Kamena 1893, abantu 13 bayobowe na Nanden banyuze mu ntara, byakagombye kuba hashize imyaka 5, kandi ubunini bwa lisansi buhagije kugeza imyaka 6 yo gufata urugendo rw'imyaka 6. Mu tsinda 1300, abantu 13 babaye mu itsinda. Amaze kunyura mu majyaruguru ya Siberiya, atabanje kugera mu birwa, Furofo yafashe amasomo mu majyaruguru kandi mu mpera ya Nzeri "Fram" yagendaga mu rubura.
Kuva ku nkingi y'abagenzi, intera ndende ndende iratandukanye kuruta umuhanga wateguye. Furoof yahisemo gusenyuka no muri sosiyete Amalmar Johansen yerekeje aho yerekeza. Igikorwa cyagaragaye ko kigoye. Abashakashatsi bahindukiriye bahindura icyerekezo cy'isi Franz Yozefu. Iri tsinda ntiryogeze rigera ku giti, ariko ryari hafi ye ugereranije n'abandi bashakashatsi.
Nyuma y'amezi 3, abo bagabo bari ku isi Franz Yozefu, aho barokotse itumba muri ducout bava mu mpu z'inyamaswa n'amabuye. Imiterere ihanitse, ingorane zo kubaho mukarere katarimo zigaragaje ubushobozi bwabahanga kugirango bamenyere kandi barokoke. Mu mpeshyi yo mu 1896, "Umuyaga" w'icyombo cy'ubwato, watanze abagenzi i Vardo nyuma yo kwiyamamaza ku myaka 3. Nyuma yicyumweru cyageze murugo nyuma yicyumweru.
Nansen ntabwo yubatse neza inzira ya Drift, ahubwo yanatanze umusanzu munini muri siyansi, gukusanya amakuru kuri geografiya yubutaka, ikirere nikirere cyintara yinzu ninyanja. Ivumburwa rishya ryubwubatsi ryakozwe muri ubu bukangurambaga, ryabaye itanura rishobora gushyushya umwanya mu miterere ya Polar. Yahimbwe yitamba.
Ubuvumbuzi horoof bwagize ingaruka kubikorwa byayo. Yabaye inyanja. Imyaka myinshi isigara yo gutunganya amakuru yabonetse muri urwo rugendo. Kuva mu ikaramu Nanden yashyize ahagaragara igitabo "" Fram "mu nyanja ya kose, yahise yimurirwa mu ndimi nyinshi z'amahanga. Akazi kasohotse munsi yizina ritandukanye - "mu gihugu cy'urubura n'amajoro." Inyandiko yasubiwemo inshuro nyinshi.
Mu ngendo zakurikiyeho z'Umushakashatsi harimo urugendo rwo gusiba na alupar kuri parike kugera ku munwa w'uruzi rwa Fna. Yateraniye muri "Fram" mu kwiyamamaza kwa Antaragitika, ariko, abarwayi, bashyikirizwa ubwato bakoresheje amategeko ya Amundsen mu 1905. Furoof kandi yazengurutse umuhanda wa Trans-Siberiya. Kuva mu mugenzi wa 1928 yagize uruhare mu gutegura urugendo rwa Antaragitika, wateguwe ko azabera ku kubiri.
Ibikorwa bya siyansi furoof nansen byahujwe nibikorwa rusange. Mu 1906, yabaye Ambasaderi wa Noruveje mu Bwongereza kandi afite iyi nyandiko imyaka 2. Mu ntambara ya mbere y'isi yose, umushakashatsi yari umwanya umwe muri Amerika, ndetse no mu 1920 mu myaka 2 yari amaze imyaka 2 ari Komiseri Mukuru wa Koderi. Yakoranye n'ibibazo by'imfungwa z'intambara kuva muri USSR. Mu 1921, inyanja yashyizeho ubufasha "ubufasha bwa Nansen", bwatanze inkunga ku ncwa n'inzara akarere ka Volga mu izina ry'umusaraba utukura.
Nansen yari indahemuka ku bijyanye na Bolshevik kugenda no kubaka ussr.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Uwo mwashakanye Evo SArs yagize uruhare runini mu biografiya ya Fogrodfa Nansen. Umugenzi yafashe umukobwa wumupadiri uzwi cyane na padiri Mikael Sars mu 1868. Umukobwa yari umuririmbyi wucyumba na nyiri Mezzo-Soprano-Soprano. Yaririmbye urukundo, ashishikajwe n'ubuhanzi kandi akundwa. Eva ni uhimbwa imyambarire y'abagore yo gusiganwa ku maguru.
Ubuzima bwihariye bwumugenzi bwateye imbere neza. Yakundaga umugore we kandi ashinzwe kwiyegurira "frama" mbere yo urugendo rwingenzi mu 1892. Eva yategereje kugaruka kwabo. Igihe yari mu kugenda, umugore yibarutse umukobwa. Liv Ntoya yabonye Data umaze imyaka 3. Mu gihe umugabo adahari, yakoraga iterambere ryo guhanga, kandi umwuga we wagenze neza. Mu rwego rwo guha icyubahiro abagore bakunda, Nansen yise ibirwa 2 Franz Yozefu. Nyuma yaho, byaje kumenya ko iyi ari imwe ikirwa, kandi uyu munsi yitwa evlas.
Nyuma ya 1898, abana bane bagaragaye mumuryango wa Nansen: bidasanzwe na Osmund, Core na Irmelin. Mu rukundo no guhuza n'intore zabo, Furocho yabayeho kugeza mu 1907. Eva yapfuye mugihe Nanden yakoraga nka Ambasaderi mu Bwongereza. Umuhanga usubiramo urongora mu 1919. Umukunzi we yabaye Sigrun Munte.
Urupfu
Iminsi yanyuma yubuzima bwa Inyanja Furoof Nansen yahuye namahoro namahoro muburyo bwe bwihariye Lusaka kuruhande rwa Oslo. Umuhanga yagize imyaka myinshi avuye mubibazo hamwe na sisitemu yumutima imitima, niyo mpamvu itera urupfu.
Nansen yarapfuye, akina kuri Veranda numwuzukuru we. Umushakashatsi yatsinzwe kugira ngo yimuke umubiri we akajugunya umukungugu hejuru ya Oslo Fjord, wakozwe na bene wabo n'abavandimwe.
Kwibuka
Uyu munsi, urwibutso rwo mu nyanja izwi cyane iherereye mu nzira nini ya levshinsky. Hariho inyubako ya Croix-Rouge Yumutuku mpuzamahanga w'Uburusiya, bityo igishusho rero cyahise kibaho aho gihurira aha hantu. Gufungura ibishusho byabereye mu 2004 kandi byateganijwe kwizihiza isabukuru yimyaka 100, umubano w'ububanyi n'amahanga hagati y'Uburusiya na Noruveje.
Amashusho yumushakashatsi ubu yasohotse mubitabo nibitabo. Bashobora kuboneka mungoro ndangamurage no kuri enterineti. Mu rwego rwo guha icyubahiro inyanja, igihembo cya Komiseri mukuru wa Loni cyitwa izina, kitahabwa buri mwaka.
Bibliografiya
- 1904 - "Mu majyaruguru ya kure"
- 1915 - "Mu gihugu cy'ejo hazaza"
- 1928 - "Mu kadodo n'icyubahiro cya Polar"
- 1937 - "Skiing binyuze muri Greenland"
- 1937 - "Ubuzima bwa Eskimos"
- 1956 - "Fram" mu nyanja ya Polar "