Ubuzima
Ernest Rutherford numushakashatsi wateje imbere urufatiromo hamwe nubushakashatsi bwibanze bwa fiziki ya kirimbuzi. Ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi bwibanze ku miterere ya atom n'ibiranga ibintu bya radiyo. Yakoraga ku ireme ry'igitekerezo kivuga ku nclei ya Nuclei ya Atome na electron bazengurutse. Imyanzuro yafashijwe gushyiraho icyitegererezo cy'imikono ya atom, yahise afungura cyane mu kinyejana cya 20. Umuhanga mu bya fiziki nawe yize ku muvuduko wa radiyo.Mu 1908, Rutherford yabaye umukiza wa igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel kumurimo wo guhindura ibintu no kwiga ibintu bya radio. Kuva mu 1925 kugeza mu 1930 yakoreye Perezida w'Umuryango wa Romal Forse.
Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Ernest yavukiye muri Nouvelle-Zélande, mu mpeshyi, hafi y'umujyi wa Nelson ku ya 30 Kanama 1871 kandi yari ubwenegihugu n'ubwenegihugu. Data, Scotsman ku nkomoko, yinjije n'ubukorikori bw'ibiziga, nyina yigishaga mu ishuri ryo mu cyaro. Umwana yakuriye mu muryango mugari ufite abavandimwe 6 na bashiki bacu 5.
Akazi ka mbere kuri we nicyo kigo cyo kwikora, gishingiye kuri Data. Umuhanga uzaza yungutse mubana nubuhanga bukoreshwa mugihe kizaza kugirango akore ibikoresho bikenewe mubushakashatsi bwumubiri.
Ernest yize muri Havuelok, maze mu 1887 yahawe buruse, yemerewe gukomeza amashuri muri Nelson. Umusore yerekanye yifuza cyane ubumenyi no gushishikazwa nibintu byose bimukikije. Yinjiye muri kaminuza ya Canterbury atangira gucengera muri chimie na fiziki. Abarimu bahise bishimira ubushobozi bwabanyeshuri. Nyuma yimyaka 4, Rostford yahawe akazi keza mubihe byimibare na fiziki. Mu 1892, Ernest yabaye umutware w'ubuhanzi kandi akora ubushakashatsi, ibashimangira n'ubushakashatsi.
Umurimo we wa mbere witwa "gukurungura icyuma mu induru nyinshi." Ubushakashatsi bwahujwe no kwiga imirongo myinshi. Umuhanga yateguye radiyo, imbere y'umuremyi we wa Marconti. Igikoresho cyibigega cyagaragaye kuba rand ya magneti ya mbere yisi.
Abifashijwemo, ernest yakiriye ibimenyetso byerekana ko abo mukorana kwimurwa mugihe kimwe cya kabiri cya litiro. Yasobanuye amakuru yahawe mu ngingo ya siyansi kubera iki kinyamakuru "Amakuru y'Ikigo cya Filozofiya cya Nouvelle-Zélande" mu 1894.
Mu 1895, Rutherford yakiriye igihembo kinini: Tanga amahugurwa mu Bwongereza. Amahirwe nkaya yagabanutse kubintu bidasanzwe-byicyongereza. Ernest yaje kuba mubantu 2 bafite amahirwe, aho guhitamo kwari uguhitamo, kandi yari afite amahirwe: uwo muhanganye ntashobora kujya mu rugendo. Umuhanga mu bya fiziki yifashishije amahirwe maze aba umukozi wa laboratoire ya cavendyshevskaya mu Bwongereza.
Ibikorwa bya siyansi
Ubuzima bwa Rutherford bwari inzira nziza. Kuba indaya iyobowe na John Thomson, ufite ubutware mu muryango wa siyansi, yasanze umurinzi. Thomson yifatanije ko yiga ionisation y'indwara iyobowe na x-ray.
Hashize no mu 1898, Rutherford yatwawe n'iterambere ryayo, yiga "imirasire ya becquil". Bita rero byimi imirasire ya radiyo. Ernest yamenye ko kuzuza inyuguti nziza ya Alphi na Beta ya electron. Ubushakashatsi busa bwayoboye Pierre na Maria Curie.
Abashakanye banditse akazi, batanze mu 1898 na Paris Ishuri rya siyansi. Yakwegereye Rostford igitekerezo cyo kubaho kubintu byinshi bya radio. Ernest yakoze imyanzuro yerekeye ubuzima-hagati, isobanura ibiranga ibintu, hanyuma ihinduka gahunda yibanze yubuzima.
Mu 1898, amaze kumenya ko imyanya ya kaminuza ya Porofeseri Macuille yari ifite mu minyago ya Kanada, Rutherford yimukiye ahantu hashya. Amaherezo rero yavuye mu muntu wa Thomson. Hatariho uburambe bwa Pedagogi, Ernest yerekanye ubushobozi bwo kwigisha mubikorwa byo kwigisha. Ariko umuhanga usabana na leta yatangiye abo tuziranye, kandi mu bagenzi be, abantu bahuje ibitekerezo biteguye kugira uruhare mu bushakashatsi bwa siyansi.
Ubufatanye na Frederick Soddy yemerewe mu 1902-1903 gutegura itegeko ryerekeye guhindura radio. Ivuga ko ibihe byo kubora bitaganisha ku guhindura ibintu kandi ntibishobora gutinda cyangwa guhagarara. Abafatanyabikorwa bateje imbere kandi amategeko yo guhindura. Nyuma, aya makuru yuzuza Dmitry Mendeleev abifashijwemo na sisitemu yigihe. Byaragaragaye ko imiti yimiti yibintu biterwa no kwishyuza intangiriro ya atome.
Ernest Rutherford yatanze imirimo 2 ya siyansi: "Radiyo", yasohotse mu 1904, na "Guhindura radiyo" yo mu 1905. Umuhanga mu bya fiziki yemeje ko atome ari isoko y'imirasire ya radiyo, kandi akomeza kwiga igikoresho cy'akarenga. Yashyize ubushakashatsi ku buryo buhindura zahabu alpha alpha, yibaze imirongo y'ibice n'imyitwarire yabo.
Umuhanga yabanje gushyiraho igitekerezo cyimiterere ya atome. Rutherford yatanze igitekerezo ko atom asa nigitonyanga gifite igipimo cyiza, kandi imbere ni electron yashinjyo. Umuhanga yavuze ko, kwimuka ku ngabo z'Ubujura, electron iragerageza kwinjira hagati ya atome, kandi iyo basize uburimbane, ihindagurika n'imirasire bitera impyisi.
Rangeford ifatika yasobanuye ko habaho imirasire ya spectra, isi yari isanzwe izi. Ubushakashatsi bwatwemereye kumva ko atome ikomeye ari ubunini nkububiko hagati yabo. Umushakashatsi yizeraga ko intangiriro iherereye mu kigo kandi itwara imbaga yose y'intwari, na electrons bari mu nzira ihoraho hirya no hino. Yahimbye rero umubumbe wa atome.
Ernest Rutherford yari yemeje, ariko havutse amakimbirane umwihariko w'urubanza. Icyitegererezo cye nticyari cyambuwe n'amategeko ya electrodnamike, yakuweho na James Madamuwell na Michael Faraday. Bagaragaje ko kwimuka kwihuta bitakaza ingufu kubera imirasire ya electomagnetic, nuko Rutherford yakomeje gukora ubushakashatsi.
Mu 1907, umuhanga yimukiye muri Manchester. Hano yari azwiho kumenya ibyagezweho. Rutherford ni mbi mu bigo mpuzamahanga bya siyansi, ariko yahisemo kaminuza ya Victoria, aho yongeye imirimo. Mu 1908, afatanije na Hans Heiger, yahimbye Alpha ibice.
Kuva mu 19166, Rutherford yakoraga hamwe na Niels Borov, wazanye igitekerezo cya Mafosa, ahamya ko hari orbites kuri atome. Dukurikije ingingo z'abahanga, electrons zizenguruka intangiriro muri orbit. Icyitegererezo cy'ubwanditsi bw'utwa Rutherford na Bora byagendaga byari intambwe muri siyansi kandi bihatirwa kuvugurura ibitekerezo byabishimye ku kibazo no kugenda kwayo. Mu 1919, Rutherford yabaye umwarimu muri kaminuza ya Cambridge ayobora laboratoire ya cavendyshevskaya. Inyandiko ye yo mu nzira yazimijwe, umubare w'abanyeshuri wiyongereye, ndetse n'urutonde rwibihembo byuwo baganga bubahaga.
Mu 1914, Rutherford yabaye umunyacyubahiro, kandi mu 1931 yakiriye izina rya Baron aba Umwami. Muri kiriya gihe, yakoraga ubushakashatsi bwo kugabana kwa nucleus ya atome no guhindura ibintu byimiti. Mu 1920, umuhanga mu bya fiziki yabaye uwambere wavugaga ibyerekeye kubaho kwa Gutegeka na Gutegeka na Deudron, kandi mu 1933 atangira kugira uruhare mubushakashatsi bwo kwiga imbaga n'imbaraga.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Ernest Rutherford yishimiye ubuzima bwite, kurongora Mary Georgina Newton, ubangamira inzu yitambiye muri Christchurch, aho umuhanga mu bya fiziki yari atuye. Isano yabashakanye yihanganiye ikizamini cyigihe: imyaka 5 irashize hagati yo gusezerana nubukwe. Mariya yashakanye Ernest mu 1895, igihe yari asanzwe azwi mu muryango wa siyansi. Mu 1901, umukobwa w'ikinege wa Malaylin yagaragaye kumucyo.Urupfu
Umuhungu w'ikirungu shebuja, Ernest Rutherford yagize uruhare runini muri siyanse. Amaze kugera ku burebure, yahindutse umukono mu bihe bye. Kubera iyo mpamvu, igihe byagaragaye ko umuhanga mu bya fiziki arwaye Hernia, yafashwe umwanzuro wo kumuvura amahirwe. Ukuri kwishimishije: Iki gikorwa gikenewe cyari cyiteguye kwigisha gusa abaganga gusa, nkuko bisabwa nukubika kubaha nyir'icyemezo cy'Ubwongereza "kugira ngo" mboneye ".
Guhitamo kwa muganga ntibyari byoroshye, kandi mugihe cyo gukora, imibereho myiza ya Rutherford yari ikomeye. Igitera urupfu rwe cyatanze insinga y'abaganga. Ernest Rutherford yapfuye azize imyaka 1937, ava ku isi mu buvumbuzi no mu bitabo.
Abashakashatsi bashyinguwe i Westminster Abbey. Ifoto ye uyumunsi irimbisha urupapuro rwibitabo ninkuta za kaminuza za tekinike ningoro yisi.
Bibliografiya
- 1904 - "RADIOT"
- 1905 - "Guhindura radio"
- 1920 - "Bombiment ya atome na azote ya azote"
- 1923 - "Shemic Shells n'imitungo yabo"
- 1923 - "Kubaka kuritoborato na artificial yibintu"
- 1924 - "Gukurikirana ATOM"
- 1924 - "Atome. Electron. Ether "
- 1928 - "NUGOIC NACLEI N'IHINDUKA ZANYU"