John Meitard Keynes - Chithunzi, mbiri yamunthu, moyo waumwini, chifukwa cha imfa, Zachuma

Chiphunzitso

A John Meitard Keynes ndi chithunzi chapadera cha zaka za zana la 20, zomwe zopereka zachuma zimatsimikiziridwa ndi chiphunzitso chonse cha sayansi, chotchedwa carneriadism. Pofotokoza za zana lapitapita mu 1999, magazini ya nthawi inaphatikizanso chuma pakati pa anthu ofunika kwambiri m'zaka za zana. Mothandizidwa ndi malingaliro oyambira a Britain, mabungwe monga ndalama zakunja za ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso banki yomanganso ndi chitukuko chawo.

Ubwana ndi Unyamata

Bizinesi yazachuma imalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi Cambridge, komwe adabadwa pa Juni 5, 1883 ndipo adakhala moyo mpaka imfa yake. Abambo a John Nelnes adatengera kusankha m'tsogolo, omwe adaphunzitsidwa ku Yunivesite ya Cambridge ndikumva katswiri pankhani yachuma, nzeru komanso mfundo. Mayi a Brown Brown sanali m'modzi mwa akazi odzichepetsa: Mkazi adalemba buku, akuchita mavuto aboma ndipo pambuyo pake adakhala meya wa mzindawo. Ntchito sizinamulepheretse kulera ana atatu - Kupatula Yohane, Mbale Jeffrey ndi Mlongo Margaret adakulira m'banjamo.

Kuleredwa m'malo ophunzitsira ndipo adalandira maphunziro oyambira mu koleji yotchuka, ma keynes adawonetsa kale malingaliro ndi kuthekera kwa sayansi. Kuwerenga pasukulu, bambo wina adagwiranso ntchito laibulale, komwe, kuwonjezera pa kuwerenga mabuku, amakonda kukonzekera kwa nthawi yomwe anakonza. Kukhala ndi chidziwitso chakuzama mu gawo la masamu, Chilatini ndi Chigriki, adakhala wophunzira wa Royal College ku Cambridge.

Ndi zanzeru zopanda nzeru ndi ufulu wobadwa, Yohane adadzizungulira kukhala pagulu labwino, pomwe anzeru ang'onoang'ono, asayansi, olemba ndi ojambula amazungulira. Mnyamatayo anali m'gulu la atumwi a Cambridgege, pomwe amagawidwa ndi mapepala oyamba asayansi. "Atumwi" Ambiri Omwe Amapanga Bloombury Ciover - Akuluakulu a Achinyamata anzeru, kuphatikiza a Bertrand Russe, Virginia Wolfe, Bell Moore, A George Moore ndi Oimira Ena Otchuka a Nyengo

Mu Royal College of Cambridge, Keynes adaphunzitsidwa pasukulu yasayansi yapamwamba kwambiri Alfred Marshall, woyambitsa malangizo a Neoclaussical mu sayansi yazachuma. Mu 1908, Yohane anamaliza maphunziro awo, kuteteza malingaliro ake pa masamu njira zogwiritsira ntchito masamu komanso malingaliro oyenera. Panthawiyo, anali atayamba kale kugwira ntchito yolamulira ndalama ndi ndalama za India.

Moyo Wanu

Pokhala nthumwi ya nthawi yaulere komanso yolumala, macynes sanadzikane yekha pazoletsedwa. Ubwenzi wake woyamba wachikondi unachokera zaka za wophunzira wazaka zambiri, ndipo chinthu chake chinali chojambula chojambula cha Scottish. Achinyamata sanabisire chibwenzicho ndipo sanachite mantha ndi kukhudzika, buku lawo linatha mu 1909, pambuyo pake moyo wa Yohane udalowa mwamwambo wachikhalidwe.

Mu 1918, ku London, matenda a Sergey a ku London, omwe achuma adadziwana ndi Latley Lay Lay Lay Lopukava. Anali mwana wamkazi wa Ballet Orlet Orsinsky Thehatre, ndi banja lonse la mtsikanayo adamanga moyo ndi kuvina. Ubwenzi wawo unayamba mu 1921, ndipo patatha zaka 4, banjali linakwatirana. Pofika nthawi, mayiyo adakwanitsa kupita ku Europe, amakhala ku US, kuvina ndi Vav Nizhinsky ndikukwatiwa ndi manejala wa daagilev - Italian Randolfo.

Lopukava mogwirizana ndi gulu la abwenzi a fungusnes, ngakhale analibe kukayikira ndi kuchitira zigawenga mwachibadwa mu anzeru achingerezi. Amakonda anthu mosavuta, kutseguka komanso kanthaka ndipo adakhala mkazi wabwino kwa John. Chithunzi cholumikizira cha awiriwo chasungidwa. Ukwati wawo unakhala wachimwemwe, ngakhale kuti okwatirana nawo analibe ana: kuyesa kokha komwe kunachitika mu 1927 kunatha ndi mavuto.

Kukwatira Ludiya, Economist yafika mobwerezabwereza Russia ya Soviet. Koma Balllerina sanabwerere kudziko lakwawo, ngakhale moyo wake wonse udali wofalitsa zaluso za ku Russia ndi mabuku akunja, kuyankhula ndi mapulogalamu a katswiri wa paradiilesi ndikugawana ma compatiot akuluakulu. Lopukava anapulumuka mwamuna wake zaka 35 ndipo adamwalira mu 1981 ku East Sussex.

Ntchito Yasayansi

Mpaka mu 1915, magynes adagwira ntchito yachifumu pazachuma ku Indian Finance ndi ndalama ndikuphunzitsidwa ku Royal College. Munthawi imeneyi, adasindikiza nkhani zoyambirira ndi mabuku ndipo adayamba kusintha magazini, komwe adapita mpaka kufa. Kenako mwamunayo adayitanidwa ku Unduna wa Zachuma, komwe Britain adatha kuwulula talente ya wasayansi ndikuchita.

Kupereka chikonzero chobwezeretsanso ku Eureu pambuyo pa nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, Yohane adatsutsa zopereka zapamwamba za Germany, kuneneratu za chiwonongeko chake ndipo, nkhondo yatsopano yapadziko lonse lapansi. Keynes anafotokoza malingaliro ake pantchito ya "zotsatira zachuma za dziko lapansi", kumasulidwa mu 1919.

Mu 1920s, bamboyo akulosera zachuma chachuma padziko lonse lapansi, ndalama za ndalama komanso muyeso wa golide, zikufanizira zowunikira mu "njira yokhudza ndalama". Kukhumudwa Kwakukulu, komwe kunaphimba United States pambuyo pa zovuta, adayamba kuphunzitsidwa za asayansi omwe adalimbikitsa kukhazikitsa ndalama ndi ndalama kuti athe kuchepetsa mavuto obwera chifukwa cha chuma chamtengo wapatali.

Zotsatira Zaka Zambiri Zitakhala Zofunika Kwambiri Ndi Ntchito Yaikulu ya Mafuwa "Malingaliro A Ntchito, Maphunziro ndi Ndalama", Ofalitsidwa mu 1936 ndikuwabweretsa ku Ndondomeko Yachikulu Kwambiri ndi A Harry Dexter Woyera ndipo Milton Friedman. Zolemba m'bukuli zidalowa muchuma pachuma, ndipo wolemba wawo adayambitsa macroecoom monga sayansi yodziyimira pawokha.

Wolemba Chingerezi sanangopeka kwambiri zachuma padziko lonse lapansi, komanso amachitanso chiwonjezeko chikulu chambiri. Mwaona motere, Yohane sanataye chilichonse nthawi yowonongeka pamsika wa masheya mu 1929, koma kuthawa kwa moyo wake, ndipo pofika moyo wake, chuma chake chimawerengedwa pafupifupi $ 500,000.

Imfa

Makanema anagwira ntchito zambiri moyo komanso wamphamvu. Ngakhale kuti mavuto azaumoyo, bambo sanakana maulendo achilendo, komwe anathetsa mavuto azachuma, komwe anathetsa mavuto azachuma monga mafunso pa ngongole ya Anglo-America, yomwe inali yochita 1946. Pakakambirana za pangano ku Savannah, Georgia, kuukira kwa mtima woyamba kunachitika kwa Yohane. Kubwerera ku England, Economist kumamvanso mavutowo ndi mtima.

Pa Epulo 21, 1946, m'nyumba yaulimi yomwe Sursex, maginigus sanatero. Choyambitsa imfa lidasokonekera mtima. Mkulu wa chingerezi wazaka 62 adapulumuka yekha mkazi, komanso makolo onse omwe adapereka fumbidwire pa banja lanyumba yanyumba.

Mawu

• "Ndimagwira ntchito yopepuka. Tsatani mfundo zomwe ndimaziona kuti ukulamulira. "
• "Maganizo a nthawi yayitali" ndi mlangizi woipa mu zochitika zapano. Pakapita nthawi, tonsefe timafa. "
• "ZOMWE ZOPEREKA."
• "Ah, ngati azachuma akanatha kuchita kotero kuti anawona anthu olemekezeka, olemekezeka mwa iwo, osayipa kuposa ma mano, - ndiye kuti zingakhale zabwino!"
• Palibe cholakwika ndi izi nthawi zina sizili bwino, chinthu chachikulu ndikuchimvetsa panthawi. "

M'bali

• 1913 - Kufalikira kwa ndalama ndi ndalama ku India "
• 1919 - Zotsatira Za Zachuma za Dziko Lapansi "
• 1921 - "Kuchita Kuchita"
• 1923 - "Kuchita pa Ndalama Zachuma"
• 1926 - "kutha kwa mfundo yopanda tanthauzo"
• 1930 - "coney proise"
• 1930 - "Kutha kwa muyezo wagolide"
• 1936 - "chiphunzitso chachikulu pantchito, kuchuluka ndi ndalama"