Chiphunzitso
Ekaterina II - Egreell wamkulu wa ku Russia, ulamuliro wa yomwe idakhala nthawi yofunika kwambiri ku mbiri yakale ya Russia. Udindo wa Catherine wamkulu amadziwika ndi "m'badwo wa Golide" wa ufumu wa ku Russia, zikhalidwe ndi ndale zomwe mfumukazi idazungulira ku Europe.
Bizinesi ya Katherine II idadzaza ndi mikwingwirima yayikulu komanso yakuda, mapulani ndi zinthu zamkuntho, zomwe zimachitika tsiku lililonse powombera ndikulemba mabuku.
Ubwana ndi Unyamata
Katherine II adabadwa pa Meyi 2 (Epulo 21, pa nthawi yakale) ya 1729 ku Prussia m'banja la kazembe Shttran-aletorpts-gottorpskaya. Ngakhale kuti banjali linali lolemera, mwana wamkazi wa mfumukazi sanakhale ndi vuto, koma izi sizinalepheretse makolo kuti apereke nyumba yophunzira mwana wake wamkazi. Nthawi yomweyo, mkwiyo wamtsogolo waku Russia pamlingo wophunzirira wachingelezi, ku Italy ndi French, adatenga kuvina ndi kuyimba, komanso kulandiranso chidziwitso chokhudza mbiri yakale, geography ndi zamulungu.
Ndili mwana, mwana wamkazi wachichepereyo anali mwana wokonda kwambiri "wabodza". Sanawonetse maluso owoneka bwino ndipo sanawonetse malengwe awo, koma anathandiza mayi awo, koma anathandiza amayi ake atatsala pang'ono kukwatiwa ndi mlongo wachichepere a Augus, omwe anali okhutitsidwa ndi makolo onse awiri. Zaka zambiri, mayiyo adatchula Katherine II FIE, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti Fedrica pang'ono.
M'zaka 15, zidadziwika kuti Princebst Cyzybst idasankhidwa ndi Elizabeti ndi Elizabeti, Elizabeti, Ezarovich, yemwe pambuyo pake adadzakhala mfumu ya Russia III. Mfumukazi ndi amayi ake adayitanidwa mobisa ku Russia, komwe adapita ku Council of Herebek.
Mtsikanayo adayamba kuphunzira mbiri ya Russia, lilime ndi Orthodoxy, kuti muphunzire kwambiri za dziko latsopanoli. Posakhalitsa adasinthira ku Orthodoxy ndipo adazindikiridwa ndi Catherine Alekseevna, ndipo m'mawa mwake adatchula ndi Peter Fedorovich, yemwe adamuwuza iye m'bale wake wachiwiri.
Mpando wachifumu ndi kukwera mpando wachifumu
Pambuyo paukwati ndi Peter III m'moyo wamtsogolo Russian, yemwe akuchita nkhondoyi sanasinthe - adapitilizabe kudziphunzitsa, russapnce, monga wolembayo sanasonyeze chidwi Mwa iye ndi kusangalatsidwa bwino ndi azimayi ena m'maso mwake. Pambuyo paukwati 9 zaka, ubale pakati pa Petro ndi Katherine adaikidwa m'manda, Mfumukazi idayikidwa kubadwa kwa mpando wachifumu wa Paulo, amene adasankhapo ndipo sanamupatse naye.
Ndiye, pamaso pa catherine, dongosolo lidayamba kuchapa za mkazi wake ndi mpando wachifumu. Ali bwino, momveka bwino komanso adakonzanso nyumba yachifumu, yomwe imamkatamassor ya Chingerezi ndi Zampando Wamfumu ya Russia - kuwerengera Alexey Avenuv.
Posakhalitsa zidapezeka kuti anthu onse odalirika amfumu achi Russia adaperekedwa. Koma Catherine sanasiye dongosolo ili ndipo adapeza anzako atsopano pakupha kwake. Anakhala abale a Orlov, a Oredleant Fyodor Khitrov ndi wahmistr Grigory Potemkin. Kutenga nawo mbali m'gulu la nyumba yachifumu ndi alendo omwe adapereka chithandizo kuti athandizire anthu ofunikira.
Mu 1762, mfumu yakombedzayo idakonzeka njira yodziwika bwino - adapita ku St. St. St. Pambuyo pake, adakana mpando wachifumuwo, adatsekedwa m'ndende ndipo posakhalitsa adamwalira pansi osadziwika. Pambuyo pa miyezi iwiri, Seputembara 22, 1762, Sofia Frederick Ahalt Ahalt-Crebstskaya anali wokulungidwa ku Moscow ndipo adasanduka Russine II.
Kupambana ndi Kupambana kwa Katherine II
Kuyambira tsiku loyamba lokwera mpandowachifumu, mfumukaziyi idafotokoza momveka bwino za ntchito yake ndikuyamba kuzikwaniritsa. Anasinthasintha mwachangu komanso amasinthasinthasintha mu ufumu wa ku Russia, womwe unakhudza miyoyo yonse ya anthu. Ndale za Catherine Great zidalikiriri, poganizira zofuna za makalasi onse, kuposa momwe maphunziro amathandizira.
Kutambasulira ufumu wa ku Russia kuchokera ku Bog wa Zachuma, Mfumukazi idachita chinsinsi ndipo adatenga dzikolo, kuwasandukira malo adziko. Izi zidapangitsa kuti abweze gulu lankhondo ndikuchotsa mosungiramo mosungiramo ufumuwo ndi miliyoni mizimu ya anthu. Nthawi yomweyo, adakwanitsa kukayikira ku Russia, atachulukitsa kawiri kawiri kuchuluka kwa mabizinesi akufakitale mdzikolo. Chifukwa cha izi, kuchuluka kwa boma kukukwera kachulukidwe kanakwera kambiri, ufumuwo udatha kukhala ndi gulu lalikulu ndikuyamba chitukuko cha urals.
Ponena za Katherine wamkati, masiku ano amatchedwa "wophunzitsidwa bwino," chifukwa Emress adayesetsa kukwaniritsa "zabwino" zokhudza anthu komanso boma. Amutitinmist Catherine II adadziwika kuti amasunga malamulo atsopano, omwe adavomerezedwa pamaziko a "Empmpress of the Evessss Catherss Cather Carch Catherine.
Iwo anati za mfundo zomwe zimayenera kutsogoleredwa ndi zikuluzikulu, makamaka za malingaliro a Deni Surro, a Charles de Montrope, Jean Lerorort, aemberti ndi ena owunikira. Lamulo lokonzekera lidapangidwa mwachindunji mu 1766 ndi ntchito yotumidwa.
Chifukwa chakuti zochitika zandale za Tsarbansky zinali ndi "prodvlyunsky", kuyambira 1777 mpaka 1775 adakumana ndi chipwirikiti cha anthu omwe ali pansi pa a Emelyan Pugachev. Nkhondo Yachilendo Kwambiri pafupifupi gawo lonse, koma gulu lankhondo la boma lidayendetsa chipolowe ndipo adamanga Pugachev, yemwe kenako adadulidwa mutu. Linali lamulo lokhalo pa chilango chofaliri, chomwe chinasindikizidwa ndi Eparess zaka za ulamuliro wake.
Mu 1775, Ekatata, anachititsa magawano a ufumuwo ndikuwonjezera Russia kupita ku zigawo 11. Pa nthawi yaulamuliro wake, Russia adapeza Azov, Crimea, Kuba, komanso gawo la Belarus, Poland, Lithuania ndi gawo lakumadzulo kwa volyn. Kusintha kwa chiwonetsero cha Catherine, malinga ndi ofufuza, anali ndi zovuta zingapo.
Popanga chigawochi, kuphatikizika kwa dziko lapansi sikunaganizidwe, pambali pawo, kunayenera kuwonjezera ndalama zogwirira ntchito. Nthawi yomweyo, makhothi osankhidwa adayambitsidwa mdzikolo, omwe anali ochita zachiwawa komanso milandu.
Mu 1785, mfumu ya kulamulira zidakonza maboma amderalo m'mizinda. Lamulo la Katherine II adabweretsa chipilala chodziwikiratu - adamasulira olemekezeka pangozi ya zosefera, kungofunika kunkhondo ndipo adapatsa ufulu wokhala ndi minda ndi ngomi. Tithokoze ku Kinyani ku Russia, kachitidwe kachiwiri ka sekondale kunayambitsidwa, komwe masukulu otsekedwa amapangidwira, mabungwe a atsikana, nyumba zamaphunziro. Kuphatikiza apo, Catherine adayambitsa sukulu ya Russian, yomwe inali mwa zigawo zotsogola zaku Europe.
Kusamalira mwapadera pa bolodi la Catherine adalipira kukula kwa ulimi. Amawerengedwa kuti Russia ndiye makampani ofunikira, omwe amathandizira kuti dziko la boma likhale. Kuwonjezeka kwa dziko lalikulu kunapangitsa kuti ziwonjezeke.
Ndi iye, kwa nthawi yoyamba ku Russia, buledi anayamba kugulitsa, zomwe anthuwo adagulidwa ndalama za pepala, nawonso amagwiritsa ntchito mbuyeyo. Komanso, misempha ya monorkon ikuphatikizanso katemera wa katemera ku Russia, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kufa kwa miliri ku dzikolo, poyankha kuchuluka kwa nzikazo.
Munthawi ya Katherine, yachiwiri idapulumuka 6 nkhondo zomwe zikwi zomwe zofuna zimalandira m'maiko. Mfundo zake zakunja, anthu ambiri amawona zachiwerewere komanso zachinyengo masiku ano. Koma mayiyo adathamangitsa mbiri ya Russia ngati Monriko wamphamvu, zomwe zidakhala zitsanzo za dziko lamphamvu, ngakhale zidakhala chitsanzo cha kukonda dziko lakomweko kwa mibadwo yamtsogolo ya magazi a ku Russia momwemo.
Moyo Wanu
Moyo wa Katherine II ali ndi chikhalidwe chowala ndipo masiku ano ali ndi chidwi. M'nyamatayo, mkuluyu adadzipereka ku "chikondi chaulere", chomwe chidakhalapo chifukwa cha chibwenzi chake chosatha ndi Peter III.
Mabuku achikondi a Ekatena amadziwika ndi miyambo yambiri, ndipo mndandanda wake womwe amakonda ali ndi mainchesi 23, monganso umboni wa kafukufuku wa "Ekaterinovdov". Instisticts Institute zakhudza molakwika nthawi yanthawi ya nthawi imeneyo. Anathandiza kuti azichita zachinyengo, zosintha zolondola komanso kugwa kwa makhalidwe.
Grigov Orlov, Alexander Laskaya, Grigary Potemki ndi Platon wa mano, adakhala okonda kwambiri a Monarchyn, omwe ali ndi zaka 20 yemwe adakonda kwambiri wazaka 60. Ofufuzawo sataya mtima kuti malo osonyeza kuti akumuweruza anali zida zake zachilendo, mothandizidwa ndi zomwe adachita pampando wa mpando wachifumu.
Amadziwika kuti Catherine anali wamkulu kwa ana atatu - Mwana wochokera kwa mwamuna wake wovomerezeka wa Peter III - FALLENT Petroviich, Alexey Bocyky, ndi mwana wamkazi Anna Petrovna, yemwe anamwalira m'badwo wapachaka wodwala.
Zaka zadzuwa za kudzudzula wadzudzulidwa ku chisamaliro cha zidzukulu zake ndi zolowa m'malo, chifukwa zinali zotambala ndi Mwana wake Paulo Paul. Anafuna kudutsa mphamvu ndi korona kwa mdzukulu wamkulu Alexander, yemwe adakonzekera mpando wachifumu. Koma malingaliro ake sanachitike, popeza wolowa m'malo mwalamulo adamva za malingaliro a amayi ake ndipo adakonzekera bwino kumenyera mpando wachifumu. M'tsogolomu, mkomero wokondedwa kwambiri m'chifumuwo onse adalowa ufumuwo, kukhala Emperor Alexander i.
Catherine Wamtengo Watsiku ndi Tsiku Amayesetsa Kukhala Oseketsa, anali wopanda zovala zovala, koma anali wokonda zisotiki, akusenda nkhuni ndi fupa. Tsiku lililonse, amalipira ntchito yomwe amakonda kwambiri masana. Mchipondereyo omwewo omwe amakumbatirana, choluka, kamodzi payekha adapanga chovala cha mdzukulu wa Alexander. Mfumukaziyi inali ndi mphatso yolemba, yomwe idapangitsa kusewera kwa bwalo la bwalo la zibwalo polemba.
Ngakhale kuti kwa unyamata wachifumuwo adalandira Orthodoxy, adachita chidwi ndi malingaliro a Buddhamsm. Catherine adakhazikitsa malo a Mutu wa Tchalitchi cha Lamisia cha Eastern Shiberia ndi Transbaikalia. Boma lidavomerezedwa mwalamulo ngati gawo la chipembedzo chakum'mawa chaku Eatherland - Tara yoyera.
Imfa
Imfa ya Catherine II idabwera pa kalembedwe katsopano pa Novembara 17, 1796. Empress akufa adamwalira chifukwa cha sitiroko wamphamvu kwambiri, adathamangira m'mavuto kwa maola 12 ndipo, osagwiritsa ntchito chikumbumtima, kunasiya moyo. Anaikidwa m'manda mwa Petro ndi Paul Cathedzal ku St. Petersburg. Pakukhala pa matenda opatsirana mwamphamvu.
Nditalowa pampando wachifumu, Paulo ndinawononga cholowa cha amayi ake. Kuphatikiza apo, ngongole zakunja za Boma zidapezeka, zomwe zimagona pa olamulira omwe pambuyo pa pambuyo pake adabwezedwa kumapeto kwa zaka za XIX.
Kukumbuka
Polemekeza kudzudzula wa St. Petersburg, Sidferopol, Sevastopol, Krasnodar ndi mizinda ina ya ufumu wa ku Russia adamangidwa. Pambuyo pake, ambiri amasokera. Kuyambira pomwe a Catherine adathandizira kufalikira kwa ndalama, pambuyo pake chithunzi chake chokongoletsedwa ndi mabanki a Nicholas II.
Kukumbukira mdzukulu wa Grain kunafa kunafa mobwerezabwereza m'buku la olemba za ku Russia ndi ochokera kumayiko ena - Nikolai Gogol, Bernard Pikul, ena.
Chithunzi cha Catherine nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu sinema yapadziko lonse. Mbiri yake yowala ndi yolemera imatengedwa ngati maziko a zochitika, chifukwa ufumu wamkulu wa Russia II anali ndi moyo wamphepo, amakonda kwambiri mpando wachifumu, koma nthawi yomweyo adakhala boma labwino.
Chithunzi cha Catherine cha pazenera chidaphatikizidwa ndi Marlene Dietrich, Alla Mariond, Julia Ormond, Svetlana KryAKova, Nyenyezi Zina za Sinema Yachilendo Komanso Yachilendo.
Mu 2015, chiwonetsero cha nkhani zosangalatsa "zazikulu" zinayamba ku Russia. Kwa chochitika chake, zowona kuchokera kwa olemba za mfumukazi yokhayokha yomwe idatengedwa, yomwe inali mu "wolamulira wa anthu", osati mayi wachikazi ndi mkazi wake. Mu chithunzi cha ufumu, Julia Snegir adawonekera.
Mafilimu
- 1934 - "Hightty Herder"
- 1953 - "Admiral Ulhakov"
- 1986 - Mikhail Lomonosov
- 1990 - "kusaka tsarist"
- 1992 - "Maloto a Russia"
- 2002 - "Madzulo pafamu pafupi ndi Dikankha"
- 2015 - "Great"
- 2018 - Magazi a Barna