Chiphunzitso
Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva - Ndege ya ku Russia, womasulira, Wolemba Wolemba Nkhani Zovuta ndi Nkhani Zotsutsa. Amawerengedwa kuti ndi amodzi mwa ziwonetsero za ndakatulo yapadziko lonse ya zaka za zana la 20. Masiku ano amatchedwa Shittwomatiy ndakatulo zotere za Marina Tsvetaevava za chikondi, monga "Mphepo yochititsa manyazi ...", Dzulo ndidayang'ana m'maso mwanga ... " ndi ena ambiri.
Tsiku lobadwa la Marina Tsvetaeva limagwera patchuthi cha Orthodox cha kukumbukira kwa mtumwi Yohane wa Bogoslov. Zotsatira za poiyess pambuyo pake zimawonetsera mobwerezabwereza pantchito zake. Mtsikana ku Moscow adabadwa, m'banja wa Professor Moscow University, wolemba mbiri wachiwiri ku Ivan Vladirfava, ndipo mkazi wake wa pialai arinstein. Pa bambo ake, Marina anali ndi mchimwene wake wa Andrei ndi mlongo Valeria, komanso wamkulu wa Nastania. Maukadaulo a makolo amaika chala cham'manja komanso ubwana wa Tsvetaeva. Amayi anayesa masewera ake pa piyano ndipo analota kuwona mwana wamkazi ndi woimba, ndipo bambo ake anathandizira kuti azikonda mabuku apamwamba komanso zilankhulo zakunja.
Zidachitika kuti Marina ndi amayi nthawi zambiri amakhala kudziko lina, motero amalankhula osati momasuka osati ku Russia kokha ku Russia, komanso ku France ndi Gernch ndi Germany. Kuphatikiza apo, pamene panali zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, za zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, Marina Tsivaeva adayamba kuyambitsa ndakatulo, imapangidwa onse atatu, komanso ambiri - m'chifalansa. Maphunziro amtundu wotchuka adayamba kulandira mu masewera olimbitsa thupi a Moscow, ndipo pambuyo pake adaphunzira ku nyumba zachilendo za atsikana ku Switzerland ndi Germany. Ali ndi zaka 16, adayesetsa kumvetsera ku maphunzirowa pazinthu zomwe zidafotokoza nyenyezi za nyenyezi ku Paris SORBORE, koma maphunzirowo sanamalize kumeneko.
A Pheetess Tsvetaeva adayamba kufalitsa ndakatulo zake, adayamba kulankhulana bwino ndi zozungulira za Moscow ndikutenga nawo mbali m'moyo wamaphunziro ndi ma studio. Posakhalitsa nkhondo yapachiweniweni iyamba. Zaka izi zakhala zovuta kwambiri pankhani ya mayi wachichepere. Kufa kwa malo obadwira pa zoyera ndi zofiira zomwe sanavomereze ndipo sanavomereze. Chapakatikati pa 1922, marina Olelenna amakwaniritsa chilolezo kuchokera ku Russia ndikupita ku Czech Ren, komwe mwamuna wake adathamanga, ndipo tsopano adaphunzira ku mbini ya King ku Kidge.
Kwa nthawi yayitali, moyo wa Marina Tsveaeva adalumikizidwa osati ndi Prague, komanso ndi Berlin, ndipo m'zaka zitatu banja lake lidatha kupita ku likulu la ku France. Koma, chisangalalo, mkazi sanapeze. Anthu oonetsa movutikiratu a anthu omwe adalankhulirana ndi chiwembu mwana wamwamuna wa Mkango wopondapo ndipo adalembedwa ndi boma la Soviet. Kuphatikiza apo, Marina anazindikira kuti mu mzimu wake sanali kuntrant, ndipo Russia sikuti amalola malingaliro ake ndi mitima.
Ndakatulo
Kutolera koyamba kwa Marina Tsitaeva kunatcha "madzulo a nyimbo" kuwona Kuwala mu 1910. Amaphatikizapo zolengedwa zake zolembedwa m'sukulu. Kukondana mwachangu kwa achinyamata omwe adakopa chidwi cha olemba otchuka, volusilia ya Maxilin adayamba kukonda kwambiri olemba, anna Akhmatova, a Nikolai Gumimov, ndipo woyambitsa aku Russia wa Veryodo. Pakuyenda bwino, Marina amalemba nkhani yoyamba "matsenga a Versov". Mwa njira, chowonadi chodabwitsa ndichakuti mabuku oyamba omwe adasindikiza pa ndalama zawo.
Posakhalitsa "Matsenga Matsenga" a Marina Tsvetaeva adasindikizidwa, ndemanga zake ndakatulo yachiwiri, ndiye kuti ntchito yotsatira idasindikizidwa - "m'mabuku awiriwa." Patangotsala pang'ono kusintha, mbiri ya Marina Tsveaeva idalumikizidwa ndi mzinda wa Alexandrov, komwe adabwera kudzacheza mlongo wa anastasia ndi mnzake. Kuchokera pakuwona zaluso, nthawi imeneyi ndikofunikira chifukwa zimadzaza ndi kudzipereka kwa anthu omwe amakonda anthu ndi malo okondedwa ndipo pambuyo pake adatchulidwa ndi akatswiri a Alexander chilimwere TSvetaeva. " Apa ndipamene mkaziyo adapanga mizere ya ndakatulo ya "ku Akhmatova" ndi "ndakatulo za Moscow".
Pankhondo yapachiweniweni, marina analowa momvera chisoni choyera, ngakhale kuti pamwambapa, ambiri, magawano a dzikolo savomerezedwa. Munthawi imeneyi, amalemba ndakatulo za chopereka "Swan Stan", komanso ndakatulo yayikulu "Tsar-Maden", "ku Egorushka", "pa kon wofiira" komanso masewera achikondi. Pambuyo posamutsa kunja, ndakatulo yomwe imapanga ntchito yayikulu iwiri - yotchedwa "ndakatulo ya" ndakatulo ya chimaliziro ", yomwe idzakhala m'gulu lake lalikulu. Koma mavesi ambiri a nthawi ya kusamukira sanafalitsidwe. Omaliza adasindikizidwa kuti "kubwereketsa ku Russia", komwe kunaphatikizapo zolemba za Marina Tsvetaeva mpaka 1925. Ngakhale sanasiye kulemba.
Alendo ambiri amayamikiranso kwambiri chifukwa cha ndakatulo za TSVARAEVA - Cournal Voives, Mikha ndi nyimbo "," nyumba ya pimeni wakale "ndi ena. Koma ndakatulo sizinagule, ngakhale kuti Marina adalemba kuzungulira kwa mayakavosky, "nyumba yakuda" yomwe idadzipha ku Soviet ndakatulo ya Soviet ya ndakatulo ya Soviet inali. Imfa ya Vladimir Vladimbo idadabwitsanso mkazi kuti m'zaka zambiri mungathe kumva, kuwerenga ndakatuloyi kwa Marina Tsvetaeva.
Moyo Wanu
Ndili ndi mwamuna wake wamtsogolo, Sergei Efron wa Pointes adakumana mu 1911 m'nyumba ya bwenzi lake voimalin voosin ku Koktebel. Patatha miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, adakhala mwamuna ndi mkazi wake, ndipo Posachedwa mwana wawo wamkazi Ariadne adawonekera. Koma Marina anali mkazi wokonda kwambiri komanso nthawi zosiyanasiyana, amuna ena adalandira mtima wake. Mwachitsanzo, wolemba ndakatulo wamkulu waku Russia a Boris Parathak, yemwe Tsvetaeva anali ndi ubale wazaka 10, osatha kusamukira kwawo.
Kuphatikiza apo, ku Prague, ndakatuloyo idayamba buku lakumtunda ndi woyimira milandu Konsterontin Rodzevich. Kulumikizana kwawo kunali pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, kenako Marina, yemwe adadzipereka wokondedwa wake ndi chikondi cha m'phirimo ", potengera ubale wabwino. .
Koma moyo wa Marina Tsvetaeva unalumikizidwa osati ndi amuna okha. Ngakhale asanasamudwe kusanza, mu 1914 adakumana m'chipinda cholembera chokhala ndi ndakatulo komanso womasulira Sophia Shomia. Madonawo adandikhululukirana mwachangu, omwe amasandulika pang'ono. Marina adadzipereka kwa wokondedwa wa ndakatulo "bwenzi", pambuyo pake chibwenzi chawo chinatuluka mumthunzi. Efron adadziwa za buku la mkazi wake, nsanje kwambiri, kwambiri, zokhutiritsa, ndipo Tsvetaeva adakakamizidwa kuti athawire kwa iye kupita ku Sofia. Komabe, mu 1916 analekanitsidwa ndi masewerawa, nabwera kwa wokwatirana naye ndi mwana wake wamkazi Irina abala mkazi wake. Za kulumikizana kwake kwachilendo kwa poiyess idzanena kuti mkazi amakonda mkazi, koma amuna ena okha ndi otopetsa. Komabe, chikondi cha ku Marina Gar Gargan chimadziwika kuti ndi "tsoka loyamba m'moyo wake."
Mwana wamkazi wachiwiriyu atabadwa, Marina Tsvetaeva amayang'anizana ndi chingwe chakuda m'moyo. Kusintha, kuthawa mwamunayo kudziko lina, kovuta kwambiri, njala. Mwana wamkazi wamkulu wa Ariadne anadwala kwambiri, ndipo Tsvetaeva amapatsa ana pobisalira m'mudzi wa ku Kuntsovo pafupi ndi Moscow. Ariadna adachira, koma wodwala ndi Irina adamwalira ali ndi zaka zitatu.
Pambuyo pake, atakumananso ndi mwamuna wake ku Prague, ndakatuloyo idabereka mwana wamwamuna wachitatu - mwana wa George, yemwe amatchedwa "moore" m'banja. Mnyamatayo anali wowawa komanso wosalimba, panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse idapita kutsogolo, komwe adamwalira chilimwe cha 1944. Georgy Efron adayikidwa m'manda ambiri m'dera la Vitebsk. Chifukwa chakuti ngakhale kuti kapena George anali ndi ana awo, ndiye kuti masiku ano palibe mbadwa zachindunji za pointena wamkulu.
Imfa
Kusamukira, a Marina ndi banja lake amakhala pafupifupi umphawi. Mwamuna wa Tsfatae satha kugwira ntchito chifukwa cha matendawa, Georgy anali atawala kwambiri, Ariadne anayesa kuthandiza ndalama, zipewa zawo, koma ziweto zomwe Marina Tsvetaeva adalemba. Adatcha munthu wofulumira kumwalira ndi njala. Chifukwa chake, achibale onse am'banjamo nthawi zonse amakhala ndi mwana wamwamuna wa Soviet ndi pempho lobwerera kudziko lakwawo.
Mu 1937, atapeza ufulu wa Ariadi, atatha miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, sergey efron efron mobisa mobisa ku Moscow, popeza ku France adaopseza kumangidwa kwake ngati akugwira ntchito yandale. Pakapita kanthawi, amadutsa moyenera malire a Marina ndi mwana wake. Koma kubwerera kunasandulika pamavuto. Posachedwa, NKVD imamangidwa mwana wamkazi wamkazi, ndi mwamuna wake ndi utoto. Ndipo ngati Ariadne atamwalira Yosefe Stalin, kunalibe zaka zopitilira 15, anakonzanso, kenako Efroni anawomberedwa mu Okutobala 1941.
Komabe, mkazi wake sankadziwa za izi. Nkhondo yayikulu ya dziko lapansi itayamba, mayi wokhala ndi mwana wamwamuna wachinyamata adapita kukachotsa m'tauni ya ELABAGA pa Mtsinje wa Kamega. Kuti mupeze kulembetsa kwakanthawi, ndakatulo zimakakamizidwa kupeza ntchito yotsuka. Mawu akewo adanenedwa August 28, 1941 pambuyo pa masiku atatu, Tsvetaeva adadzipha, kusangalala mnyumba momwe adatsimikizika ndi George. Marina adasiya zolemba zitatu zodzipha. Anauza mwana wake wamwamuna wa iwo ndipo anapempha kuti atikhululukire, ndipo mbali inayo anapempha anthu kuti asamalire mnyamatayo.
Ndizosangalatsa kwambiri kuti Marina Tsveaeva anali atangotuluka kumene, bwenzi la nthawi yayitali Boris Pasternak adamuthandiza pakupanga zinthu, komwe kudagulidwa mwapadera kuti azimanga zinthu. Munthu wotamanda kuti adatenga chingwe cholimba chotere - "Ngakhale atapachikika" ... Anali chida cha kudzipha kwa Marina Ivanovna. Ndinaika Tsvetaeva ku ELABAGA, koma popeza nkhondoyo idapita, maliro enieniwo amawalekanitsidwa mpaka pano. Miyambo ya Orthodox salola kudzipha, koma bishopu wolamulira sangapangitse. Ndipo kholo lakale Alexy II mu 1991, pazaka 50 zakufa, adagwiritsa ntchito ufuluwu. Mfiti ya mpingo inachitikira mu mpingo wa ku Moscow the yakukwera kwa Ambuye mu Nisitsky chipata.
Pokumbukira ndakatulo yayikulu yaku Russia, nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale za Marina Tsvetaeva idatsegulidwa, osati imodzi. Pali nyumba yofananira m'mizinda ya Turo, Koralev, Ivanov, Feodia ndi malo ena ambiri. M'mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Okey, ntchito ya ntchito ya Boris memer yakhazikitsidwa. Pali zipilala zokondera komanso m'mizinda ina ya Russia, pafupi ndi kutali.
Katundu
- 1910 - Album madzulo
- 1912 - Matsenga Matsenga
- 1913 - Kuchokera m'mabuku awiri
- 1920 - Tsar-Maden
- 1921 - Swan Stan
- 1923 - psyche. Chikondi
- 1924 - ndakatulo ya mapiri
- 1924 - ndakatulo ya chimaliziro
- 1928 - Pambuyo ku Russia
- 1930 - Siberia.