Chiphunzitso
Mafumu ochepa adalandira m'mbiri ya Epithet "MOYO". Alexander Nikolaevich Romanov amayenera ulemuwu. Ndipo Alexander II amatchedwa mfumu yopambana, chifukwa adatha kuchoka pamavuto okufa, mavuto akale kwambiri a Boma, adawopsezedwa ndi kupanduka ndi kuwukira.Ubwana ndi Unyamata
Mfumu yamtsogolo idabadwa mu Epulo 1818 ku Moscow. Mnyamatayo adabadwa patsiku lachikondwerero, Lachitatu Lachitatu ku Kremlin, ku mabishopu a chozizwitsa cha amonke. Apa, dzina lapachipenti wonse, likubwera kumsonkhano wa Isitala, lomwe linasonkhana m'mawa. Polemekeza mwana, kukhulupirika kwa moscow kunang'ambika moni mu 201 mofuula.
Archbishopusop Moscino adabatiza mwana Alexander Romanova pa Meyi 5 mu mpingo wa nyumba ya amonke. Makolo ake panthawi yobadwa kwa Mwana anali akuluakulu. Koma wopezera womaliza maphunziro anali ndi zaka 7, amayi ake Alexander Fedorovna ndi abambo a Nikolai ndinakhala chet.
Emperor wamtsogolo Alexander II adalandira maphunziro abwino kwambiri. Aphunzitsi ake akuluakulu, ali ndi udindo wongoti amangophunzitsidwa, komanso chifukwa choleredwa, anali zhukovsky. Mbiri yopatulikayo ndipo Lamulo la Mulungu linaphunzitsa Arricarrimst Gerasim Pavsky iyemwini. Maphunziro azachipatala adaphunzitsa mnyamatayo kukhala wanzeru za Aritity, ndipo Karl Merda adapereka maziko a gulu lankhondo.
Palibe aphunzitsi odziwika kuti anali ku Alexander Nikolayngelo komanso pamulamulo, ziwerengero, ndalama zachuma komanso zakunja. Mnyamatayo adakula mwanzeru komanso mofulumira, mwachangu aphunzitsi a sayansi. Koma nthawi yomweyo muukalamba, monga anzawo ambiri, anali mchikondi ndi wachikondi. Mwachitsanzo, paulendo wopita ku London, adakonda mfumukazi ya ku Britain Victoria.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, zaka zingapo, zakhala za Emperor waku Russia wa ku Russia Alexander II ku wolamulira wosafunikira kwambiri waku Europe.
Board ndi Kusintha Alexander II
Alexander Nikolavich Romanov adafika kwa ambiri, abambo ake adamudziwitsa za boma lalikulu la boma. Mu 1834, a Cesarevich adalowa nyumba ya Senate, chaka chamawa - mawonekedwe a Synod, komanso mu 1841 ndi 1842 Romanov Council ndi komiti ya atumiki.
Pakati pa 1830s, wolowa m'malo adapeza ulendo wabwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndipo adapita kumadera 29. Chakumapeto kwa zaka 30s adapita ku Europe. Ndipo analinso ndi ntchito yankhondo yabwino kwambiri ndipo anali mu 1844 anakhala wamba. Anapatsidwa mwayi woyang'anira ana.
Conaalvich imatsogozedwa ndi mabungwe ankhondo ndi ophunzira m'magulu obisika m'njira za 1846 ndi 1848. Amakhala bwino pamavuto a anyamata a akazi ndipo amamvetsetsa kuti kusintha ndi kusintha kwasintha kwa nthawi yayitali.
Nkhondo Yophedwa ya Critan ya 1853-56 imakhala gawo lalikulu mtsogolo la Wolamulira pa Kukhwima ndi kulimba mtima. Pambuyo polengeza m'chigawo cha St. Petersburg chankhondo, Alexander Nikolaevich amaganiza kuti ankhondo onse a likulu.
Alexander II, adalumikizana mu 1855 ku Mpandowachifumu, adalandira cholowa cholemera. Abambo ake kwa zaka 30 za boma lalephera kuthetsa chilichonse champhamvu komanso chambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, malo akuluakulu a dziko adakulitsidwa ndikugonjetsedwa mu nkhondo ya boma. Chumacho chinali chopanda kanthu.
Zinali zofunika kuchita motsimikiza komanso mofulumira. Ndondomeko zakunja kwa Alexander II zinali kuti mothandizidwa ndi zokambirana kuti zithetse mphete yamoto, yatsekedwa kuzungulira Russia. Gawo loyamba linali kumapeto kwa dziko la Paris mu kasupe wa 1856. Zomwe zimasungidwa ndi Russia sizingatchulidwe zopindulitsa kwambiri, koma kufooka kofooka sikungamulamulire. Chinthu chachikulu, chatha kuyimitsa England, omwe amafuna kupitilizabe nkhondoyo kuti iphonye ndi kufalitsidwa kwa Russia.
Alexander II adayendera Berlin m'mwezi wofanana ndikukumana ndi mfumu Fridrich Wilhelm IV. FridyIch adayenera ku Emperor amake. Ndi iye adakwanitsa kunena chinsinsi "mgwirizano". Ndi mfundo zakunja kubita ku Russia, zidatha.
Mfundo zamkati mwa Alexander II sizinali zopambana. M'moyo wa dzikolo, thaw "londidikirira - linabwera. Kumapeto kwa chilimwe cha 1856, pa mpatuko kudzakhala ndi mlandu ndi mtsogoleri, Petrashevtsev, otenga mbali paulamuliro wakukupukuta. Ndipo kwa zaka zina zitatu, adazimitsa ntchitoyi ndikuchotsa malo okhala ankhondo.
Pali nthawi zina komanso chisankho cha funso la anthu wamba. Emperor Alexander II anaganiza zoletsa Serfed, kutalikirana kumene, komwe kudakhala njira yopita patsogolo. Wolamulira adasankha "Lostsee" wopanda ufulu wopanda ulemu wa anthu wamba. Mu 1858, mfumuyi idavomera kuti pulogalamuyi ikonzedwe ndi maulendo ndi mitundu ya anthu. Malinga ndi kusinthaku, anthu wamba analandira ufulu wowombola dziko lomwe linaperekedwa.
Kusintha kwakukulu kwa Alexander II anali otsutsa kwenikweni panthawiyo. Anachirikiza mu 1864 zemstvo ndi mzinda wa 1870. Ma dearder a 1864 adakhazikitsidwa ndi kusintha kwankhondo kwa 1860-70-70s kunaleredwa. Kukonzanso Maphunziro Oaf kunachitika. Pomaliza, kulangidwa kwa dziko lotukuka komwe kudathetsedwa.
Alexander II adapitiliza molimba mtima za mtundu wa Chifumu Zake. M'zaka zoyambirira za Ulamuliro, adapambana nkhondo ya ku Caucas. Bwino kwambiri ku Central Asia, kuphatikiza turkestan ambiri m'dera la Boma. Mu 1877-78, mfumuyo inaganiza zomenya nkhondo ndi Turkey. Ndipo adakwanitsanso kudzaza ndalama zosungiramo ndalama, ndikulimbikitsa ndalama za 1867 ndi 3%. Izi zidachitika ndikugulitsa Alaska kupita ku United States.
Koma m'masiku otsiriza a ulamuliro wa Alexander II Reforms "Zabuxov". Kupitilira kwawo kunali ulesi komanso kosagwirizana. Onse otchuka osinthasintha. Kumapeto kwa bolodi, mfumuyo inayambitsa ofesi yopanda boma ku Russia ku Russia ku Russia Council.
Olemba mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti gulu la Alexander II, chifukwa zabwino zake zonse, anali ndi mphamvu yayikulu: mfumu idachititsa kuti zokondweretsa za dziko lapansi. Moonry adawululira asanakhale mfumu ya Prussian - amalume ake, ndipo m'njira zonse amalimbikitsa chilengedwe cha Germany.
Anthu a Tsar, Wapampando wa komiti ya atumiki Peter ali oyenerera, m'mabuku ake adalemba za vuto lamphamvu la wolamulira m'zaka zapitazi. Romanov anali pafupi kusokonezeka kwamanjenje, anali wotopa komanso wosakwiya. "Opalamula kuti" osakhala a epitye epitye, mfumu yamphamvuyi, idafotokoza molondola momwe alili.
Wandale, dzina lake wandale, kuti, "Ndikafunika kuti," atero wandale. "Mwachidziwikire, sizotheka kuziwerenga."Komabe, m'zaka zoyambirira za ulamuliro, Alexander Wachiwiri adakwanitsa kupanga zochuluka za boma. Ndi a Epithets "Mwindura" ndi 'Repurnan "komanso" iye amayenera.
Moyo Wanu
Emperor anali wokonda munthu. Pa nkhani yake. Ali mwana, anali ndi chibwenzi chokhala ndi Flidilinzina, omwe makolo amakwatirana mwamphamvu. Kenako buku lina, mobwerezabwereza ndi Frellan Maria Trubertskoy. Ndipo ndi Freel Olga Kalinovsky, kulumikizidwa kunali wamphamvu kwambiri kotero kuti Cesarevich adaganiza zokwatirana naye kuti asiye mpando wachifumu. Koma makolo adalimbikiranso kuthana ndi zovuta za ubalewu ndi ukwati ku Hesimilia.
Komabe, ukwati ndi Maria Alexandrovna, mu mfumukazi ya mfumu ya zaka Maximil-Manda-manda-sophia-dardadheadt, anali wokondwa. 8 Ana adabadwa mmenemo, 6 mwa yani ana a ndani.
Emperor Alexander II kwa chifuwa chachikulu chodwala, mkazi wake adayika malo ake omasuka a mafumu aku Russia - Livadia, adagula malo ndi malo amphepete mwa abotky.
Maria Alexandrovna adamwalira mu Meyi 1880. Anasiya cholembera momwe panali mawu othokoza kwa mkaziyo kuti akhale ndi moyo wosangalala.
Koma mfumu sinali mwamuna wokhulupirika. Moyo waumwini wa Alexander II chinali chifukwa chokomera pabwalo nthawi zonse. Anthu ena ankakonda kwambiri ana owonjezereka.
Frellina wazaka 18 EKateri Doborukova adatha kulimba mtima kuti agwire mtima wa mfumu. Wolamulira adakwatirana ndi wokondedwa wawo wautali mchaka chomwechi akamwalira. Unali ukwati wamomwe unali ukwati, ndiye kuti, mkaidi ndi nkhope ya sadale; Ana ku mgwirizano uno, ndipo panali anayi a iwo, sakanakhoza kukhala olowa m'malo a mpandowachifumu. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti ana onse anabadwa panthawi yomwe Alexander II anali okwatirana kale pa mnzake woyamba.
Mfumu itakwatirana kwa nthawi yayitali, anawo analandira mkhalidwe wovomerezeka komanso ulemu wa kalonga.
Imfa
Munthawi ya ulamuliro ku Alexander II, adapita kangapo. Choyamba kuyesera zidachitika atayimidwa kuti chigumula cha ku Poland mu 1866. Anadzipereka ku Russia Dmitry Karakozov. Chachiwiri - chaka chamawa. Nthawi ino ku Paris. Ofwish Yoston Anton Berezovsky anali kuyesera kupha mfumu.
Kuyesera kwatsopano kunachitika koyambirira kwa Epulo 1879 ku St. Petersburg. Mu Ogasiti chaka chomwecho, komiti yayikulu ya anthu idzaweruzidwa Alexander ii mpaka kufa. Pambuyo pake, anthu anafuna kuwomba sitima ya Emperor, koma molakwika anafooketsa ena.
Kuyesa kwatsopano kunali kwamagazi kwambiri: anthu angapo adamwalira pampando wachisanu pambuyo pophulika. Mwa mwayi wachinyengo, mfumu idalowa mchipindacho pambuyo pake.
Kuteteza wolamulira, ntchito yayikulu kwambiri yomwe idapangidwa. Koma sanapulumutse moyo wa Romanov. Mu Marichi 1881 pansi pa miyendo ya Alexander II, bomba lidaponyedwa ndi Ignevitsky. Kuchokera pamabala omwe adalandira, mfumu idamwalira.
Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti kuyesayesa kunachitika patsiku lomwe mfumu yomwe Emperor adaganiza zopereka chithandizo cha Revolution Convicesm M. T. Loris-a Melikova, pambuyo pake Russia amayenera kupita njira ya Constitution.