Chiphunzitso
Anton Pavlovich Chekhovi ndi apamwamba kwambiri ofotokoza mabuku padziko lonse lapansi, wolemba, wofalitsa, dokotala pophunzitsa, Maphunziro a Eliamperial Acainine.
Anton ChekhV adabadwira ku Taganrog mu Januware 1860. Abambo ake anali wogulitsa wochepa yemwe adasunga benchi la katundu wa atsamunda. Anton anali ndi abale anayi ndi alongo awiri, m'modzi mwa iye anamwalira ali ndi zaka zoyambirira. Amayi Chekhov anali mwana wamalonda, mkazi wabata wokhala ndi zokonda za banja.
A Anton ChekhV adaphunzitsidwa mu taganrog masewera olimbitsa thupi, pomwe bambo ake adathawa kuchoka ku Moscow. Wolemba zam'tsogolo adatsala kwawo ku kwawo. Amakhala limodzi ndi eni nyumba atsopano kunyumba kwake, amalipira chimbalangondo mwa ichi pophunzitsa.
Chekhov adanenanso kuti masomphenya awo adziko lapansi, adapanga chikondi cha mabuku ndi zisudzo, pomwe anali masewera olimbitsa thupi. M'zaka zonsezi, Anton Pavlovich adalemba nkhani zingapo zoyambirira. Kuyambira zaka 13 adasankha zisudzo ndipo adatenga nawo mbali pakupanga nyumba zomwe anali nawo masewera olimbitsa thupi.
Chilengedwa
Ntchito yosindikiza yoyamba ya Anton Pavlovich idawonekera mu 1880 mu Journato "Drannfv". Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, Chekhov nthawi zonse amaphatikizidwa ndi magaziniwo "," owonerera "," Malototoy "," kuwala ndi mithunzi ". Munthawi ya "zidutswa" za "zidutswa "zo zinasindikizidwa ndi nkhani zomveka za Chekhov. Mu 1883, m'magazini yomwe ili pamwambapa, ntchito "mafuta ndi pang'ono" idasindikizidwa, mu 1884 - "chameleon", komanso mu 1885 - "Pererap".
Mu 1886, nkhani ya Khrisimasi "Vanka" idasindikizidwa m'buku la "Petersburg nyuzipepala". Wolemba adasaina ntchito zake zoyambirira ndi pseudonym "Antosha Chekhonte".
Mu 1886, Anton Pavlovich adalandira kalata kuchokera ku St. Petersburg ndi lingaliro la ntchito. Anaitanidwa ku nyuzipepala "nthawi yatsopano". Munthawi imeneyi, wolemba adapanga nkhani "zonena za" komanso "zingwe zopanda mlandu". Ntchito zake zinali zotchuka, ndipo Czech adayamba kuwasaina dzina lakelo.
Premiere wa sewero loyambirira la Anton Pavlovich "Ivanov" lidachitika mu 1887 ku Moscow. Vutoli la Novice Voliewlight linakhazikitsidwa mu zisudzo za Kora. Zomwe anthu anachitazi zinali zosiyana, koma mawuwo adachita bwino. M'tsogolomu, kusewera kunayikidwa mu St. Petersburg, mu mawonekedwe osankhidwa pang'ono. Mu 1888, Anton Pavlovich adalandira theka la Gustinn Prite la nkhani za "usiku".
Chilimwe cha 1888 ndi 1889 ChekhoV omwe adakhala m'chigawo cha Kharkiv pafupi ndi Sumy. Imfa ya abale anakakamiza wolemba kuti athawe kumaso komwe amakhala ndi achibale. A Anton Pavlovich anali kupita ku Europe, koma tsoka linamugwetsa ku Odessa, kumene kazembe yaying'onoyo adakhudzidwa. Wolemba anali wokonda kuchita zachiwerewere, koma chifundo chimatha. Kumva Kuukira Kwa Asothy, Chekhov adapita ku Yalta.
Podzafika mu 1889, wolemba adalembedwa ku "sewerolo", "Steppe", "magetsi" ndi "kutopetsa mbiri". Zinthu za ntchito izi za Czechs zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa pamaulendo. Chidwi choyendera mipando yosiyanasiyana yowonekera ndi wolemba kumapeto kwa makumi asanu lomaliza, pomwe adasiya mgwirizano ndi madera oseketsa.
Chikhumbo chofuna kuyenda chinali chopita ku Sakhalin mu 1890. Njira yopita pachilumbachi imafika kudzera mwa Siberia, komwe wolemba ali ndi zinthu zogulitsa za tsogolo lake. Poganizira za thanzi la thanzi la woleza mtima, ulendowo sunali wophweka kwa iye. Kuchokera paulendo wa Chephov kunabweretsa mndandanda wa nkhani za "ku Siberia" ndi buku la "Sakadan Island".
Mafani ambiri a zaluso za Czech kwa ntchito zake zonse zimalowetsedwa moyenera ndi nkhani ya "Chamber. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, adasindikizidwa m'magazini ya magazini ya "Lingaliro la Chirasha" mu 1892. Dzinalo la nkhaniyi linali chinthu chothandiza, amapanga china chake chachilendo kapena chamisala. Mawu ambiri m'bukuli adapita ku Quites.
Mu 1892, wolemba adalota malonjezo ake ataliatali ndikugula malo ku Merikov. Pamenepo anawanyamula makolo ndi Mlongo Maria, yemwe anali kumuyang'anira m'bale wake. Pambuyo pakupeza chuma, Chekhov adasandulika. Anakhalanso ndi mwayi wochita zamankhwala, nditakwanitsa za mabukuwo, Anton Pavlovich anali ndi chidwi china - opaleshoni.
Mu nthawi ya Chekhov nthawi ya Chekhov idagwira ntchito ngati dokotala wa zemyky, amamanga masukulu angapo, malo oyaka nyama, pansanja ya belu. Wolemba anasamalira msewu wotambalala pamtolowu ndi mawonekedwe pa njanji ya positi ofesi. Kuphatikiza apo, Czechs amaweruza kuti aloweretse nkhalango zoluka, mitengo ya zipatso, limabula ndi kufika pamitengo yotentha chikwi. Munthawi imeneyi, Anton Pavlovich adatsegulanso laibulale ya anthu ku Taganrog.
Ntchito zambiri zodziwika bwino za Chekhov zidalembedwa kwa malo ogulitsa. Tikaka "chaka" ndi "Amalume vani" anali ochokera ku Mefkovo. Kuchulukitsa kwa chifuwa chachikulu kukakamiza wolemba nthawi zambiri kuti achokepo, kusiya kumwera. M'nyengo yozizira ya 1898, yosewerera yomwe idakhala bwino, ndipo nditabweranso ku France, ndidagula malo ku Yalta. M'chilimwe cha 1899, Chekhov adagulitsa chuma ndipo pamapeto pake adasamukira ku Crimea.
Munthawi imeneyi, Anton Pavlovich anakumana ndi mkazi wamtsogolo. Julayi 1900 olga anagwiritsa ntchito kanyumba ku Chekhov, komwe kunatsimikiza momwe amagwirira ntchito. Mu 1900, wosewererayo adapanga "alongo atatu" amasewera momwe mnzake amachitira masewera olimbitsa thupi. Kupambana kwa Olga Killipper monga wochita nawo gawo la gawo la azimayi omwe amasewera a Bekuv amabwerezedwa komanso pakupanga ntchito ya "chitetezo cha chiwindi" mu 1903.
Mu 1904, wosewererayo anamwalira. Chidutswa cha "Cherry dimba" lakhala ntchito yomaliza ya Russian.
Magwiridwe antchito ndi makanema
Woyang'anira Soviet Sergey Yutkevich adatenga kanema popanga sewero "lagoli". Tepiyo idalandira dzinalo "chiwembu cha nkhani yaying'ono."Robert Tiring ndi Dmitry fennkel, pogwiritsa ntchito mfundozo kuchokera ku mbiri yakale ya wolemba, mu 1991 ikani ku Netherlands magwiridwe antchito "Chekhov".
Bwero la Sewero la Sewero la Drama Liti "Muzikhululuka, Dr. Chekhov!" Moyo wa wosewerera unachotsedwa pempho la Moscow mu 2007.
Mu 2012, kanemayo adatulutsidwa, ndikulankhula za Anton Pavlovich ndi Lydia Avilova. Pa chithunzithunzi chotchedwa "mafani", otchuka achi Russia ograse togakov ndi krill pirig adalita.
Mu 2015, woyang'anira France Reneee Ferr pazinthu zomwe adawombera a Anton Chekhov 1890 tepi. Udindo wa Russia wosewera wachichepere anachita wachichepere wa ku Russia Nipolas zhiro. Chiwembu cha filimuyo chimamangidwa mozungulira moyo wa wolemba kuyambira 1885 mpaka 1890.
Moyo Wanu
MOYO WA MOYO WOKHUDZIRA NDI ZOPHUNZITSA NDI ZINSINSI ZAKE. Mbale ya Chekhov ndi zikhumbo zake zidatenga zaka. Zolemba zolemba sizinachitike. Akazi ake nthawi zambiri amadziwa zokhudzana ndi wina ndi mnzake, koma sanafulumire kuthyola kulumikizana ndi wokondedwa.
Mu 1888, wolemba anali ndi chidwi ndi Lidiya andina. Mtsikana wazaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi anali bwenzi la alongo a chekhov. Lick Mitsano anafunadi kukhala mkazi wa wolemba, ndipo amafuna kuti akhale mfulu komanso wodziyimira pawokha. Monga wokwatirana, mtsikanayo sanasangalale naye. Sizinalepheretse chekhov kwa pafupifupi zaka khumi kuti apereke chiyembekezo chokongola. Anamkondwera ndi anthu, koma adapewa kukambirana za ukwati ndi Chuma.
Zaka zingapo zoyambirira zolankhulirana ndi nkhope ya Chekhov yosenda omenyera komwe angakhale nawo pamaso pake, kuyika omwe angagwiritse ntchito omwe angathe kupeza malo a mayi wachichepere. Pambuyo pake, Anton Pavlovich yekhayo adayambitsa lumo m'chikondi ndi PEMESSATAS TAMATIus poti apepenko.
Mizinova adayamba kulumikizana ndi wojambula, wokhala ndi pakati ndikubereka mwana wamkazi. Mwanayo anamwalira m'zaka zoyambirira za moyo. Czechs adagwiritsa ntchito mfundozi ndikupanga mysine prototype wa Nina Zarechny kuchokera ku "Seagull". Pambuyo pa masewera ovuta ndi owoneka ndi Chekhov ndi Pottapenko, nkhope yake idanditonthoza ukwati. Mu 1902, adakwatirana ndi wotsogolera wa zisudzo Alexander Sanina.
M'mayiko azaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi, Anton Pavlovich adadziwana ndi Elena Shavarov. Mtsikana wazaka khumi ndi zisanu adabweretsa malembedwe a ChekhV wa nkhani yake ndipo adakonda wolemba popanda kukumbukira. Mtsikanayo adamvetsetsa kuti kulibe mwayi wobwezeretsanso, ndipo patatha zaka zisanu misonkhano yawo atakwatirana.
Mu 1897, adafika akuchezera abale ku Moscow. Anakumana ndi Chekhiv, ndipo buku latsopano lidachitika pakati pawo. Okonda adathawira ku Crimea. Ku Yalta, adakhala limodzi nthawi ina, koma adasweka. Chekhov adalemba Elena pafupi ndi makalata khumi ndi awiri, koposa aliyense wa wokondedwa wake. Anton Pavlovich adapereka chithunzi cha Shavarov mu nkhani "dona ndi galu".
Mu 1898, pa ziwonetsero za zidutswa za "chaka" adakumana ndi omwe anali achikulire akale osadziwika. Ankakondana ndi Chephiv kuchokera zaka khumi ndi ziwiri ndipo sanaphonye mwayi woyesa kulemba pa wolemba. Anton Pavlovich adatengedwa. Zotsatira za kukondera izi kunali kutenga pakati pa Nina. Amakhulupirira kuti wolemba alibe ana achindunji, koma mu 1900 anali ndi mwana wamkazi wa Tatyana. Chekhov sanadziwe za izi, popeza adasiya ntchito ku Nina chifukwa cha buku lomweli ndi Olga Killipper. Korsh sanamuuze wolemba zokhudzana ndi pakati. Pambuyo pobadwa, mwana wamkazi wa Nina ndi makolo ake asiya ku Paris. Tatyana Antonovna adakhala dokotala, akupita kumapazi a Atate.
Buku la Olga lidakhala mayi yemwe adatha kutsimikizira chekhov kuti akwatiwe. Anakumana mu 1898 pa zokambirana za seweroli "Seagull". Olga anali mkazi wokongola komanso wokongola, wochita sewero. Mu 1901, okonda adakwatirana. Kunalibe ana kuchokera kwa awiriwo. Bukuli linali ndi pakati, koma wolowa m'malo sunabadwe.
Makalata Ochokera ku Archive of Chekav kusiya nkhani yambiri yakuchita bwino kwa mgwirizano wake ndi buku. Olga sanachokepo, ndipo Czechs pafupifupi amakhala ku Yalta, kusokoneza chiwongola dzanja cha chifuwa. Nkhani yachikondi ya wolemba komanso mkazi wake adakumana ndi malingaliro okhudzana ndi maphwando okongola, koma adasandulika kukhala buku la Epistrolary lomwe lili ndi misonkhano.
Anzake Chekhov adakhulupirira kuti ngati wolemba sanakwatire olga, akadakhala ndi moyo wautali komanso wachimwemwe. Nkhaniyi, nkhani iyi idakhala yodabwitsa kwambiri kuposa momwe ingakhalire. M'masiku otsiriza a moyo wachilendo, mkazi anali pafupi ndi iye, osayenda.
Matenda ndi Imfa
Chekhov anali kudwala ndi chifuwa chachikulu. Nthawi yoyamba yomwe adapeza zizindikiro za ogula zaka 24. Malai ake kuyambira 1885 adawonekeratu, kuti kutentha kunaphatikizidwa ndi chifuwa chamagazi, monga zikusonyeza kuti ndi kukumbukira kwa wolemba. Ali mwana, Anton Pavlovich sanalandiridwe kuchokera ku chifuwa chachikulu. Zinkawoneka kwa iye kuti zizindikiro za matenda ena.
Pambuyo pake, wolemba adabisalira chifukwa cha okondedwa ndi anthu achikhalidwe. Sankafuna kusokoneza mlongo wake ndi mayi ake. Podzafika mu 1897, wosewererayo anali kudwala kale kwambiri, ankatulutsa magazi kuchokera m'mapapo oyenera. Izi zidamupangitsa kuti apeze kafukufuku yemwe akuyang'aniridwa ndi Pulofesa a Lostrumov.
Kuti muphunzire zizindikiro za matenda a Chekhov, adayikidwa kuchipatala. Madokotala anapezeka, mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Wolemba akhala bwino, adayamba kufunsa kwawo. Chekhov amafunadi kupitiliza zochitika zake zolembedwa. Mu 1898, kuwukira kwa chifuwa chamagazi kunayamba kutambasula kuchokera ku Chekhov kwa masiku angapo. Adabisira abale ake.
Zomverera zowawa zomwe zidakhala moyo wofunika wa chekhv, wolembayo adapereka ngwazi zake. Kusinthaku kukuwonekera kwambiri pantchito ya munthu wosadziwika.
Wolemba adakhazikitsidwa maulendo osiyanasiyana, njira yomwe nthawi zina imalemera kwambiri kwa wodwala. Khalani ku Yalta moyo wankhani kwa wolemba mpaka adakwatirana. Bunn Bunn yemwe amakhulupirira kuti wokwatirana naye adatsitsidwa ndi thanzi la Anton Pavlovich ndi maulendo ake omwe amapezeka pafupipafupi. Sanayandikire ndi mlongo wokondedwa wa wolemba Maria, kuwonjezera zifukwa zosangalalira. Chekhov atatsala pang'ono kufa kwa Chekhov ndi mkazi wake adapita ku malo oyambira ku South Germany.
M'chilimwe cha 1904, wolemba adamwalira mu Bayidvaler. Chifukwa cha kufa kwa Chekhov - chifuwa chachikulu. Zonsezi zinayamba ndi mfundo yoti kusewera kwaseriti kunawoneka choyipa kwambiri kuposa masiku onse. Bedi lake litakhala ndi dokotala, Chekhov adanena kale kuti amwalira. Anamupempha kuti apereke fayilo ya champagne, amamwa galasi ndikufa.
Zosangalatsa
- Ndili mwana, Chekhov amatchedwa "bomba", chifukwa anali ndi mutu waukulu. Pamodzi ndi abale, adayimba mu mpingo waya, yemwe adatsogolera abambo ake.
- Wolemba sanasankhe nthawi zonse dzina lake la dzina lomalizali. Zoposa khumi ndi ziwiri zomwe zimaposa anton pavlovich amadziwika kuti amatsutsa.
- Wolemba amawakonda agalu. Adagwira madamu awiri. Wodzikonda dzina lake Khaia Marovna ndi Bromine Isadekich polemekeza mankhwala otchuka. Wolemba adasunganso nyumba ya Mangoste.
- Wosewera ali wochezeka ndi Peter Tchaikovsky, Maxim Gorky, Isac Levitan, Ivan Bunstoy wotchedwa fano lake lotchedwa fano lake.
- Anton Pavlovich anali wamtali kuposa maminiti 180. Chithumwa chake chidakopa azimayi ambiri. Axamwali ya olimailanda nthabwala amawatcha "Antonovkov".
- Bokosilo ndi bungwe la wolemba linamutengera ku Germow kuchokera ku Germany mgalimoto lomwe linalembedwa "ma oysters". Unali gawo lokhalo la kapangidwe kalitsidwa ndi rigufiri nduna.
- Atamwalira wolemba, m'modzi mwa omwe adawadziwa pazinthu zomwe mwalemba adapereka memoali onse "A. P. Chekhov m'moyo wanga. " Lydia Avilova adanenanso kuti zongopeka zake zidaseweredwa pakati pa iye ndi wolemba, ngakhale kuti umboni wa nkhaniyi mulibe. M'makalata ake, Anton Pavlovich adatembenukira kwa "mayi" wake kapena "wotchuka". Lydia Avilova adalongosola izi chifukwa chakuti adatentha kwambiri makalata apamtima ndi osewera.
- Olemba mbiri yakale amakayikira kuti okumbukira, akukhulupirira kuti wolemba akufuna kukopa chidwi ndi thandizo la dzina la mnzake wotchuka.