Boris Pasterk - Biography, Chithunzi, Moyo Wawokha, Ntchito, Imfa

Chiphunzitso

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak ndi m'modzi mwa ambuye ochepa a mawu omwe adapereka mphotho ya Nobel. Zolemba zake ndi matembenuzidwe ake adalowa mu thumba lagolide la Chirasha ndi china.

Boris Parageak adabadwa pa Januware 29, 1890 ku Moscow mu banja lanzeru. Amayi - Kiyano, yemwe ntchito yake idayamba ku Odessa, komwe banjalo lidasamuka pamaso pa Barus. Abambo ndi wojambula komanso membala wa Area Waluso. Zojambula zake zina zimapezeka ndi woyang'anira wotchuka pabwalo la a Tretykov. Abambo a Boris anali abwenzi ndi Lvom NikolayEvich Tolstoy ndipo anali pachidwi pofotokoza mabuku ake. Boris anali woyamba kubadwa, pambuyo pake, ana ena ambiri adawonekera m'banjamo.

Kuyambira ndili mwana, wolemba ndakatulo wazungulira malo opanga. Nyumba ya makolo idatsegulidwa kwa otchuka osiyanasiyana. Akuluakulu omwe akufuna mkango wololstoy, opanga Sphrianinor ndi Rakmaninov, ojambula a Ivanov, Polenov, Geterov, Levitan, Levitian. Kulankhulana nawo sikungakhudze ndakatulo yamtsogolo.

Ulamuliro wa mnyamatayo anali Woopsa, motsogozedwa ndi Wopeka kwa nthawi yayitali anali wokonda nyimbo ndipo anali kulota kumapazi a mphunzitsi wake. Boris amaphunzira bwino, amamaliza ntchito yochita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi mendulo yagolide. Pamodzi lofanana amaphunzira ku Conservatory.

Pakanema za PasterAk, panali zochitika mobwerezabwereza pomwe anayenera kusankha, ndipo kusankha kumeneku kunali kovuta. Cholinga choyambirira chinali kukana kwa ntchito ya nyimbo. Pambuyo pazaka zambiri, amalongosola za izi pakalibe kumva kwathunthu. Cholinga chabwino ndi chothandiza, zonse zomwe adazichita, zimabweretsa ungwiro. Boris anazindikira kuti, ngakhale ndi chikondi chopanda tanthauzo, sakanatha kukhazikika pamunda.

Mu 1908, imakhala wophunzira wa necfik Moscow Yunivesite, chaka chimodzi pambuyo pake adamasuliridwa ku Dipatimenti Yochita za Philosofi. Malinga ndi maphunziro onse, ali ndi kuyesera kwanzeru, ndipo mu 1912 amalowa ku yunivesite ya Margburg. Ku Germany, Pasternak akuneneratu ntchito yopambana, koma mosayembekezereka iye asankha kukhala wolemba ndakatulo, osati wafilosofi.

Njira Zoyambira Zoyambira

Zitsanzo za cholembera zimagwera 1910. Ndakatulo yake yoyamba yalembedwa mokomera ulendo wokhala ndi banja lake kupita ku Venice ndi kukana kwa msungwana wokondedwa, amene amamupatsa. Mmodzi mwa ogwira nawo ntchito amalemba kuti anali ndakatulo ya ana, koma tanthauzo latanthauzo kwambiri. Pambuyo pobwerera ku Moscow, umakhala phwando ku mabwalo a "mawu" ndi "asnagt", komwe amawerenga ndakatulo zake. Poyamba, zoimira zake komanso zozizwitsa zimamutanthauza kuti amamutanthauzira, koma pambuyo pake amasankha mayendedwe odziyimira pawokha pa mayanjano aliwonse olemba.

1913-1914 - Zaka zadzazidwa ndi zochitika zambiri. Ma ndakatulo ake ambiri adasindikizidwa, zopereka za ndakatulo "mapasa m'mitambo" idatuluka. Koma wolemba ndakatulo akudzifunitsa yekha, amawona zolengedwa zake zokwanira. Mu 1914, iye akumana ndi mayakavsky, omwe ali ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu pa Pasternak pa Pasternak.

Mu 1916, a Pastherternak amakhala kudera la Perm, mu Mudzi wa Uravolodo-Vevolodo-Vilva, komwe akuitanidwa ndi woyang'anira mankhwala mbewa za mankhwala a Boris Zbarsky. Imagwira ntchito mu ofesi ya Office palemba la bizinesi ndipo imachitika pamalonda komanso kupereka ndalama. Malinga ndi malingaliro ofala, Yurchatin kuchokera ku New The Nenal "Dr. Zhivago" ndi prototype wa perm. Pitani ku Berezniki zomera ku Kame. Pankhani ya zomwe adawona m'kalata yopita ku S. P. Bobrov amatcha mbewuyo ndikumangidwa m'mudzi wa European Sevel Hempuum ".

Chilengedwa

Luso ndi njira yodabwitsa. Kwa ena, ndiopepuka komanso osangalatsa, kwa ena - kulimbikira, kugwira ntchito, kumafuna kuyesetsa kwambiri kukwaniritsa cholinga ndikukwaniritsa ungwiro. Boris anali m'gulu lachiwiri la anthu. Kuchokera ntchito zambiri, ulemu mokweza ndi ma ndakatulo. Zosunga "Mlongo wanga ndi Moyo", zomwe zidatuluka mu 1922, akuwona kuti ndikupambana koyamba pa gawo lolemba.

Chosangalatsa, ngakhale zowona za chobisika chinali ubale wake ndi ubale wake ndi Sergey Yesenin, yemwe sanakonde ntchito ya Pasternak. Pamaziko awa, ubale wawo unasandulika kuti azilimbana. Kamodzi kumenya nkhondo kunachitika pakati pa ndakatulo. Pali zokumbukira zosangalatsa za Katheva, komwe kulowera ku Yesnina amawatcha "korthalevich", ndi Pasternak "Milat".

"Korolovza adagwira ntchito yanzeru ya mabere ndi dzanja limodzi, ndipo winayo adayesa kuyipatsa khutu, pomwepo pahatchi ija, yofanana ndi nkhope yake yokhala ndi nkhope yoyaka, mu jekete loyaka. Ndi mabatani alumin ndi kusachita bwino, adapangidwa kuti alowetse nkhuni ya Korivachy mu ofiira kumene sakanakhoza kuchita bwino. "

Mu 1920s pali zochitika zingapo zofunika: Kusaka kwa makolo kupita ku Germany, Banja la Evgenia Lurie, kubadwa kwa Mwana, kufalitsidwa kwa Mwana, ndakatulo zatsopano.

Atsogoleri a Soviet

Kumayambiriro kwa m'ma 1930s, Pasternak ndi ntchito Yake amazindikira mphamvu. Zophatikiza za ndakatulo zimasindikizidwa pachaka, mu 1934 amalankhula ndi malankhulidwe pachilumba cha mgwirizano wa olemba. Amawerengedwa ngati ndakatulo yabwino kwambiri mdziko la soviets. Mu 1935 zimapita ku Paris kupita ku Congress yapadziko lonse ya olemba. Kusokonezeka kwamatsenga kumachitika paulendowu, wolemba amadandaula za kugona ndi nkhawa komanso kukhumudwa.

M'chaka chomwecho, a Pasternak amaimira mwana wamwamuna ndi mwamuna wake Akhmatova, amene anamangidwa, kenako amamasulidwa chifukwa cha makalata ake. Ndili wokondwa mu Disembala 1935, wolemba ndakatulo amatumiza Stalin ngati mphatso yolemba buku lotanthauzira mawu a mawu a ndakatulo a ku Georgia. M'kalata yomwe ili patsamba ilimo, amayamika chifukwa cha "Kumasulidwa kwa abale a Akhmatova."

Mu Januwale 1936, kufalitsidwa kwa ndakatulo ziwiri zake ziwiri, momwe amasilira i. V. Stalin. Ngakhale atachitapo kanthu, mphamvu ya anthu sinakhululukire pasakakyo ya kupembedzera kwake kwa abale awo a Ankimova, komanso kuteteza Gummumov ndi Mandelstam. Mu 1936 amachotsedwa mu moyo wa pa 1936 amachotsedwa mu moyo, wonamizira kuti ndi moyo wolakwika.

Kumasuna

Pasterkak adalandira mbiri yake ngati ndakatulo yokha, komanso monga mbuye womasulira ndakatulo zakunja. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1930, chiwerengero cha utsogoleri wa dzikolo chikusintha umunthu wake, ntchito sizikusindikizidwanso, ndipo zilibe chiyembekezo popanda chipulumutso. Izi zimapangitsa ndakatulo kuti atanthauze kumasulira. Kwa iwo, Pasternak amatanthauza zojambula zodzikwanira. Zoyenera kugwira ntchito ndi chisamaliro chapadera, kuyesera kuti zikhale bwino.

Zimayamba kugwira ntchito pa Matembenuzidwe mu 1936, m'dziko la Peredelkino. Pastherations Parternak amadziwika kuti ndi ofanana ndi ntchito zazikulu. Kusamutsidwa kumangokhala kwa iye osati mwayi wokhala ndi banja mu mikhalidwe yozunzidwa, komanso m'njira yodzipangira ndakatulo. Matembenuzidwe a Shakespeare opangidwa ndi Boris Parternak adakhala wapamwamba.

Nkhondo

Chifukwa cha kuvulala kwa ana, sikuyenera kulimbikitsa. Wotayika pambali wolemba sakanatha. Imathera maphunziro, amapeza mtundu wa mtolankhani wankhondo ndipo amapita kutsogolo. Nditabwerako, imapanga kuzungulira kwa ndakatulo za poems.

M'zaka za pambuyo pa nkhondo, imagwira ntchito kwambiri, imachita matembenuzidwe, popeza amakhalabe opeza okha. Poems analemba pang'ono - nthawi yake yonse imagwiritsa ntchito matembenuzidwe ndikulemba buku latsopano, limagwiritsa ntchito potanthauzira "fatot" goethe.

"Dr. Zhivago" ndi udzu

Buku la "Dr. Zhivago" ndi imodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri za wolemba ndakatulo yemwe ali ndi vuto, m'njira zambiri ndi buku la autobigraphirical, ku Parternak zaka khumi. Prototype wa munthu wamkulu wa bukuli anali mkazi wake ku Chisinaida Palterriak (Nigauz). Ataoneka a Olga Ivinskaya pamoyo wake, nyimbo zatsopano za wolemba ndakatulo, yogwira ntchito pa bukuli idayenda mwachangu kwambiri.

Kuwerenga kwa bukuli kumayamba kuyambira pachiyambi cha zaka za zana la zaka ndipo kumatha ndi nkhondo yayikulu ya dziko lapansi. Dzina la Bukhulo monga ndinalemba. Poyamba ankatchedwa "anyamata ndi atsikana", ndiye kuti "kandulo yamoto" ndi "wopanda imfa."

Kuti mukhale ndi nkhani yoona komanso taonani zomwe zachitika m'zaka za zaka zija, wolemba anali kuvulala mwankhanza, ndipo Dr. Zhivago samadziwika kuti utsogoleri wa dzikolo. Ku Soviet Union, bukuli silinasindikize, koma ulemu wake unali kuyamikiridwa kunja. Yofalitsidwa ku Italy mu 1957 Roma "Dr. Zhivago" adalandira ndemanga mwachangu kwambiri za owerenga ndipo adayamba kukhala womverera weniweni.

Mu 1958, mphotho ya Nobel imaperekedwa Pasternak. Bukuli limamasuliridwa m'zilankhulo zamayiko osiyanasiyana ndipo limagwiritsa ntchito pamtendere, lofalitsidwa ku Germany, Great Britain ndi Holland. Akuluakulu a Soviet adayesetsa kuti ayesetse kuchotsa zolemba pamanja ndipo adaletsa bukuli, koma adatchuka kwambiri.

Kuzindikira luso la wolemba wolemba dziko lonse lapansi kumakhala chisangalalo chachikulu komanso chisoni nthawi imodzi. Kuvulala kwambiri osati mphamvu yokha, komanso ogwira nawo ntchito. Makonda omwe apezeka m'mafakitale, ku Institutes, m'malo opanga komanso m'mabungwe ena. Makalata ophatikizika amakhudzidwa ndi chofunikira kuti alange wolemba ndakatulo.

Anadzipereka kuti atumize kwawo kuchokera kudzikolo, koma wolemba ndakatulo sanadziyerekeze kuti alibe dziko lakwawo. Amafotokoza zokumana nazo zowawa zake munthawi imeneyi m'mabuku a Nobel (1959), inafalitsidwanso kunja. Mokakamizidwa ndi anthu omwe amapezeka pamtunduwu, adakakamizidwa kukana, ndipo anali atangoimbidwa mlandu woukira ndi vesi. Boris Leonidovich amapatula a olemba a Ussr, koma akhalabe mu litandi, akupitilizabe kulengeza ndi kulandira ndalama.

Ndakatulo

Mu mavesi a nthawi yoyambira, mphamvu ya zizindikiro zikuwonekera. Amadziwika ndi nthano zovuta, zithunzi zosamveka komanso kufananitsa. Pankhondo, mawonekedwe ake amasintha kwambiri - ndakatulo ikusavuta, yomveka komanso yosavuta kuwerenga. Izi ndizodziwika bwino za ndakatulo zake zazifupi, monga "March", "mphepo", "Hmel", "Hamlet". Nzeru za Pasterrak ndichakuti ngakhale ndakatulo zake zazing'ono zimakhala ndi tanthauzo lofunikira lanzeru.

Ntchito yolembedwa mu 1956 ndi ya kumapeto kwa ntchito yake nthawi yomwe amakhala ndikugwira ntchito ku Peleralkino. Ngati zoyambirira za ndakatulo zake zinali zokongola, kenako pambuyo pake chikhalidwe cha anthu chimawonekera mwa iwo.

Mutu womwe wandiya wokondedwa ndi umodzi wamunthu ndi chilengedwe. "Julayi" ndi chitsanzo cha mawu abwino kwambiri omwe amalongedwa ndi nthano imodzi mwa miyezi yokongola kwambiri pachaka.

Pomaliza, zopereka zake zidzalowa mu ndakatulo ya "chipale chofewa chimapita", cholembedwa mu 1957. Ntchitoyi imakhala ndi magawo awiri: mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe ndi malingaliro a filosofi pa tanthauzo la moyo komanso pafupipafupi. Mapiko adzakhala mzere "ndipo m'zaka za zana lalitali kwambiri limatha tsiku" kuchokera ku ndakatulo yake "masiku onse" (1959), omwe nawonso adalemba zolemba zomaliza.

Moyo Wanu

Bizinesi ya Boris Parternak siyingakhale yathunthu popanda kufotokozera moyo wake. Wolemba ndakatulo anali atakwatirana kawiri, nthawi yoyamba - muubwana wake, kachiwiri - m'kulalikira. Chikondi chake chachitatu chinali.

Akazi ake onse anali malo osungirako, anapatsa chisangalalo ndipo anali wokondwa ndi iye. Kulenga kwake, kukonda kwachilengedwe, kumira m'mphepete mwa kutengeka kwake kunali komwe kumayambitsa kusamvetseka. Sanatsikire kuperekedwa, koma sakanakhala mkazi wosakwatiwa m'modzi.

Mkazi wake woyamba wa Evgeny Lurie anali wojambula. Anakumana naye mu 1921 ndipo anawaganizira mophiphiritsa. Munthawi imeneyi, a Pasternak amathetsa ntchitoyi pa nkhani ya "ubwana wa Luverx", ngwazi za komwe zinali zomveka za chithunzi cha wojambula. Ngwazi ya ntchitoyi imatchedwa Evgenia. Chokoma, kudekha komanso kusungunuka kudanenedwa modabwitsa mkati mwake ndi cholinga chokwanira komanso kudzikwanira. Mtsikanayo amakhala mkazi wake komanso wosungiramo zinthu zakale.

Kukumana naye mu moyo wa wolemba ndakatulo adabweretsa kukweza kodabwitsa. Boris anali wokondwa kwambiri, adabadwa oyamba kubadwa - mwana Eugene. Kumva mwamphamvu kwambiri kwaukwati kumasudzulana, koma patapita nthawi umphawi ndi kupsinjika kwa moyo wa 20s kumaonekera pa banja lawo. Eugene adafuna kukhazikitsidwa ngati wojambula, kotero gawo la banja likukhudza nkhawa.

Maubwenzi amawonongeka pomwe wolemba ndakatulo amayamba kulemberana ndi Marina Tsvetaeva, ndikupangitsa nsanje yoyaka kwa mkazi wake, zomwe zimamupangitsa kuti asokoneze ku Germany makolo a ku Germatek. Pambuyo pake, adzakana kugulitsa maluso awo opanga ndi kudzipereka kwathunthu kwa banja. Koma pofika nthawi imeneyi wolemba ndakatulo amapezeka wokondedwa watsopano - Zinaida Blauz. Ali ndi 32, Iye ali kale 40, mwamuna wake ndi ana awo awiri.

Kusefukira - mosiyana ndi mkazi woyamba. Iye ndi mbuye wabwino komanso wopanda ena onse omwe amapereka banja. Inalibe kukonzanso mwatsopano mwa mkazi woyamba, koma adamukondana naye pang'ono. Banja ndi ana osankhidwa ndakatulo sizinayime, akufuna kukhala naye, mosiyana ndi zonse. Ngakhale anali atalekana, pastherak nthawi zonse amathandiza banja lake lakale, amawathandiza.

Ukwati wachiwiri unali wosangalalanso. Mkazi woganiza bwino adapereka mtendere komanso malo abwino. Mwana wachiwiri wa ndakatulo - Leonid adabadwa. Monga mkazi woyamba, chisangalalo chidatenga zaka zopitilira khumi. Kenako mwamunayo anayamba kuchedwetsa ku Rekelo ndipo pang'onopang'ono amachoka ku banja. Potengera maziko ozizira maubale, muofesi ya magazini ya magazini ya magazini "yatsopano" m'dziko la Olga IvinskayaAya.

Boris sanafune kusiya mkazi wake, kuyesera mobwerezabwereza kuti athetse chibwenzicho ndi olga. Mu 1949, polumikizana ndi wolemba ndakatulo wa Scrins, Ivinskaya amangidwa ndikutumizidwa zaka 5 kupita ku msasa. Kwa zaka izi, amathandiza mayi ake ndi ana ake, amatenga ndalama ndipo amachititsa kuti pakhale ndalama.

Kuyesedwa kwakukulu kumakhudza thanzi lake. Mu 1952, amapezeka m'chipatala ndi vuto la mtima. Atabwerako kuchokera kumisasa olga, Pasternak ali ndi mlembi wosavomerezeka. Sachita mbali mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake.

Imfa

Udzu kuchokera kumbali ya ogwira nawo ntchito ndipo anthu adalonjeza thanzi lake. Mu Epulo 1960, a Pasternak akudwala kwambiri. Zinali zokwana metastasis m'mimba. Kuchipatala pafupi ndi kama wake, Zinida Ikhale pantchito.

Kumayambiriro kwa Meyi, kuzindikira kumabwera kwa iye kuti matendawa ndi osachiritsika, ndipo muyenera kukonzekera imfa. Meyi 30, 1960 Iye sanatero. Zinida adzasiya moyo zaka 6, chifukwa chaimfa ndi chimodzimodzi ndi Pasternak.

Pamaliro ake, ngakhale anali osavomerezeka kwa olamulira, anthu ambiri adabwera. Ena mwa iwo anali Adoznei Voznesensky, Bulat Owadzhava, Naum Korzorvin ndi ena. Manda ake ali kumanda ku Peredelkino. Banja lonse laikidwa pamenepo. Wolemba chipilala pamalo a Partingrerak ndiye wopusitsa Sarah Lebedev.

Ntchito ndi Mabuku

• "Tsain mumitambo"
• "Wokonda Ana"
• "Mitu Itatu Yonse"
• "Chikondwerero"
• "Airways"
• "Kubadwa Kwawiri"
• "Nyimbo za Georgia"
• "M'masitima Oyambirira"
• "Mukamayenda"
• "Dokotala Zhivago"
• "Ndakatulo ndi ndakatulo: in 2 t"
• "Sindimalemba ndakatulo ..."
• "Ntchito Zosankhidwa"
• "Makalata kwa Makolo ndi Alongo"
• "Makalata a Boris Pasters"
• "Dziko Lapansi"