Chiphunzitso
Socates - wafilosofi wamkulu kwambiri wa mbiri yakale, ophunzira ake anali proto, alkiviad, xenophon, euclide. Chiphunzitso cha Soctings chinali ndi gawo latsopano lokhala ndi malingaliro akale, pomwe cholinga sichinali chilengedwe ndi mtendere, koma munthu ndi zoziza zauzimu.Ubwana ndi Unyamata
Malinga ndi magwero osiyanasiyana, wafilosofi anabadwa mu 470sherofi mu 470-469 BC, mu Greek Atene, m'banja wa Sofrons ndi zopinga za Fenartarts. Woganiza bwino mtsogolo anali ndi wamkulu wa M'bale Patrole, amene anatengera katundu wa abambo, koma Socates sanakhalebe wosauka.
Izi zitha kuweruzidwa ndikuti munkhondo yomwe ili ndi Sparta, wafilosofi adapita ku yunifomu ya wankhondo wolemera, ndipo adatha kulipira kwa nzika zolemera. Likuti mfundo yoti Atate amapezedwa anali nzika yolemera ndipo anali ndi mfuti ndipo anali ndi mfuti, mfuti ndi zida zina.
Socates adatenga katatu kunkhondo, kuwonetsa kulimba mtima komanso kulimba mtima pankhondo. Makamaka kulimba mtima kwa wafilosofi ndi wankhondo kumadziwonekera pa tsiku lomwe anapulumutsidwa ku Imfa ya Wake Wankhondo, Alkiviad.
Wofatsa adabadwa ndewu 6, m'masiku a "chodetsedwa", zomwe zidakonzekereratu zamtsogolo zake. Malinga ndi malamulo akale achi Greek, Socates adakhala mtsogoleri wa gulu la anthu aku Atene ndi Boma, komanso aulere. M'tsogolomu, maudindo a anthu afilofofiry anachita changu choyenera, koma popanda kutentheka, ndipo analipira chifukwa chokhulupirira, kukhulupirika ndi kulimba.
Ali mwana, a Socates adaphunzira ku Damon ndi Konon, Zenona, Anaksagora ndi aryali, amalankhula ndi malingaliro akulu ndi ambuye a nthawi imeneyo. Sanasiye buku limodzi, kapena umboni umodzi wonena za nzeru komanso nzeru zake. Zambiri za munthuyu, mbiri ya moyo, mbiri, nzeru zake zimadziwika chifukwa chokumbukira ophunzila mwa ophunzira, omwe ndi otsatira ndi otsatira. Mmodzi wa iwo anali Aristotle wamkulu.
Malingaliro
Pansi pa Moyo, wafilosofi sanawonekere, osakonda kupita ku chowonadi, pogwiritsa ntchito polankhula pakamwa. Socates amakhulupirira kuti mawu oti zolemba zimapha kukumbukira komanso kutaya mtima. Malingaliro azachipatala amamangidwa pamalingaliro a m'maiko, zabwino ndi ukoma, pomwe iye adanenanso zomwe adanena, kulimba mtima, kuwona mtima.
Nthawi yomweyo, chidziwitso, kwa Soctes, ndipo pali ukoma. Osazindikira tanthauzo la malingaliro a malingaliro, munthu sangathe kuchita zabwino, kukhala olimba mtima kapena chilungamo. Kungodziwa kokha kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zabwino, chifukwa zimachitika mosamala.
Maanthu otsutsana ndi tanthauzo la lingaliro la anthu obwera chifukwa cha ma Sonopop ndi Xenophon, ophunzira anzeru. Malinga ndi Plato, Socates molakwika anali a choyipacho, ngakhale kuti ndi woipayo, munthu amamupweteketsa adani. Xenophhon ali ndi malingaliro otere pankhaniyi, kufalitsa mawu a Socates pa choyenera chofunikira pamikangano, ponena za chitetezo.
Kutanthauzira kosiyana ndi mawu ofotokozedwera kumafotokozedwa ndi mtundu wophunzitsira wophunzira wa Sociarate. Filosofi anasankha kulankhulana ndi ophunzira mu mawonekedwe a zokambirana, kukhulupirira moyenera kuti chowonadi chidabadwa. Chifukwa chake, ndizomveka kuganiza kuti wankhondo Soculates adalankhula ndi wamkulu pankhondoyo ndikukambirana zoipa za mikangano yankhondo ndi mdani pankhondo.
Plato anali nzika yamtendere ku Atene, ndipo Socates ali ndi mapuloto okhudzana ndi miyambo yakhalidwe, ndipo anali okhudza anthu anzake asanu ndi awiri, ndipo anali okhudza anthu anzake komanso kuti ali ololedwa kuwapangitsa kuti achite zoipa.
Zokambirana sikosiyana kosiyana mu nzeru zamasewera. Pazinthu zowoneka bwino za malingaliro omveka, mfundo za anthu zomwe zalembedwa ndi wafilopefir zimaphatikizapo:
- mtundu wolankhula za chowonadi;
- Kutsimikiza mtima ndi njira yothandizira, kuchokera patokha - kwa anthu wamba;
- Sakani mayankho a mafunso mothandizidwa ndi maevitka.
Socrate Njira Yosaka Zoona zake zinali kuti wafilosofi adapempha nkhani zokhudzana ndi zomwe akuithandizirani, kuti yankho lake litasowa ndipo kenako linazindikira mosayembekezereka. Woganiza komanso mafunso okhazikika "kuchokera kwa wotsutsayo", kukakamiza wotsutsa kuti asadzitsutsa.
Mphunzitsiyo sanatumize mutu wa mphunzitsi wodziwa zonse. Ndi gawo ili la chiphunzitso cha Socratsky, mawu omwe amamuwuza amakhudzana:
"Ndikudziwa zomwe sindikudziwa, koma ena sakudziwa izi."Philosopher adafunsa, kukankhira mnzake ku malingaliro ndi mapangidwe atsopano. Kuchokera pazinthu zambiri, adapereka tanthauzo la malingaliro a konkriti: Kodi kulimba mtima ndi chiyani, chikondi, kukoma mtima?
Njira yolakwika idatsimikizika ndi Aristotle, yemwe adayenera kubadwira m'mibadwo itatha ndikukhala wophunzira wa Plato. Malinga ndi aristotle, chododometsa chachikulu cha Socirates chimati: "Ubwino wamunthu ndi mkhalidwe wamalingaliro."
Socates omwe anali ndi moyo wachangu, anthu amabwera kudzazindikira, pofunafuna chowonadi. Sanaphunzitse zolaula ndi zaluso zina, koma anaphunzitsa kuti akhale wokongola wachibale: banja, zachikhalidwe, abwenzi, antchito, antchito ndi akapolo.
Afilosofi satenga ndalama kwa ophunzira, koma anzeru anzeru adamkane kwa opusa. Zomalizanso, timakonda kukambirana za miyezo yakhalidwe komanso zauzimu zauzimu, koma sizinachitike kuti zipezeke ndalama zotere ndi nkhani zawo.
Chifukwa chokhutira ndi momwe Greece ndi nzika zakale ndi nzika za Atenes zidapereka kwambiri. Kwa nthawi imeneyo, zimawerengedwa kuti ana a wamkulu amaphunzira kuchokera kwa makolo awo, ndipo kunalibe masukulu awo. Achinyamatawo adauzira ulemerero wa munthu uyu ndi kunyadani valapolo kwa wafilosofi wotchuka. M'badwo wachikulire sunasasangalale ndi zinthu zoterezi, kuyambira apa ndipo kunabadwa kuti aphedwe a Socrate mlandu wa "chivundi cha achinyamata."
Zinkawoneka kuti zanthu za filosofi zimathetsa maziko omwe anali pagulu, amawononga malingaliro achangu ndi malingaliro owopsa, ziphunzitso za milungu yachi Greek, zoyipa, zina zauchimo, zoyipa, zina zauchimo, zoyipa, zina zauchimo, zoyipa, zina zauchimo, zochimwa, zochimwa, zina zamatsenga.
Mfundo ina, yomwe idapha anthu Socates ndipo adayambitsa woganiza, akukhudzana ndi mlandu wosavomerezeka komanso kupembedza ndi milungu ina m'malo mwa a ku Atene. Socates adakhulupirira kuti zinali zovuta kuti munthu aweruze zochita, chifukwa zoipa zikuyenda mosazindikira. Nthawi yomweyo, mu moyo wa aliyense pali malo abwino, ndipo mzimu uliwonse umakhala ndi chiwanda cha demokalase. Liwu la chiwanda chamkati, chomwe lero titha kutchedwa mngelo womuteteza, nthawi zina kudabwitsidwa ndi mpira, momwe angachitire pamavuto.
Chiwandachi chinathandiza katswiri wa katswiri wovuta kwambiri ndipo nthawi zonse amafotokoza, motero zimasokonezedwa ndi Soctate, zomwe zimawoneka zosavomerezeka. Chiwanda chija, ndipo chivomerezo cha Umulungu watsopano, womwe woganiza uku ukupembedza.
Moyo Wanu
Mpaka zaka 37, moyo wa wafilosofi sunasiyanitse zochitika zazikulu. Pambuyo pake, malo amtendere komanso ogwiritsa ntchito amatenga katatu, ndipo adadziwonetsa ngati wankhondo wankhondo wolimba mtima komanso wolimba mtima. Nkhondo imodzi, anachitika kuti apulumutse moyo wa wophunzirayo, mkulu wa alkiviad, wokhala ndi nkhondo imodzi yankhondo imodzi anali ndi mano a Spartans.
Izi zidayikidwanso chifukwa chodziimba mlandu ndi ma cirrates, popeza alkiviad, atayamba kugwira ntchito ku Atene, adakhazikitsa ulamuliro wolamulira mwankhanza m'malo mwa demokalase. Kuchotsedwa mu mfundo ndi moyo wa anthu ndi kupezeka pazinthu zam'malingaliro komanso kusangalatsa kwa Socates sizinachite bwino. Sanandigonjetse, ndipo mochuluka monga njira za ulamuliro wa olamulira mwankhanza omwe amabwera kudzatsala nawo.
Okalamba, wafilosofi wina wokwatira Xintippe, yemwe anali ndi ana amuna atatu kwa iye. Malinga ndi mphekesera, mkazi wa Socates sanayamikire malingaliro ambiri a mnzakeyo ndipo amasiyanitsidwa ndi kukwiya. Ndiye chifukwa chake bambo wa ana atatu satenga nawo mbali konse m'moyo wa banja, sanapeze ndalama, sanathandize abale ake. Woganizayo anali wokhutira ndi wocheperako: Ankakhala mumsewu, iye amakhala mumsewu, iye anali atayenda zovala ndikumva ma eccentric Sophist, omwe amamupatsa iwo m'zovuta zake, Aristofan.
Khothi ndi Kupha
Imfa ya wafilosofi wamkulu, tikudziwa za zolembedwazo. Mwatsatanetsatane, njira yoyeserera ndi mphindi zomaliza za woganizayo zidafotokoza za Socoms "ndi Xenophroni mu" chitetezo cha Socarates kukhothi ". Anthu aku Atene anaimba mlandu Soculates kuti asazindikiridwe milungu ndi chivundi cha achinyamata. Alonda asiya kutembererayo, analankhula zodzitchinjiriza, nakana mlanduwo. Sanapereke zabwino ngati njira ina yolanga, ngakhale malinga ndi malamulo a Delamicraic Atens zidatheka.
Socates sanavomereze thandizo la abwenzi omwe adamupatsa kuti apulumutse kapena kupha m'ndende, koma adasankha kukumana ndi nkhope ndi zomwe akufuna. Akhulupirira kuti imfa idzamupeza kulikonse, kulikonse komwe abwenzi ake adachitikira, popeza kunali komweko. Chilango china chakuti wafilosofi chomwe chimawona kuti kudziimba mlandu ndipo sakanatha kuvomereza. Socates ankakonda kuphedwa povomereza poizoni.
Mawu ndi ma aphorisms
- Ndizosatheka kukhala bwino kuposa kukhala ndi moyo pofuna kukhala wangwiro.
- Chuma ndi chidziwitso sizimabweretsa ulemu uliwonse.
- Pali chinthu chimodzi chokha - chidziwitso ndi choyipa chimodzi chokha ndichosazindikira.
- Popanda kucheza, palibe kulumikizana pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi malingaliro.
- Ndikwabwino kuyesa kufa m'malo mokhala ndi manyazi.