Herodotus - biography, zithunzi, moyo wamunthu, mabuku ndi ntchito, "mbiri" "

Chiphunzitso

Herodotus ndi wokhala ku Greece wakale, "abambo a mbiri yakale". Mgiriki adayamba wolemba dzina la "mbiri" ya anthu omwe ali m'zaka za m'ma 400 mpaka m'zaka za m'ma 400 adafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane m'zaka za zana lachisanu, komanso njira ya nkhondo za ku Greco-Persian . Zochitika za Herodotus zidatenga gawo lofunikira pakukula kwa chikhalidwe chakale.

Takhala ndi zidziwitso ziwiri zoyambirira za njira ya Herodota: The Encyclopedia of the "Khostizi", idalengedwa theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana lakhumi ku Byzantium, ndi zolemba za wolemba mbiriyo. Zambiri zina m'magwero awa ndizotsutsana.

Omwe amadziwika ndi mtundu womwe Herodotus adabadwira ku Galisarnassa mu 484 ku nthawi yathu. Mzindawu wakale unali m'gawo la mbiri yakale "Kariya", m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Mediterranean ku Malaya Asia. Mzinda wa Galicarnas unakhazikitsidwa ndi anthu a ku Delicar, kukhazikitsidwa kwa oyang'anira oyang'anira (ndi a Darians, ndipo onyamula anthu ali nthumwi za mafuko aku Greek akale omwe ali pafupi).

Wolemba mbiri yamtsogolo anabadwa mu banja lotchuka komanso lotetezedwa la Lixis. Muubwana wa Herodotus adachita nawo zandale zandale. Anagwirizana ndi gulu lomwe anthu omwe anali ndi cholinga cholamulira a Turani, anathamangitsidwa, kwakanthawi anali kukhala pachilumba cha Samosi.

Kenako Heroototus adapita kukayenda maulendo ochulukirapo. Anapita kukacheza ku Egypt, Babulo, Malaya Asia, Asuri, kumpoto kwa Nyanja Yakuda, Gellesponte, ndipo adayenda ku Peloponia kupita ku Makedonia. Paulendo, wolemba mbiriyo adapanga zojambula zake zotsatizana.

Pazaka makumi anayi, Herodota adakhazikika ku Atene. Panthawiyo, adawerengedwa kale ndi oimira zigawo zapamwamba kwambiri za utauni zochokera ku "mbiri" yake, yomwe idaperekanso osindikizira kuti zikwangwani zilembedwe. Ku Atene, wolemba mbiri wina adakumana ndipo adakumana ndi othandizira perica - wamkuluyo, yemwe m'modzi wa wokamba nkhani ku Atene akumana. Mu 444 BC, pamene Colones Colony of the Agiriki wa munayi adakhazikitsidwa pamalo a mzinda wowonongedwa wa Sibaris, iye adatenga nawo gawo pokonzanso ku mabwinjawo.

Sayansi

Chifukwa cha Herodotus, sayansi yalemeretsa mu nkhani yofunika kwambiri ya "mbiri" yofunika kwambiri. Bukuli silitha kutchedwa kufufuza mbiri. Imayimira nkhani yosangalatsa ya munthu wachidwi, wochezeka, wamphatso omwe adapita kumalo ambiri ndipo ali ndi chidziwitso chochuluka cha wanthawi ya anthu. M'mbiri ya "mbiri" ya Herodotus, zigawo zingapo zimaphatikizidwa:

• Zambiri za Ethnographic. Wolemba mbiriyo adakumana ndi zambiri zofunikira pamiyambo, miyambo, mawonekedwe a moyo wa mafuko osiyanasiyana ndi anthu.
• Chidziwitso. Chifukwa cha "mbiri" ya "mbiri", idatheka kubwezeretsa zonena zakale zakale za m'zaka za zana lachisanu mpaka zaka zambiri.
• Zachilengedwe zida za mbiri yakale. Kuphatikizidwanso ndi deta pa zochitika zakale m'bungweli, lomwe limatha kukhala.
• Chinthu cholembera. Wolemba anali wolemba mphatso yemwe adatha kupanga nkhani yosangalatsa komanso yosangalatsa.

Zonsezi, kapangidwe ka Herodotus kumaphatikizapo mabuku asanu ndi anayi. Pankhaniyi, nkhaniyo ndi yachikhalidwe kugawanitsa magawo awiri:

1. Poyamba, wolemba za Scoythia, Asuri, Libya, Egypt, Babelo ndi mayiko ena angapo a nthawi imeneyo, komanso kupitirira kwa ufumu wa Perisiya. Popeza theka lachiwiri la ntchito, wolembayo adanenanso za nkhondo zambiri za Chi Greek-Persia, m'gawo loyamba lomwe adayesetsa kutsatira njira zoyambirira za mbiri yakale pakati pa chiwongolero ndi chakuda. Chifukwa chofunitsitsa kugwirizana, kuphatikizika kwa chiwonetsero cha Herodotus sikunaphatikizepopo zinthu zonse pantchito yomwe amakumbukiridwa kuchokera ku kuyenda, koma kuchuluka kochepa. Mu ntchito yake, nthawi zambiri amaonetsa zinthu zomwe zinamuyendera zenizeni za mbiriyakale.
2. Gawo lachiwiri la ntchito ya Herodota ndi nkhani yotsatira yokhudza kukomana ndi usilikali pakati pa Aperisi ndi Agiriki. Nkhaniyi itha mu 479 ku Era yathu ku nthawi yathu, pamene asitikali aku Atene adazunguliridwa ndipo adatenga mzinda wa Persia wa mlongoyo.

Polemba buku lake, Herototus adamvetsera zosangalatsa za tsoka komanso nsanje za mphamvu za Mulungu pokhudzana ndi chisangalalo cha anthu. Wolemba adakhulupirira kuti milungu imasokoneza zochitika zachilengedwe zakale. Anazindikira kuti zomwe andale zomwe amachita nawo ndi chinsinsi chakuchita bwino.

Herodotus adatsutsa olamulira a Persia kuti awonongedwe kwawo, chifukwa chofuna kuphwanya njira yomwe dziko lapansi ilili, malinga ndi lomwe Aperisi akuyenera kukhala ku Arlia, ndi Ellina - ku Europe. Mu 500 BC, kuwukira kwa Ionian, chifukwa cha dziko lakale lakale. Chochitika ichi cholembera chimakhala ngati chodzikuza komanso chosavuta kwambiri.

Kapangidwe ka "Mbiri" Herodota

• Buku loyamba ndi "Clio". Limatiuza za kusamvana pakati pa anthu akunja ndi Helnnas, mbiri yakale ya Lidiya imaperekedwa, nkhani ya ndale ndi sagesterate, mbiri yakale. M'bukuli, Herodotus amatchula anthu akukangana polimbana ndi a ku Makemeriya, komanso amalankhulanso za nkhondo pakati pa massageti ndi Aperisi.
• Bukulo ndiye lachiwiri - "Evilpa". Mu gawo ili la ntchitoyi, wolemba mbiriyo adaganiza zolankhula za mbiri yakale ya Libya ndi Egypt, za ma indamon, za Farao wakale wa ku Egypt. Apa Herodotus adafotokoza za nthano chabe momwe lemba la Masambelire ndidatsimikiza kuti A Frigia ndi anthu akale kwambiri padziko lapansi.
• Wachitatu ndi "m'chiuno". Limapereka chidziwitso chokhudza Arabia ndi India, za Greek Tiana Polycrat, ndipo akufotokozanso kugonja kwa Aigupto Mfumu ya Armais, yokhudza chizolowezi cha usanu ndi chiwiri ndi chiwonetsero cha Antisia chomwe chinachitika ku Babeloni.

• Buku lachinayi ndi "Melpomen." Apa wolemba adatinso anthu a Snyythia, Libya ndi Asia, komanso zidamufotokozeranso za kampeni ya Persia Tsar Dardia kudera lakuda.
• Bukuli ndi lachisanu - "terratiyase". Bukuli limayang'ana kwambiri za nkhondo za Greco-Persian. Ngati m'mbuyomu mavolilesi adayitanitsa masamba ambiri molingana ndi mafotokozedwe a anthu ku Maishotonia, zokhudzana ndi ku Atedogora ku Atene ndi Atene.
• Bukuli ndi la chisanu ndi chimodzi - "Erato". Zochitika zazikuluzikulu za zomwe zafotokozedwazo - nkhondo ya Marine ya "Nkhondo ya mayi", yomwe ntchito ya mkulu wa gulu la Apenta, gulu la mkulu wa woyang'anira aku Persia ndi Damer.

• Bukulo ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri - "pohymy". Ndi za imfa ya Dariyo ndi upangiri wa Xerxes (Dariyo ndi Xerxes anali mafumu a Perisiya), za kuyesa kwa Xerxes kuti agonjetse Asia ndi Agiriki ku Hormoopyl.
• Buku la eyiti - "Uranius". Izi zikufotokoza nkhondo ya kunyanja ya Ajetiemism, nkhondo yam'madzi yokhala ndi salamu, kuthawa kwa kerks ndi parishi wa Alexander ku Atene.
• Bukulo ndi lachisanu ndi chinayi - "callieopa". Pamapeto pa ntchito yovuta, wolemba adaganiza zonena pokonzekera nkhondoyi (gawo limodzi lankhondo lalikulu kwambiri la nkhondo za Greco-Persia, zomwe zidachitika pamtunda), chotsatira cha Mercale, Zotsatira zake pomwe gulu lankhondo la Perisiya lidagonjetsedwa, ndipo zidazingidwa kwa ESS.

"Mbiri" ya wowonera kwachi Greek iyi imatchedwanso "nyimbo", chifukwa cha magawo asanu ndi anayi, kuyambiranso asayansi a ku Alexandria adaganiza zotcha dzina la nyimboyo.

Pakugwira ntchito, Herodotus samangodziwa zokumbukira zake zokha komanso momwe amaganizira chifukwa chokumbukira zowona, zolemba za mawu, zida zolembedwa. Kumanganso nkhondo iliyonse molondola, adapita kukamenya nkhondo. Pokhala wothandizira wa pericla, nthawi zambiri amayimba kufunikira kwake.

Ngakhale chikhulupiriro mwa kulowererapo kwa Mulungu, njira yogwiritsira ntchito ndalama zomwe zalembedwa kale, wolemba sanachepetse ntchito yake yonse kumenya nkhondo ya Agiriki. Anayesanso kudziwa zomwe zimayambitsa ndi zotsatirapo zake zopambana kapena kugonjetsedwa kwawo. Mbiri ya Herodotus yakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa mbiri yakale yapadziko lonse lapansi.

Kupambana kwa wolemba mbiri ya wolemba mbiri yakale sikuyenera kuti mu ntchito imodzi yomwe adasonkhanitsa zinthu zambiri zokhudza anthu ndi zochitika za nthawi yake. Anawonetsanso luso la wofotokozerayo, ndikubweretsa "nkhani" yake ku epic ndikupanga nkhani yolimbikitsa ya anthu onse ndi nthawi yatsopano ya anthu. Zambiri mwazo zomwe zalembedwa m'bukuli zidatsimikiziridwa panthawi zofukula za m'mabwinja.

Moyo Wanu

Biography ya Herodot idafika tsiku lino ngati pali chidziwitso chofala, momwe ndizosatheka kupeza deta pa banja lake lasayansi, kaya mkazi ndi ana ake ali nazo. Zimangodziwika kuti wolemba mbiriyo anali munthu wodziwa kwambiri komanso wochezeka, wokhumiridwa mosavuta ndi anthu ndipo amadziwa kupindula mozizwitsa kuti apeze mfundo zodalirika.

Imfa

Herodotus adamwalira mu 425 ku nthawi yathu ino. Malo ake amanda sakudziwika.